Isolation and Identification of Anthracnose Pathogen from Fruit of Red Fuji Apple

The fruits of Red Fuji apple with anthracnose symptoms were collected and submitted to tissue isolation and culture. One strain of anthracnose pathogen （numbered as Acgl） was obtained, and it was identified by both morphological and molecular biological methods. According to the morphological characteristics of the colony and conidia and the results of rDNA-ITS sequence analysis, the Acgl strain was identified as Colletotrichum gloeosporioides.

Detection of Chlorpyrifos Residues in Akesu Red Fuji Apple based on Near Infrared Spectrum

[Objective] The paper was to explore a method for detecting chlorpyrifos residues in red Fuji apple. [Method] The original spectral data of apple samples sprayed with different volume fractions of chlorpyrifos were collected using near infrared spectrometer at the band of 4 000-10 000 cm^（-1）. The original spectra were pre-treated by a variety of methods, and partial least squares（PLS） model was established for predictive analysis. [Result] Near infrared spectrum showed sensitivity to apple samples sprayed with different volume fractions of chlorpyrifos, but had low precision on pesticide-free samples. Data of blank control group were further eliminated for modeling prediction. The results showed that the results were the best when pre-treated with first derivative（FD）： R=0.987 9; the square error of prediction（SEP） was 0.173 6; the root-mean-square error of cross-validation（RMSECV） was 0.120 5; and the precision was 0.923 4. [Conclusion] Near infrared spectrum can better predict chlorpyrifos residue, providing a new method for detecting chlorpyrifos residues in Akesu red Fuji apple.

Effect of Metaxenia on Volatile Compounds in Bagged Apple Fruit of Fuji

In the present study, the effect of pollen grain sources on volatile com- pounds in bagged apple fruit of Yan Fuji 3, grown at two experiment sites and pol- linated by pollens of other five cultivars was evaluated, to select appropriate poll- enizer cultivars for Fuji, and to provide a theoretical basis for improving the flavor and aroma of bagged apple fruit of Fuji. The results proved the significant metaxe- nia effect of the five pollenizer cultivars on volatile compounds of bagged apple fruit of Fuji. The numbers of both volatile compounds and characteristic aroma com- pounds in bagged apple fruit pollinated by Golden Delicious were larger and those of the fruit pollinated by Gala were smaller at both experiment sites. However, there were differences in the numbers of volatile compounds and characteristic aroma compounds among the fruits pollinated by Starkrimson, Jinxiuhaitang and Ruby at both experimental sites. The differences were caused by 12 compounds that only existed at a low level in certain samples. All of them were not the aroma contribu- tors except ethyl 2-methylbutyrate. The content of alcohols in bagged Fuji fruit was largely increased by Starkrimson and Ruby pollination; the content of aldehydes was obviously increased by Golden Delicious, Starkrimson and Gala pollination; the con- tents of esters and terpenes were significantly increased by Golden Delicious, Starkrimson and Ruby pollination. Jinxiuhaitang pollination showed no significant ef- fects for improving the content of four categories of volatile compounds. The metax- enia of the pollenizer cultivars on volatile compounds in bagged Fuji fruit was stable at the two experimental sites.

Analysis on Fuji Apple Tree Structures and Related Factors under Different Pruning Modes

To determine the correlations between the tree structuresof Fuji apple with different pruning modes and each factor, the data about 3 tree structures which were free spindle short shoot, free spindle long shoot and slenderspindle short shoot in Xingtang County of Hebai Province were investigated, then by SPSS anal- ysis, the correlations between the taperingness and each growth factor of inserted small branch were compared. The results showed that the taperingness of central trunk of free spindle dwarf-shoot Fuji apple treeshad negative correlations with each factor of inserted small branch, while the taperingness of central trunk of free spin- dle long-shoot Fuji apple treeshad positive correlations with each factor of inserted small branch, the taperingness of central trunk of slenderspindle short-shootFuji ap- ple treeshad negative correlation with total thickness of inserted small branch, but had positive correlations with other factors. This study can provide a scientifictheo- retical basis for the pruning technology of high-density planting trees grafting by dwarfing self-rooted rootstock.

