Isolation and Identification of Anthracnose Pathogen from Fruit of Red Fuji Apple

The fruits of Red Fuji apple with anthracnose symptoms were collected and submitted to tissue isolation and culture. One strain of anthracnose pathogen （numbered as Acgl） was obtained, and it was identified by both morphological and molecular biological methods. According to the morphological characteristics of the colony and conidia and the results of rDNA-ITS sequence analysis, the Acgl strain was identified as Colletotrichum gloeosporioides.

Breeding of a New Thick Red Apple Cultivar Jihong

Jihong is a variation bred by Shijiazhuang Pomology Institute of Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences. The fruit is big,average fruit weight is234 g,the largest is 500 g. The fruit skin is thick red, easy coloring and the coloring index is 95%. The flesh is crisp, juicy,and moderate sweet-sour taste. The soluble solid content is 16.0%,and it has good qualities,high and stable yield. It is mature at the end of October.

Linkage map and QTL mapping of red flesh locus in apple using a R1R1×R6R6 population

The red flesh in apple fruit is a desired trait by consumers and it is associated to the anthocyanin content,which is mainly controlled by MdMYB10 with a R6 promoter.In this study,a high-density linkage group was constructed using the‘Fuji’x‘Red3’population which contained homozygous alleles R1R1 and R6R6,respectively.The linkage group consists of 7630 SNPs along 17 linkage groups,spanning 2270.21 cM,with an average density of 0.30 cM permarker.The cyanidin-3-galactoside concentration was used as the phenotypic data in QTL analysis.Moreover,one QTL peak which was flaked by two markers,marker2187260 to marker2173766,with LOD scores of 4.49 was detected.This QTL ranged from 0 to 40.79 cM on the top of linkage group(LG16).In addition one candidate molecular marker(marker2175442)in this QTL was identified,which was significant correlated with the flesh cyanidin-3-galactoside concentration.These genetic findings enrich the breeding basis of fruit flesh coloration in apple.

Identification, through transcriptome analysis, of transcription factors that regulate anthocyanin biosynthesis in different parts of red-fleshed apple 'May' fruit

Anthocyanins, a class of flavonoid compounds that provide pigmentation to plant organs, are beneficial components of the human diet and there is an interest in understanding the regulation of their formation in crop plants. The apple cultivar ‘May’ represents an excellent model for the study of anthocyanin metabolism due to the spatial color pattern of its flesh, which transitions sequentially from red to white to red again,from the outside to the inside of the apple fruit. To screen the transcription factors involved in the anthocyanin pathway, transcriptomes from differently colored sections of ‘May’ fruits were analyzed by RNA sequencing. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG) database was used to analyse the gene expression data. The results suggested differentially expressed genes(DEGs) that are related to phytohormones are involved in regulating anthocyanin biosynthesis. K-means clustering analysis revealed 167 common DEGs between different sections of fruit with the same expression pattern as candidates for regulating anthocyanin synthesis. Further analysis showed that nine of the 167 DEGs were annotated as transcription factors and quantitative real time PCR(qRT-PCR) confirmed that their expression was obviously higher in red regions of the fruit, consistent with their roles as hub genes that regulate anthocyanin synthesis. This study provides valuable results for future studies of anthocyanin synthesis in apple fruit.

Detection of Chlorpyrifos Residues in Akesu Red Fuji Apple based on Near Infrared Spectrum

[Objective] The paper was to explore a method for detecting chlorpyrifos residues in red Fuji apple. [Method] The original spectral data of apple samples sprayed with different volume fractions of chlorpyrifos were collected using near infrared spectrometer at the band of 4 000-10 000 cm^（-1）. The original spectra were pre-treated by a variety of methods, and partial least squares（PLS） model was established for predictive analysis. [Result] Near infrared spectrum showed sensitivity to apple samples sprayed with different volume fractions of chlorpyrifos, but had low precision on pesticide-free samples. Data of blank control group were further eliminated for modeling prediction. The results showed that the results were the best when pre-treated with first derivative（FD）： R=0.987 9; the square error of prediction（SEP） was 0.173 6; the root-mean-square error of cross-validation（RMSECV） was 0.120 5; and the precision was 0.923 4. [Conclusion] Near infrared spectrum can better predict chlorpyrifos residue, providing a new method for detecting chlorpyrifos residues in Akesu red Fuji apple.

