Modern pollen-vegetation relationships along altitudinal vegetation belts in the Leigong Mountain of southwestern China

Understanding the distribution,dispersal,and correlation of modern pollen with vegetation in mountainous regions is essential for establishing accurate modern analogs for fossil pollen records.This study,conducted in Leigong Mountain on the YunnanGuizhou Plateau of southwestern China,involved the collection of 35 surface soil samples from diverse vegetation communities along an elevational gradient ranging from 1210 to 1875 meters.The results reveal a close correspondence between modern pollen assemblages and vegetation zones.Principal Component Analysis(PCA)results indicate that pollen assemblages can effectively distinguish between subtropical montane evergreen broad-leaved forest(SEBF)and subtropical montane deciduous broadleaved forest(SDBF).However,both SEBF and SDBF show significant overlap with subtropical montane evergreen-deciduous broad-leaved mixed forest(SEMF).Detrended Correspondence Analysis(DCA)results clearly distinguish the three vegetation zones,and the first axis of DCA shows a significant positive correlation with elevation(p<0.01,R=0.48).Discriminant Analysis(DA)successfully assigns 94.4%of the modern pollen samples to their respective vegetation zones.Pollen taxa such as Impatiens,Astertype,and Rosaceae exhibit significant indicative capabilities for the SEBF zone,effectively distinguishing this vegetation zone from others.Pinus and Alnus display overrepresentation in the Leigong Mountain region,while Quercus(D,deciduous-type)and Poaceae exhibit high representation in the SEBF zone.In the SEBF zone,both pollen diversity and richness are the lowest.Our study reveals the complex relationship between the richness and diversity of pollen and vegetation.The diversity and richness of tree and shrub pollen are found to be lower than those of the corresponding plants.The pollen-vegetation relationship elucidated in this study serves as a critical reference for reconstructing ancient environments from fossil pollen retrieved in this region.

Vegetation-environment Relationships Between Northern Slope of Karlik Mountain and Naomaohu Basin,East Tianshan Mountains

Based on data from 22 sample plots and applying the Canonical Correspondence Analysis （CCA）, this paper discusses the vegetation-environment relationships between the northern slope of Karlik Mountain and Naomaohu Ba- sin, which is situated in the easternmost end of the Tianshan Mountains, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China. For the zonal vegetation, community diversity of mountain vegetation is higher than that of the desert vegetation due to environmental factors. The CCA ordination diagram revealed that the composition and distribution of vegetation types are mainly determined by altitude, soil pH and soil salt content. With increasing elevation, the soil pH and total salt content decrease but the contents of soil organic matter, soil water, total nitrogen and total phosphorus increase gradu- ally. In the CCA ordination diagrams, the sample plots and main species can be divided into five types according to their adaptations to the environmental factors. Type Ⅰ is composed of desert vegetation distributed on the low moun- tains, hills, plains and deserts below an elevation of 1900 m; type Ⅱ is distributed in the mountain and desert ecotone with an elevation of 1900-2300 m, and includes steppe desert, desert steppe and wetland meadow; type Ⅲ is very sim- ply composed of only salinized meadow; type Ⅳ is distributed above an elevation of 2300 m, containing mountain steppe, meadow steppe, subalpine meadow and alpine meadow; type Ⅴ only contains salinized meadow. The results show that with increasing elevation, species combination changes from the xerophytic shrubs, semi-shrubs and herbs distributed in the low altitude zone with arid climate to the cold-tolerant perennial herbs growing in the high altitudinal zone with cold climate.

Birds in rocky habitats of the Tatra Mountains (Carpathians)： species diversity and multiple ecological relationships

Rocky habitats are regarded as biodiversity hot-spots. Along with high species diversity, diverse ecological relationships can be observed in these habitats. Large groups of bird species use rocks in various ways： as perching/roosting sites, breeding or foraging habitats, information exchange sites, display arenas or as sources of minerals and water. Because of the inaccessibility of these environments, their role and importance to animals has been underestimated. We evaluated the use of rocky habitats by birds in the Tatra Mountains （49°13′N; 19°57′E, Carpathians, central Europe）. Rocky habitats were used by 29 bird species, eight of which used cliffs directly （i.e. for nesting, foraging or resting）. The number of species recorded as using cliffs was correlated with the surface area of the cliff face. A total of 2o forms of rocky habitat use were recorded, in five behavioural categories： vocalization, foraging, perching, flight and nesting. Prevailing behaviours were flying by a rock face, circling above the face, and vocalization on a tree/shrub growing next to a rock. Rocks provide a nesting habitat for specialized petrophilic species and permit the existence of numerous ecological relations between species and habitats. The results of this study show that rocky habitats support the diversity of ecological relationships.