Effects of Two Different Apple Dwarf Stocks on Juvenile Phase of Fuji Seedlings

The effects of apple dwarf stocks P22 and SH3 on the juvenile phase of Fuji seedlings were studied. The results showed that the juvenile phase could be shortened by more than two years when 2-year seedlings were grafted on the dwarf stocks. The effects of P22 and SH3 were significantly different. Grafted on P22, the flowering node was less, the first flowing site was lower, and the juvenile phase was shorter than SH3. With the two stocks, the average first flowering site was more than 200 cm, the average flowering node was more than 100, and the lateral branch top bud was more than 50% in all first flowing seedlings.

Breeding of a New Thick Red Apple Cultivar Jihong

Jihong is a variation bred by Shijiazhuang Pomology Institute of Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences. The fruit is big,average fruit weight is234 g,the largest is 500 g. The fruit skin is thick red, easy coloring and the coloring index is 95%. The flesh is crisp, juicy,and moderate sweet-sour taste. The soluble solid content is 16.0%,and it has good qualities,high and stable yield. It is mature at the end of October.

Correlation Analysis between Quality Characteristics and Fruit Mineral Element Contents in 'Fuji' Apples

[Objective] The aims were to explore the relationship between the contents of fruit mineral elements and quality features of the ＇Fuji＇ apple, screen major mineral elements of the fruit affecting fruit quality features, and set up optimum proposals of fruit mineral elements for good fruit qualities, so as to provide a theoretical basis for the reasonable orchard soil and foliar fertilizer applications to increase fruit quality and reduce the physiological diseases related to the ＇Fuji＇ apple. [Methods] The fruit mineral elements and quality indicators of ＇Fuji＂ apples were in- vestigated and analyzed, which were collected from the 153 commercial apple or- chards of ＂Fuji＇ apple located in 51 counties. The variable importance for projection （VlP） of partial least squares regression （PLS） method was used to analyze the model effect and weight analysis impact of the fruit mineral element contents to fruit quality, screen out major factors of fruit mineral elements influencing the different fruit qualities, and set up the regression equation of the fruit qualities and major fruit mineral elements. Linear programming was used to obtain optimum proposals of the fruit mineral elements to achieve good ＇Fuji＇ apple qualities. [Results] The mineral elements content and quality characteristics in ＂Fuji＇ apple fruit had great differences in the different produce regions in which the maximum content of nitro- gen, iron, zinc and boron in the ＇Fuji＇ fruit were12.06, 6.17, 7.7, and 10.08 times greater than the minimum respectively, and the differences for titratable acid and the SSC/TA ratio were 2.33 and 2.16 times respectively. The correlation analysis between the fruit mineral element contents and qualities showed that the nitrogen content of fruit had a significantly negative correlation with the soluble solid content, SSC/TA ratio and red color area, while the calcium and iron contents in the fruit were in significantly positive correlation with the soluble solid content and SSC/TA ratio. The model effect and weight analysis showed that the content of nitrogen and iron in the fruit had a greater influence on the integral fruit quality, followed by phosphorus, potassium and calcium. The variable importance for projection （VlP） technology of PLS found that the mean fruit weight was primarily affected by nitro- gen, phosphorus and potassium, and the soluble solid was primarily affected by ni- trogen, calcium and iron, while the red color area was primarily affected by nitro- gen, potassium, calcium, iron and zinc. The regression equation between fruit quality and mineral element contents showed that the mean fruit weight had a greater pos- itive effect coefficient with the content of phosphorus and potassium, and a greater negative effect coefficient with the content of nitrogen in the fruit. Moreover, the sol- uble solid had the largest negative effect coefficient with nitrogen and largest posi- tive effect coefficient with calcium and iron in the fruit. [Conclusion] The maximum content of soluble solid and titratable acid were 1.5 times more than the minimum, and nitrogen, iron, zinc and boron were 6 times more than in the ＇Fuji＇ apple fruit in the different produce regions. Therefore, it is a key technological measure to improve the overall qualities of the ＂Fuji＇ apple by decreasing the content of nitrogen, and increasing the contents of iron, phosphorus, potassium and calcium in the fruit.