适于酿造红肉苹果酒的非酿酒酵母的研究及筛选

为研究非酿酒酵母在红肉苹果酒酿造中的作用并筛选出适宜的非酿酒酵母,本研究采用东方伊萨酵母、季也蒙有孢汉逊酵母和发酵毕赤酵母为试验菌,与酿酒酵母混合发酵制备红肉苹果酒,分析发酵酒液的香气和抗氧化能力,并对酒体进行感官评价。结果表明,与单纯酿酒酵母组发酵相比,添加东方伊萨酵母组能够提高发酵酒液的自由基清除能力,提高红肉苹果酒酯类物质的种类(23种),酯类含量是单纯酿酒酵母组的1.67倍,降低了酸类(7.37%)和其他类物质的含量(2.03%);东方伊萨酵母组感官评价得分最高。表明东方伊萨酵母可作为红肉苹果酒酿造专用的非酿酒酵母。

不同产区红富士苹果酒品质分析

该研究采用中国延安、铜川、洛川、阿克苏、昭通、灵宝、烟台、静宁红富士苹果为原料酿制红富士苹果酒,对其理化指标、挥发性成分、感官特征进行分析,对主要挥发性风味物质的香气活力值(OAV)与感官特征进行主成分分析(PCA)。结果表明,红富士苹果汁酿制成苹果酒后,可溶性固形物、总糖含量下降,总酸含量增加,其含量分别为3.02~3.72°Bx、28.9~34.3 g/L、3.43~5.57 g/L,酒精度为6.43%vol~7.20%vol;苹果酒中共检出50种挥发性风味物质,其中以酯类、醇类物质种类最多,分别为22种、15种,其含量分别为18.56~41.69 mg/L、16.55~65.33 mg/L,共有挥发性风味物质包括癸酸乙酯、苯乙醇、正辛酸等18种;且OAV>1的关键香气物质有20种,其中酯类8种、醇类5种、酸类4种、其他类3种;主成分分析结果表明,基于感官特征及关键香气物质可区分不同产区的苹果酒。

云南昭通与环渤海湾等3个产区红富士苹果品质的比较

以云南昭通和环渤海湾、西北黄土高原、黄河故道4个苹果产区的11个主栽县(区)的红富士苹果为试材,测定其果实品质,检测了单果重、果面颜色、果形指数、硬度、弹性、花色苷含量、可溶性固形物含量、维生素C含量、总糖含量、果糖含量、总酸含量等13个指标。通过方差分析和变异系数分析昭通与其他3个产区的红富士果实13个品质指标差异,用TOPSIS法综合评价昭通与其他3个产区红富士果实综合品质差异。结果表明:昭通与其他3个产区的红富士苹果多数品质指标差异较大,其中花色苷含量差异最大,13个品质指标中,除单果重、果形指数和维生素C含量3个品质指标外,其余10个品质指标间均存在显著性差异;4个产区红富士苹果果实品质的TOPSIS综合评分由高到低依次为昭通>西北黄土高原>黄河故道>环渤海湾。

‘马斯特红蛇’苹果在天水地区的栽培试验初报

【目的】天水“花牛苹果”是以红色元帅系苹果品种为特色的地方名优农产品,当前主栽品种普遍存在皮厚、汁少、贮藏期果肉硬度低的问题,致使国内消费者对其口感评价不高,购买热情较低。为解决生产中的这一关键问题,天水市果树研究所联合武山果农从甘肃海升集团引进马斯特红蛇苗木,于2017年春季栽植在洛门镇浅山旱地梯田上进行试栽研究。【方法】对‘马斯特红蛇’苹果在天水地区的植物学特征、物候期、果实性状、早果性、丰产性、经济效益、抗性、修剪敏感性、适宜的砧木及树形进行了研究。【结果】经过6年的观察,该品种在早果性、丰产性、抗逆性、适应性、经济性5个方面表现非常出色,能提高当地果树种植者的经济收益。【结论】‘马斯特红蛇’是当前天水地区“花牛苹果”品种迭代升级的极佳选择。