Phylogenetic Relationships and Status Quo of Colonies for Gayal Based on Analysis of Cytochrome b Gene Partial Sequences

Thirty-three mutations and four different haplotypes were found when cytochrome b（Cytb） gene partial sequences of 12 gayals were analyzed. Together with sequences of Bos indicus, Bos taurus, Bos grunniens, and Bos gaurus with Bubalus bubalis as the out group, the partial sequences of Cytb gene of gayals were aligned and base composition and nucleotide variation of Cytb gene were analyzed. The phylogenetic trees were constructed by the NJ method and the MP method respectively, both supporting almost the same topology. Gayal is an independent species of Bos from Bos indicus, Bos taurus, and Bos gaurus. The results also indicate that a great proportion of gayal bloodline was invaded by other species, and the protection of gayal is facing a formidable situation.

Dengue Fever Epidemiological Status and Relationship with Meteorological Variables in Guangzhou, Southern China, 2007-2012

Ecological methodology plus negative binomial regression were used to identify dengue fever （DF） epidemiological status and its relationship with meteorological variables. From 2007 to 2012, annual incidence rate of DF in Guangzhou was 0.33, 0.11, 0.15, 0.64, 0.45, and 1.34 （per 100 000） respectively, showing an increasing trend. Each 1℃ rise of temperature corresponded to an increase of 10.23% （95% CI 7.68% to 12.83%） in the monthly number of DF cases, whereas l hPa rise of atmospheric pressure corresponded to a decrease in the number of cases by 5.14% （95% CI： 7.10%-3.14%）. Likewise, each one meter per second rise in wind velocity led to an increase by 43.80% or 107.53%, and one percent rise of relative humidity led to an increase by 2.04% or 2.19%.

Effect of the Zagros Mountains on the Spatial Distribution of Precipitation

In order to examine the effect of the Zagros Mountains on precipitation, first, the annual and Seasonal rainfall indices （rain days frequency, rain amount, daily rainfall intensity, and heavy rains） from 43 stations in 1995 - 2004 between the 30° N to 35° N parallels over the mountain range were analyzed. Second, the effect of the Zagros Mountains was studied through the computation of the spatial correlations between the precipitation parameters and the topographic indices （station site elevation, station mean elevation within a radius of 2.5 km, mean elevation of 9 blocks along each of the eight Cartesian directions, and the elevation differences of these 9 blocks from the station mean elevation）. The results showed that in the cold season the maximal rainfall occurs on the upper range of west slope, while in warm season it spreads over the study area. The correlations between precipitation and elevation indices were positive on the north of the stations and negative on the south of the stations, that is, the higher elevations of the stations to the north force the uplifting of the moist air masses and increase rainfall at the stations, while the lower elevations to their south lead the movement of the moist air masses to the stations. This is due to the fact that these stations or slopes are exposed to the moist air masses coming from the Mediterranean Sea and the Persian Gulf. The heavy rain days and the summer sporadic rain events do not show significant correlations with the topographic indices. The findings indicate that the Zagros Mountains intensify the cold period frontal rains especially over the west slope and block the moist air masses from entering the interior parts of the country. Moreover, these mountains play a secondary role in creating rain days. But they are very important in the production of precipitation in the area. Therefore, their absence will decrease the amount of rainfall to their west and, in return, expand the dry climates of their west and east.

Status of Impoverished Population and Contradiction of Economic Development in Qinling-Bashan Mountainous Area——A Case Study of Hanzhong City,Shaanxi Province

The status of impoverished population and economic development in Qinling-Bashan Mountainous area,Shaanxi is introduced based on the brief account of its general situation.Firstly,there are a large proportion of rural people and great outflow of population;a considerable proportion of the weak,the disabled,the sick and the dementia and low population quality;weak capacity of the economy to generate profit on its own and declining trend of financial self-sufficiency rate.taking into account that Qinling-Bashan Mountainous area is the poorest area with the largest impoverished population and the most complex structure of poverty,the impact of the status of the poor population in Qinling-Bashan Mountainous area on its economy is discussed:the first one is backward ecological concept and serious damage to ecological environment;outflow of excellent talents and a serious shortage of labor;the industrial structure is irrational and the resources advantage can not be transformed into economic advantage.Some corresponding measures and suggestions are proposed:the first one to build new small town so as to lessen the loss of population;the second one is to provide preferential policies so as to attract and retain qualified person;the third one to develop education and establish the concept of ecological civilization;the fourth one is to unblock the channels of information transmission and restructure the industry.