Multivariate analysis between meteorological factor and fruit quality of Fuji apple at different locations in China

China has the largest apple planting area and total yield in the world, and the Fuji apple is the major cultivar, accounting for more than 70％ of apple planting acreage in China. Apple qualities are affected by meteorological conditions, soil types, nutrient content of soil, and management practices. Meteorological factors, such as light, temperature and moisture are key environmental conditions affecting apple quality that are difficult to regulate and control. This study was performed to determine the effect of meteorological factors on the qualities of Fuji apple and to provide evidence for a reasonable regional layout and planting of Fuji apple in China. Fruit samples of Fuji apple and meteorological data were investigated from 153 commercial Fuji apple orchards located in 51 counties of 11 regions in China from 2010 to 2011. Partial least-squares regression and linear programming were used to analyze the effect model and impact weight of meteorological factors on fruit quality, to determine the major meteorological factors influencing fruit quality attributes, and to establish a regression equation to optimize meteorological factors for high-quality Fuji apples. Results showed relationships between fruit quality attributes and meteorological factors among the various apple producing counties in China. The mean, minimum, and maximum temperatures from April to October had the highest positive effects on fruit qualities in model effect loadings and weights, followed by the mean annual temperature and the sunshine percentage, the temperature difference between day and night, and the total precipitation for the same period. In contrast, annual total precipitation and relative humidity from April to October had negative effects on fruit quality. The meteorological factors exhibited distinct effects on the different fruit quality attributes. Soluble solid content was affected from the high to the low row preface by annual total precipitation, the minimum temperature from April to October, the mean temperature from April to October, the temperature difference between day and night, and the mean annual temperature. The regression equation showed that the optimum meteorological factors on fruit quality were the mean annual temperature of 5.5-18°C and the annual total precipitation of 602-1121 mm for the whole year, and the mean temperature of 13.3-19.6°C, the minimum temperature of 7.8-18.5°C, the maximum temperature of 19.5°C, the temperature difference of 13.7°C between day and night, the total precipitation of 227 mm, the relative humidity of 57.5-84.0％, and the sunshine percentage of 36.5-70.0％ during the growing period （from April to October）.

Linkage map and QTL mapping of red flesh locus in apple using a R1R1×R6R6 population

The red flesh in apple fruit is a desired trait by consumers and it is associated to the anthocyanin content,which is mainly controlled by MdMYB10 with a R6 promoter.In this study,a high-density linkage group was constructed using the‘Fuji’x‘Red3’population which contained homozygous alleles R1R1 and R6R6,respectively.The linkage group consists of 7630 SNPs along 17 linkage groups,spanning 2270.21 cM,with an average density of 0.30 cM permarker.The cyanidin-3-galactoside concentration was used as the phenotypic data in QTL analysis.Moreover,one QTL peak which was flaked by two markers,marker2187260 to marker2173766,with LOD scores of 4.49 was detected.This QTL ranged from 0 to 40.79 cM on the top of linkage group(LG16).In addition one candidate molecular marker(marker2175442)in this QTL was identified,which was significant correlated with the flesh cyanidin-3-galactoside concentration.These genetic findings enrich the breeding basis of fruit flesh coloration in apple.

Effect of Metaxenia on Sugars and Organic Acids and Taste Quality of Bagged Fuji Apple Fruits

In order to provide reference for the selection of appropriate pollination varieties facilitating the improvement of the flavor quality of bagged Fuji apple, the metaxenia effects of 5 pollination varieties on sugars, organic acids and flavor quality of bagged Fuji fruit were studied. The results showed that the 5 pollination varieties had significant metaxenia effects on sugars, organic acids and flavor quality of bagged Fuji fruit. For the sugar components, the fruits pollinated with Golden Delicious and Jinxiuhaitang showed higher glucose contents, and the fruit pollinated with Gala had the highest sucrose content; the fruits pollinated by Gala, Golden Delicious and Ruby exhibited higher malic acids, and the oxalic acid content and the succinic acid content were higher in the fruits pollinated with Jinxiuhaitang and Ruby ; and the fruit pollinated with Gala had the highest total sugar content, and the total acid content was higher in the fruits pollinated by Jinxiuhaitang and Ruby. The sugar-acid ratio was higher in the fruits pollinated with Gala and Golden Delicious, and the lowest in the fruit pollinated with Ruby. The senso- ry evaluation of fruits showed that the fruit pollinated with Ruby tasted sour-sweet, while the fruits pollinated with other 4 pollination varieties were sour and sweet moderately.