矮砧密植红富士苹果树体矿质营养动态及需求特征

2021年,在河北省保定市唐县丹凤山苹果种植基地,动态监测矮砧密植苹果不同器官各时期N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn、B元素的变化和累积规律,分析矮砧密植苹果营养元素需求特性。结果表明:整个生长季内,叶片中的氮、磷、钾呈不同程度的降低趋势,钙和镁含量增加,其中镁波动较大但整体呈增加趋势;铁、锰、铜、锌和硼在叶、枝、干和根中均在前期含量高,铁、铜和硼在后期低,锰和锌则是在中期含量低;果实中氮、磷、铁、锰、锌和硼均呈现前期高、后期低,铜和钙在中期含量较高,镁变化较平稳,钾则呈逐渐升高的趋势。单位产量常量元素N、P、K、Ca、Mg需求比例是1.00∶0.17∶1.88∶0.75∶0.25,微量元素Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn、B需求比例为1.00∶0.66∶0.44∶0.20∶0.46。生产1000 kg果实,盛果期矮砧密植富士苹果营养元素需求为氮1.32 kg、磷0.23 kg、钾2.48 kg、钙0.99 kg、镁0.33 kg、铁14.44 g、锰9.56 g、铜6.40 g、锌2.82 g、硼6.59 g。研究认为,苹果树生长前期对氮需求较高,磷、钾累积量逐渐上升,微量元素利用树体贮存的营养且消耗较少,中期对氮需求量相对减少而对磷、钾和微量元素的需求增强;基施应以氮肥为主,追施磷、钾肥,中后期补充钙、镁肥,适时适量补充微量元素。

不同药剂对苹果树腐烂病防治效果的影响

为防治苹果树腐烂病,在刮病斑条件下涂化学药剂,调查治愈率和病斑愈合宽度。结果表明,苹果树腐烂病治愈率,甲硫萘乙酸+涂立康原液、43 g/L戊唑醇200倍液处理的最高,分别为96.15%、95.24%,高出对照12.82%、11.91%;其次为腐轮特原液、3%甲基硫菌灵原液、3.3%腐酸·硫酸铜原液、4.5%腐殖·硫酸铜原液,治愈率达90%以上,高出对照6.67%~7.58%;其余药剂治愈率在90%以下。病斑伤口两侧平均愈合宽度,甲硫萘乙酸+涂立康原液最高,为14.6 mm,高出对照44.55%;其次为4.5%腐殖·硫酸铜原液、腐轮特原液,分别为13.0、12.8 mm,高出对照28.71%、26.73%;再次为43 g/L戊唑醇200倍液、3%甲基硫菌灵原液,分别为11.3、11.1 mm,高出对照11.88%、9.90%;骨质种子提取液原液最低,为9.8 mm,低于对照。总之,刮净病斑涂抹甲硫萘乙酸+涂力康原液效果最好,43 g/L戊唑醇200倍液、腐轮特原液、4.5%腐殖·硫酸铜原液效果较好,建议生产上大面积推广应用。

病虫害绿色防控药剂对免套袋苹果栽培效果的影响

苹果病虫害绿色防控是苹果免套袋栽培的一个重要技术环节,也是苹果收益的重要保障,但在实际生产中却存在诸多不足之处,而且应用的面积也很少。为了提升免套袋苹果病虫害绿色防控技术的应用效果,以20%华碘抗胁迫生态膜、5%香芹酚和0.5%几丁聚糖三种药剂为试材进行免套袋苹果病虫害绿色防控试验。通过免套袋苹果喷施七次病虫害绿色防控药剂及常规化学防治药剂,对比了病虫害不同防控方法对叶片生长、苹果果面色度、单果重、果实品质、病虫害危害率及农药残留的影响,研究了免套袋苹果病虫害绿色防控技术和效果。结果表明,处理1和处理2均对病虫害危害率的影响显著,病叶率分别降低26.09%和31.03%,虫叶率分别降低76.74%和51.61%;均不影响苹果果面色度,也均对苹果果形指数、果实硬度均无显著影响。处理1对苹果单果重、可溶性固形物含量的影响均极显著,分别高出61.430 g和1.875%,但对叶片生长的影响不显著;相反,处理2对叶片生长的影响显著,百叶厚、百叶鲜重、百叶干重分别高出10.88 mm、16.44 g和6.80 g,但对苹果单果重、可溶性固形物含量的影响均不显著,对红富士苹果实现农药无残留。本试验可以减少化学农药使用五次、减少使用量40.34%。20%华碘抗胁迫生态膜、5%香芹酚和0.5%几丁聚糖三种药剂“三合一”作为免套袋苹果病虫害绿色防控技术,是实现绿色果品生产的有效途径,有很好的应用前景。免套袋苹果病虫害绿色防控可以使苹果免套袋栽培进一步达到生态环保、产品绿色安全的效果。之后会进一步试验研究免套袋苹果病虫害绿色防控技术,同时加大示范面积,争取大面积在免套袋苹果生产上推广应用。