Ecological variations of woody species along an altitudinal gradient in the Qinling Mountains of Central China:area-based versus mass-based expression of leaf traits

Leaf trait-based research has become the preferred method to understand the ecological strategies of plants.However,there is still a debate on whether area-based or mass-based traits provide different insights into environmental adaptations and responses.In this study,seven key leaf traits(maximum net photosynthetic rate,dark respiration rate,nitrogen content,photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency,leaf mass per area,leaf dry matter contents and leaf area)of 43 woody species were quantified on the basis of both area and mass along an altitudinal gradient(1100–2700 m)in the Qinling Mountains of China.Differences in leaf traits and bivariate correlations between the two expressions were compared.By considering different expressions,the strengths and directions of the responses of leaf traits to the altitudinal gradient were determined.Leaf traits showed large variations;interspecific variations contributed more to total variance than intraspecific variations.Bivariate correlations between photosynthetic traits and structural traits(mass per area,dry matter content,and area)were weaker on a mass basis than those on an area basis.Most traits exhibited quadratic trends along the altitudinal gradient,and these patterns were more noticeable for area-based than mass-based traits.Area-based traits were more sensitive to changes in temperature and precipitation associated with altitude.These results provide evidence that mass-versus area-based traits show different ecological responses to environmental conditions associated with altitude,even if they do not contain very broad spatial scales.Our results also indicate distinction of photosynthetic acclimation among the two expressions along an altitudinal gradient,reflecting trade-offs among leaf structure and physiological traits.

Development of Qinba Mountainous Area in the Historical Period from the Perspective of Man-Land Relationship

Taking agricultural development as the starting point,this paper explored the dynamic mechanism and implementation path of agricultural development in Qinba Mountainous Area from the perspective of man-land relationship. It found the regular understanding of ecological changes in Qinba Mountains. It is a comprehensive review and exploration on agricultural development and environmental evolution,and aims to provide a historical reference for the development of the contemporary Qinba Mountains.

An Exploration of the Predictors of Relationship Status with a Caveat on Interpretation

Using the Puerto Rican Maternal and Infant Health Study dataset (PRMIHS), the predictors of relationship status were examined via probit regression. The strongest predictors of relationship status found were interactions between bi-nary variables for the age that a respondent first had sexual intercourse and for the age that a respondent first entered into a union (N = 1452). This paper con-cludes by arguing that the results provide support for viewing union status as being primarily dependent on the people involved in the union instead of being primarily dependent on factors external to the people themselves.

基于湖北输电线路灾情的山火分布特征分析

[目的]利用湖北输电线路山火历史灾情数据对山火分布特征进行分析。[方法]基于2016~2021年湖北省输电线路山火灾情资料,运用数理统计、气候统计和GIS空间叠加方法,对全省输电线路山火时空分布及山火与气象、下垫面、社会人文等影响因子的关系特征进行分析。[结果]时间上,2019年为近几年湖北输电线路山火发生最多的年份,秋冬季是高发季节,其中2月和9月为易发月份;空间上,鄂东地区是山火的频发区域,宜昌及荆门地区为次高发区域。山火与气象关系,大部分山火爆发前1个月降水偏少30%~100%、气温偏高0.5~3℃、湿度偏小3.8%~23%、风速偏大0.1~1.9 m/s。山火与下垫面关系,山火主要发生在耕地,占总数50.32%;山火主要集中在海拔高度150 m以下、坡度6°以下的区域,76.90%的山火发生在阳坡。山火与社会人文关系,山火主要发生在人口密度100~600人/km2的城市圈周边的乡镇及距离道路1.6 km缓冲区的区域。[结论]掌握湖北输电线路山火分布特征,有助于山火风险预警模型指标选取和阈值确定。