Identification, through transcriptome analysis, of transcription factors that regulate anthocyanin biosynthesis in different parts of red-fleshed apple 'May' fruit

Anthocyanins, a class of flavonoid compounds that provide pigmentation to plant organs, are beneficial components of the human diet and there is an interest in understanding the regulation of their formation in crop plants. The apple cultivar ‘May’ represents an excellent model for the study of anthocyanin metabolism due to the spatial color pattern of its flesh, which transitions sequentially from red to white to red again,from the outside to the inside of the apple fruit. To screen the transcription factors involved in the anthocyanin pathway, transcriptomes from differently colored sections of ‘May’ fruits were analyzed by RNA sequencing. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG) database was used to analyse the gene expression data. The results suggested differentially expressed genes(DEGs) that are related to phytohormones are involved in regulating anthocyanin biosynthesis. K-means clustering analysis revealed 167 common DEGs between different sections of fruit with the same expression pattern as candidates for regulating anthocyanin synthesis. Further analysis showed that nine of the 167 DEGs were annotated as transcription factors and quantitative real time PCR(qRT-PCR) confirmed that their expression was obviously higher in red regions of the fruit, consistent with their roles as hub genes that regulate anthocyanin synthesis. This study provides valuable results for future studies of anthocyanin synthesis in apple fruit.

Measurement of sugar content in Fuji apples by FT-NIR spectroscopy

To evaluate the potential of FT-NIR spectroscopy and the influence of the distance between the light source/detection probe and the fruit for measuring the sugar content (SC) of Fuji apples, diffuse reflectance spectra were measured in the spectral range from 12500 to 4000 cm^-1 at 0 mm, 2 mm, 4 mm and 6 mm distances. Four calibration models at four distances were established between diffused reflectance spectra and sugar content by partial least squares (PLS) analysis. The correlation coefficients (R) of calibrations ranged from 0.982 to 0.997 with SEC values from 0.138 to 0.453 and the SECV values from 0.74 to 1.58. The best model of original spectra at 0 mm distance yielded high correlation determination of 0.918, a SEC of 0.092, and a SEP of 0.773. The results showed that different light/detection probe-fruit distances influence the apple reflective spectra and SC predictions.

Analysis of Aroma Volatile Compounds in Fuji Apple Using SPME with Different Fiber Coatings

The aroma volatile compounds in Fuji apple were isolated by solid-phase microextraction( SPME),and detected by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry( GC-MS). The results showed that the optimal retention time of the heating up of capillary columns was 5 min. Of the seven fibers used in this work,DVB/CAR/PDMS was found to be the most suitable to extract the aroma volatile compounds in Fuji apple. A total number of 43 volatile compounds were identified according to their retention time on capillary columns and their mass spectra,including eleven esters,ten alcohols,ten aldehydes,seven alkenes,two anhydrides,one ketone,one phenol and one ether. This detection method will provide a new foundation for analysis of volatile compounds in apple were identified.

Analysis on Free Spindle Pruning Mode and Related Factors in Fuji Apple

In order to clarify the correlations between the free spindle pruning mode and various factors in Fuji apple,the growth data of the free spindle-shaped short branch Fuji apple Tianhong No. 2 and the free spindle-shaped long branch Fuji apple Changfu No. 2 in the Apple Demonstration Park of Xingtang County,Hebei Province were investigated. Using SPSS statistical software,the correlations between the stem tapering grade and various growth traits were analyzed. The results showed that in Tianhong No. 2,the stem tapering grade was negatively correlated with various growth traits of the central shaft,and the correlation coefficients between the stem tapering grade and the central shaft total thickness,the central shaft average thickness,the central shaft total length and the central shaft average length were-0. 228,-0. 033,-0. 411 and-0. 430,respectively; and in Changfu No. 2,the stem tapering grade was positively correlated with various growth traits of the central shaft,and the correlation coefficients between the stem tapering grade and the central shaft total thickness,the central shaft average thickness,the central shaft total length and the central shaft average length were 0. 475,0. 181,0. 120 and 0. 258,respectively. This paper can provide a scientific basis for guiding the construction of free spindle pruning mode in densely planted dwarf apple trees.