基于HS-SPME-GC-MS和PCA分析野生红豆越橘与苹果汁最佳混酿比例的研究

以野生红豆越橘和苹果汁为原料,研究两者不同混酿比例对野生红豆越橘混酿果酒理化指标、香气成分和感官特性的影响。采用顶空固相微萃取-气质联用(HS-SPME-GC-MS)和主成分分析(PCA)方法对不同混酿比例的野生红豆越橘果酒进行香气成分分析。结果表明:9种样品中共检测出154种香气成分,其中共有成分17种,醇类、酯类是野生红豆越橘果酒香气的重要组成部分。主成分分析结果显示,9种样品中共提取出8个主成分,其中第一主成分共45种,贡献率为36.935%,第一主成分包括大马士酮、癸酸、苯乙酮等。感官评价结果显示,野生红豆越橘与苹果汁体积比例为4∶6的酒样感官评分最高,为90分,酒体口感清爽,醇香浓郁,典型性强。由此可知,野生红豆越橘与苹果汁体积比为4∶6的酒样能完全发酵,野生红豆越橘与苹果果香平衡协调,其他比例混酿果酒醇类或酸类较高,香气复杂,口感粗糙。

Effects of 1-methylcyclopropene treatment on the quality of red‘Fuji’apples fruit during short-term storage

Objectives:The aim of this study is to determine the mechanism through which 1-methylcyclopropene(1-MCP)affects the quality of red'Fuji'apples,which were stored for a short duration.Materials and Methods:Red‘Fuji’apples were treated with 1-MCP(1.0μl/L),stored at 25℃for0,12,24,48,72,and 96 h,and ethylene pro-duction was measured.An integrated metabolomic and transcriptomic analysis was performed on apples stored for 24 h.Results:The release of ethylene was significantly delayed from red‘Fuji’apples subjected to 1-MCP treatment.By performing an integrated transcriptome and metabolome analyses,we identified 117 differentially expressed genes(DEGs)and 44 differentially accumulated metabol-ites(DAMs).By performing functional enrichment analysis,we found that DEGs were involved in the following pathways;carbon metabolism(LPD2,gpmA,LTA2,ACC,PSAT1,MdCAS2),phytohormone signal transduction(EBF 7),amino acid metabolism(MdACS-1),fatty acid metab-olism(LOX1.5,KCS4,KAST),energy metabolism(Lhcb1,Lhcb6,PsbY,GPDHC1,PUMP5I,metabolic pathways(TRE1,HEXO1)and cell wall metabolism(CSLG2).Thus,these DEGs were involved in the ripening of fruits,and they controlled the quality of fruits at the post-harvest stage.The metabolites were enriched with DAMs.These were found to be individually involved in the metabolic pathway,secondary metabolite bio-synthesis,phenylpropanoid biosynthesis,flavonoids,and flavonol synthesis.Conclusions:The results indicate that 1-MCP inhibits the biosynthesis of ethylene and suppresses energy metabolism.Moreover,it also downregulates metabolic pathways and the enzymatic genes related to fruit quality.Therefore,1-MCP delays the ripening of fruits at the post-harvest stage.This study helps us understand how 1-MCP treatment affects the ripening and quality of fruits.