湖南武陵山片区旅游发展水平与城乡收入差距脱钩关系研究

基于2010—2021年湖南武陵山片区县域面板数据,综合运用泰尔系数、Tapio脱钩模型和Granger因果关系检验,研究旅游发展水平与城乡收入差距的脱钩关系。结果显示:研究期内,湖南武陵山片区旅游发展水平和城乡收入差距分别表现出波动增长和持续缩小的演化态势;受新冠疫情影响,旅游发展水平大于片区均值的县域单元数量有所减少。2019年前,湖南武陵山片区旅游发展水平与城乡收入差距的主要脱钩类型为强脱钩;新冠疫情时期,弱负脱钩类型的县域单元数量急剧上升。湖南武陵山片区的旅游发展水平与城乡收入差距存在长期均衡关系,且存在旅游发展水平向城乡收入差距的单向Granger因果关系。据此,建议加强县域间的横向联系,建立健全旅游利益联结机制,发挥旅游强县的示范引领作用,以促进湖南武陵山片区旅游发展水平与城乡收入差距脱钩。

山地城市公交服务感知与出行幸福感关系研究——基于获得感的调节作用

将幸福感理论与城市公共交通出行相结合,基于结构方程模型,实证检验山地城市居民公交服务质量感知与出行幸福感之间的非线性关系,以及公交资源获得感在两者之间的调节效应。结果表明:1)公交服务质量感知与出行幸福感之间存在非线性关系,且出行幸福感呈现出边际递减特征;2)山地城市居民公交资源获得感在公交服务质量感知与出行幸福感之间具有显著负向调节效应,公交服务质量感知对出行幸福感的正向影响随公交资源获得感的增强而减弱;3)山地城市公交资源获得感对出行幸福感具有正向显著影响。研究结论可为促进城市公交“满意度-获得感-幸福感”的制度改革提供启发,利于提高山地城市居民公交出行幸福感。

川西南山区县域数字土壤制图研究

【目的】研究环境变量的筛选和土壤类型空间推理方法的选择,为有效提高县域数字土壤制图精度提供参考。【方法】以四川省盐源县为研究区,将气候要素、地形数据和遥感影像作为推理制图的辅助因子,利用野外采样点数据和环境协变量因子,采用决策树分类方法对环境特征进行重要性排序,特征筛选和组合优选,通过对比决策树分类、支持向量机和随机森林3种土壤分类方法的制图精度,探索基于土壤-环境关系理论提高具有立体气候特征的山区县域数字土壤制图精度的途径。【结果】(1)气候和地形特征在研究区土壤分类中起重要作用,采用单一气候因素作为土壤筛选分类的环境变量可获得土壤分类筛选精度为83.22%,依次增加地形和生物特征可分别使筛选精度提升至85.78%和89.43%;(2)与其他模型相比,随机森林模型制图效果更好,对比采样点数据的土壤分类总体精度为77.10%,Kappa系数为0.72;(3)气候因子以及地形因素对水热条件的影响是决定研究区土壤类型空间分布异质性的主要原因,年均气温、年积温、年降水量、相对湿度、高程、地形湿润度等环境特征因子与研究区主要土壤类型的空间分布关系密切。【结论】在具有立体气候特征的山区,基于随机森林方法使用气候、地形和遥感数据进行数字土壤分类制图有较好的效果。

“自然-人文”融合视角下的西南山区小流域划分与整合

【目的】采用“自然-人文”融合的视角,结合人文要素界定小流域划分阈值,强化小流域划分研究的人文特征,为以小流域为基本单元的山区开展国土空间开发和社会经济建设提供区划方案支持。【方法】根据小流域自然水文过程和人文属性因素,利用流域面积法结合均值变点法及边界重叠度概念,以我国西南山区为例,对研究区内6个流域试验区进行小流域划分阈值测算,在得到最佳阈值的基础上,对西南山区以小流域为单元进行划分,并整合划分结果,分析、整合结果的数量与空间特征,提出一种山区小流域划分的融合方法。【结果】①西南山区小流域划分的最佳阈值为30.00 km^(2);②西南山区小流域数量为16075个,面积范围为25.07~431.82 km^(2);③从面积来看,小于50.00 km^(2)的小流域为8702个,占比54.13%,介于50.00~100.00 km^(2)的小流域为5358个,占比33.33%,大于100.00 km^(2)的小流域为2015个,占比12.53%,基本符合当前水利部要求。【结论】通过西南山区实测验证,本研究提出的山区小流域划分与整合方法在结果上能体现小流域的自然与人文属性特征,较好符合当前山区组织单元管理的需要,可为山区小流域区划提供方法借鉴。