Effects of 1-methylcyclopropene treatment on the quality of red‘Fuji’apples fruit during short-term storage

Objectives:The aim of this study is to determine the mechanism through which 1-methylcyclopropene(1-MCP)affects the quality of red'Fuji'apples,which were stored for a short duration.Materials and Methods:Red‘Fuji’apples were treated with 1-MCP(1.0μl/L),stored at 25℃for0,12,24,48,72,and 96 h,and ethylene pro-duction was measured.An integrated metabolomic and transcriptomic analysis was performed on apples stored for 24 h.Results:The release of ethylene was significantly delayed from red‘Fuji’apples subjected to 1-MCP treatment.By performing an integrated transcriptome and metabolome analyses,we identified 117 differentially expressed genes(DEGs)and 44 differentially accumulated metabol-ites(DAMs).By performing functional enrichment analysis,we found that DEGs were involved in the following pathways;carbon metabolism(LPD2,gpmA,LTA2,ACC,PSAT1,MdCAS2),phytohormone signal transduction(EBF 7),amino acid metabolism(MdACS-1),fatty acid metab-olism(LOX1.5,KCS4,KAST),energy metabolism(Lhcb1,Lhcb6,PsbY,GPDHC1,PUMP5I,metabolic pathways(TRE1,HEXO1)and cell wall metabolism(CSLG2).Thus,these DEGs were involved in the ripening of fruits,and they controlled the quality of fruits at the post-harvest stage.The metabolites were enriched with DAMs.These were found to be individually involved in the metabolic pathway,secondary metabolite bio-synthesis,phenylpropanoid biosynthesis,flavonoids,and flavonol synthesis.Conclusions:The results indicate that 1-MCP inhibits the biosynthesis of ethylene and suppresses energy metabolism.Moreover,it also downregulates metabolic pathways and the enzymatic genes related to fruit quality.Therefore,1-MCP delays the ripening of fruits at the post-harvest stage.This study helps us understand how 1-MCP treatment affects the ripening and quality of fruits.

疏密改造对新疆富士苹果果园微环境和光谱特性的影响

【目的】研究疏密改造对郁闭富士苹果果园树冠内温度、相对湿度、光照强度、冠层反射光谱的影响,为提高果园产能和果实品质提供技术参考。【方法】以新疆阿克苏地区老龄低效的郁闭富士苹果果园为研究对象,比较疏密改造与正常修剪果树冠层内的温度、相对湿度、光照强度、冠层反射光谱,并进行差异性分析,分析疏密改造对新疆富士苹果果园微环境和光谱特性的影响。【结果】疏密改造后冠层的光照强度高于对照(尤其是上部冠层)疏密改造后,苹果园疏密改造与其对照相比对冠层内温度湿度产生显著影响(P<0.05)。疏密改造后相同层次树冠内相对光照强度高于对照组,且在上部相对光照强度差异达显著水平(P<0.05),疏密改造后,树体冠层反射光谱不同光质的反射率均有不同程度的提升。【结论】疏密改造显著降低了富士苹果树冠内的温度和相对湿度,冠层内东西南北4个方位、各时间段的光照强度与对照相比有不同程度的提升,同时冠层反射光谱不同光质的反射率也有显著的提升。疏密改造可以显著改善富士苹果果园通风透光条件和光质分布的方式及强度。

施钾时期对长富2号苹果果实品质的影响

分别于采收前90、75、60、45、30 d对长富2号苹果园土壤进行施钾处理,探究采收前施钾时期对果实矿质营养、单果重、可溶性固形物含量、可滴定酸含量等的影响。结果表明,采收前施钾可提高长富2号果实氮、磷、钾含量,增加单果重、果形指数、花青苷含量、可溶性固形物含量,降低可滴定酸含量,促进着色。其中,采收前90 d施肥,单果重最大,可溶性固形物含量和钾含量最高;采收前75 d施肥,果实氮、磷含量最高,固酸比最大;采收前60 d施肥,果皮花青苷含量最高,a*值和CI值最大,果实着色好,果色偏红;采收前30 d施肥,单果重、果形指数、固酸比等与CK均无显著差异。综上,长富2号苹果采收前90 d至60 d增施钾肥对提高果实品质的效果最明显,为陕西省洛川县长富2号苹果园施用钾肥的适宜时期。