苹果树叶片褐烫伤害的发生及综合防控技术

红富士苹果在栽植过程中,经常受各种自然灾害和人为因素的不利影响。苹果树叶片褐烫伤害极易造成果实品质下降,损害果农的经济效益。综述了苹果树叶片褐烫伤害的发生原因及防治技术,对红富士苹果栽培具有一定的现实意义和应用价值。

喷施虾肽氨基酸叶面肥对阿克苏苹果着色的影响

【目的】研究喷施虾肽氨基酸叶面肥对阿克苏红富士苹果着色的影响,筛选出最佳喷施方案。【方法】设定不同的虾肽氨基酸叶面肥喷施方案,以清水作为对照,测定不同方案对阿克苏红富士苹果着色率、花色苷含量、淀粉含量、可溶性糖质量分数、可溶性固形物质量分数、果形指数和色差的影响。【结果】按照750倍稀释组-3的方案喷施虾肽氨基酸叶面肥可提高阿克苏红富士苹果的着色率、花色苷含量、色差值、可溶性固形物质量分数及可溶性糖质量分数,同时降低淀粉含量,但是对阿克苏红富士苹果果形指数影响不大。【结论】750倍稀释组-3是最佳喷施方案。

红肉苹果MdMKK9互作蛋白的筛选与鉴定

MKK9是丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)家族重要成员之一,是在植物细胞响应外界胁迫信号转导中发挥重要作用的酶。为深入研究苹果MKK9的相关功能,以红肉苹果‘黛红’为材料,克隆到MdMKK9基因CDS序列,利用酵母双杂交试验筛选苹果cDNA文库,并通过酵母双杂交筛选、体内双分子荧光互补(BiFC)和体外Pull-down试验进行MdMKK9互作蛋白验证。结果表明,通过对苹果cDNA文库的筛选,共获得11个参与调控植物生长发育及应答逆境胁迫的候选互作蛋白;选取花青苷合成相关蛋白MdCHS及氮胁迫调控相关蛋白MdSPX3进行酵母双杂交、体内BiFC及体外Pull-down试验,结果证明MdMKK9可与MdSPX3互作。

中国红富士苹果糖、酸、多酚分析及产区溯源模型构建

中国各产区红富士苹果糖、酸、多酚等营养品质存在差异,构建其产地溯源技术有利于实施产区保护、特色产品保真及产业可持续发展。本文对新疆阿克苏、甘肃静宁、陕西洛川、河南灵宝、山东烟台和云南昭通6大产区红富士苹果的糖类、总酸及多酚类等18个营养品质指标进行检测分析,基于多元统计分析筛选有效产地溯源营养品质指标,构建红富士苹果不同产地鉴别的判别模型。结果表明,相对于其他产区,阿克苏红富士苹果总糖和山梨醇等含量偏高;静宁红富士苹果总酚和绿原酸等含量偏高;灵宝红富士苹果儿茶素和根皮素等含量偏高;洛川红富士苹果果糖和根皮苷等含量偏高;烟台红富士苹果糖酸比和芦丁等含量偏高;昭通红富士苹果槲皮苷和表儿茶素等含量偏高。所测果实指标做正交偏最小二乘判别分析,Q^(2)值0.794,矩阵R^(2)X值0.885,区分参数R^(2)Y值0.874,并建立了正确判别率为93.33%有效OPLS-DA产区识别模型。利用线性判别,筛选得到VC、山梨醇、儿茶素、槲皮素糖苷类、槲皮素鼠李糖苷、槲皮苷、芦丁和槲皮素这8个有效指标,能100%区分各个产区红富士。各产区果实糖积累与产区环境密切相关,总糖和总酸含量与降雨量显著负相关,蔗糖含量与温差呈显著正相关。本研究有望为中国红富士苹果产业发展与地理标志产品保护提供技术支撑。

基于诊断施肥综合法的烟台红富士苹果叶片营养诊断研究

为解决烟台红富士苹果园施肥方法不合理造成果树营养不平衡及果实产量增长慢、品质不均一的问题,推进果园合理平衡施肥,对苹果叶片进行营养诊断。基于诊断施肥综合法(DRIS)分析叶片N、P、K三元素的含量,通过DRIS图解法和DRIS指数法得出各元素的需肥顺序和营养不平衡指数(NII)。结果表明,烟台红富士苹果高产园需肥顺序为N>K>P,NII平均值为21.93;低产园需肥顺序为K>P>N,NII平均值为57.28。低产园存在严重的叶片营养不平衡问题。DRIS临界含量分级标准显示,N、P、K三元素平衡范围分别是23.39~26.81、2.13~2.37、8.43~12.26 g·kg-1。果园需肥顺序和DRIS临界含量分级标准可作为烟台红富士苹果平衡施肥的依据。

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