乌蒙山国家级自然保护区3种竹笋主要营养成分分析

测定分析了乌蒙山方竹春季笋和秋季笋的主要营养成分含量,并与春季发笋的筇竹笋和秋季发笋的永善方竹笋进行比较。结果表明,乌蒙山方竹笋可溶性蛋白质、游离氨基酸、纤维素含量均高于筇竹笋和永善方竹笋,可溶性糖含量低于筇竹笋、略高于永善方竹笋,可食率高于筇竹笋但低于永善方竹笋;乌蒙山方竹笋的主要营养成分含量与筇竹笋和永善方竹笋有明显的差异,且与永善方竹笋的差异小于与筇竹笋的差异。总体而言,乌蒙山方竹笋的营养品质相对较好,且春季笋品质优于秋季笋。研究结果可为探明乌蒙山方竹的亲缘关系及其笋营养价值提供数据支撑。

非物质文化遗产与传统村落空间位置关系及异质性因素分析——以武陵山片区为例

基于武陵山片区650项非物质文化遗产(简称“非遗”)和735处传统村落位置信息,以核密度分析、重心模型探讨二者的空间分布格局和结构特征,揭示二者的空间位置关系;借助ArcGIS 10.5、区位熵和地理探测器剖析影响非遗及传统村落分布的异质性因素。研究发现:1)武陵山片区非遗和传统村落空间分布具有典型的非均衡性特征,非遗“大集聚小分散”的空间分布模式显著,传统村落“环核群-带状区”的空间分布规律突出,从空间距离上看,二者错位关系明显;2)受自然环境和人文环境影响,二者的空间分布偏好不同,影响非遗和传统村落空间分布的驱动因素各异,二者对不同因素的响应既有要素综合性也有尺度差异性和空间异质性;3)武陵山片区非遗空间分布受人文环境因素影响更为显著,不同地区传统村落空间分布的影响因素差异性突出,对异质性因素的响应差异是导致非遗和传统村落在空间分布上形成错位关系的原因。

Analysis on the Origin and Phylogenetic Status of Tong Sheep Using 12 Blood Protein and Nonprotein Markers

This study is based on the Tong sheep obtained by the random sampling method of typical colonies in the central area of Baishui County in Shaanxi Province, China. An investigation was undertaken to clarify the gene constitution of blood protein and nonprotein types of Tong sheep. Twelve genetic markers were examined by starch-gel electrophoresis and cellulose acetate electrophoresis. Polymorphism in Tong sheep was found at the following 10 loci, transferrin （Tf）, alkaline phosphatase （Alp）, leucine aminopeptidase （Lap）, arylesterase （Ary-Es）, hemoglobin-β （Hb-β）, X-protein （X-p）, carbonic anhydrase （CA）, catalase （Cat）, malate dehydrogenase （MDH）, and lysine （Ly）, whereas, albumin （A1） and postalbumin （Po） loci were monomorphic. Genetic approach degree method and phylogenetic relationship clustering method were used to judge the origin and phylogenetic status of Tong sheep. Results from both methods maintained that Tong sheep belonged to the ＂Mongolia group＂, and Mongolia sheep was the origin of Tong sheep. This was also supported by the history of Tong sheep breeding. Compared to the phylogenetic relationship clustering method, the genetic approach degree method was more reliable for the extraction from East and South of Central Asia, and was more effective in reflecting the breeding course of Tong sheep.

祁连山北坡一次秋季对流性降水雨滴谱特征分析

利用Parsivel2激光雨滴谱仪观测数据,分析了祁连山北坡2020年9月21日发生的一次对流性降水天气的雨滴谱特征。结果表明:雨水含量W和降水强度R的时间演变一致,各站点雨滴数浓度N(D)最大时对应雨滴直径D均<1 mm,出现在层状云降水期间。在对流云雨增强至最大阶段,雨滴直径D迅速增大,各站点最大雨滴直径D在2.75~3.75 mm之间。高海拔站总数浓度NT平均值大于低海拔站,低海拔站质量加权平均直径D_(m)平均值大于高海拔站。对流云降水D_(m)显著大于层状云降水且分布相对集中,层状云降水D_(m)分布有更大谱宽。对流云降水logNw分布相对集中,层状云降水logNw分布有更大谱宽。Gamma函数能较好拟合祁连山区对流云和层状云降水平均谱。对流云、层状云μ-λ有很好的拟合关系。D_(m)-R拟合系数和指数均为正数,D_(m)随R增强而增大,并在雨强达到一定值后变化有变缓的趋势。层状云降水logNw随R增强变化较快,对流云降水logNw随R增大缓慢。业务雷达默认使用的夏季对流云降水和经典大陆性层状云降水Z-R关系对祁连山区对流云、层状云降水估测值偏低。