富士苹果差异化和高值化利用模式分析

富士苹果是我国主要栽培的苹果品种,具有酸甜可口、耐贮藏等特点,深受消费者的喜爱。但富士苹果种植面积大,产量高,不同推广利用模式对苹果销售价格影响很大。本文对黄金富士、晚采雪苹果富士、艺术苹果、功能苹果、锈果富士、不同颜色富士品种混搭等8种富士苹果高价格利用模式的销售价格、种植收益等进行了调研,以期为富士苹果差异化、高值化、产业化开发提供借鉴。

基于气相离子迁移谱技术分析延安市不同县区的富士苹果挥发性成分的差异

目的分析比较延安市不同区县富士苹果之间挥发性成分的差异。方法采用气相离子迁移谱(gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry,GC-IMS)技术对延安市13个县区的晚熟富士苹果的挥发性成分进行分析,建立富士苹果的挥发性成分特征指纹图谱,并进行主成分法和聚类分析法分析。结果在延安市13个县区富士苹果样品中共鉴别出的挥发性成分54种,主要有酯类、醇类、酮类、醛类和酸类等物质,各县区富士苹果的酯类和醇类物质占比较高,分别占总挥发性成分的48.98%~53.19%和13.04%~19.23%。13个县区富士苹果共有的挥发性成分有2-乙基呋喃、丙酸乙酯、甲酸异戊酯、乙酸己酯、乙酸异戊酯、2-甲基丁基乙酸酯等,这些物质共同奠定了延安富士苹果香气的总体基调,各县区富士苹果的挥发性成分的具体种类和含量各有不同。结论本研究通过建立挥发性成分特征指纹图谱,明确了延安市不同区县富士苹果之间挥发性成分存在的差异。研究发现延安市宝塔区的富士苹果挥发性成分种类及含量较丰富,其特征性物质有巴豆酸乙酯、异丙醇、2,3-丁二酮、乙酸甲酯等。黄陵县富士苹果特有丁酸丙酯、丁酸甲酯等物质。宜川县富士苹果的特征性物质有反式-2-已烯醛、丁酸异戊酯、丁酸等。此外富县富士苹果中含量丰富的挥发性成与黄陵县富士苹果的部分挥发性成分一致。洛川县、甘泉县、黄龙县和吴起县的富士苹果中含量丰富的挥发性成分较为相似;子长市、安塞区、志丹县、延长县的富士苹果中含量丰富的挥发性成分较为相似。结果表明GC-IMS技术在延安市富士苹果的挥发性成分的分析方面具有较好的应用价值,可用于不同县区富士苹果的风味识别和品质评价。

4种矮化自根砧对宫藤富士苹果抗盐性的影响

比较了盐胁迫对不同矮化自根砧宫藤富士苹果生长的影响,为土壤盐碱化地区苹果矮化自根砧木的选用与抗盐机理研究提供参考。以SH6、M9T337、G935、G114种矮化自根砧宫藤富士苹果2年生盆栽苗为试材,浇灌0.5%NaCl、1.0%NaCl溶液进行胁迫处理,以浇灌去离子水为对照,在持续处理60 d后调查盐害指数,测定生长、矿质元素含量等指标。结果表明:G11矮化自根砧宫藤富士植株盐害指数最高,其次为SH6矮化自根砧和M9T337矮化自根砧,G935矮化自根砧宫藤富士植株盐害指数最低,表现最为抗盐;盐胁迫下各矮化自根砧植株生长均受到显著抑制,生物量积累以G935矮化自根砧宫藤富士植株最高,G11矮化自根砧宫藤富士植株最低。在1.0%NaCl胁迫处理下,G11矮化自根砧富士叶片Na^(+)含量升高程度最大,为对照叶片的34.4倍;而G935矮化自根砧宫藤富士叶片Na^(+)含量升高程度最低,仅为对照叶片的2.4倍。4种矮化自根砧宫藤富士植株的抗盐性由强到弱依次为G935>M9T337>SH6>G11,抗盐矮化自根砧能够有效维持宫藤富士植株地上部低钠水平可能是其抗盐性形成的关键因素。