Melon2K array:A versatile 2K liquid SNP chip for melon genetics and breeding

High-throughput genotyping tools can effectively promote molecular breeding in crops.In this study,genotyping by target sequencing(GBTS)system was utilized to develop a genome-wide liquid SNP chip for facilitating genetics and breeding in melon(Cucumis melo L.),a globally cultivated economically important horticultural crop.Based on over eight million SNPs derived from 823 representative melon accessions,16K,8K,4K,2K,1K,500,250 and 125 informative SNPs were screened and evaluated for their polymorphisms,conservation of flanking sequences,and distributions.The set of 2K SNPs was found to be optimal for representing the maximum diversity with the lowest number of SNPs,and it was selected to develop the liquid chip,named“Melon2K”.Using Melon2K,more than 1500 SNPs were detected across 17 samples of five melon cultivars,and the phylogenetic relationships were clearly constructed.Within the same cultivar,genetic differences were also assessed between different samples.We evaluated the performance of Melon2K in genetic background selection during the breeding process,obtaining the introgression lines of interested trait with more than 97%genetic background of elite variety by only two rounds of backcrossing.These results suggest that Melon2K provides a cost-effective,efficient and reliable platform for genetic analysis and molecular breeding in melon.

Co-Treatment of EFF and 1-MCP for Enhancing the Shelf-Life and Aroma Volatile Compounds of Oriental Sweet Melons(Cucumis melo var.makuwa Makino)

Compared to other melon types, oriental sweet melon （Cucumis melo var. makuwa Makino） is quite a different species with a shorter shelf-life due to its typical climacteric behavior and thin pericarp. The purpose of this experiment is to explore the effects of co- treatment of enhanced freshness formulation （EFF） and 1-methylcyclopropene （1-MCP） on physiological changes and the content of aroma volatile compounds introduced by them of two oriental sweet melon cultivars （Yumeiren and Tianbao） during storage. The melons were stored in incubators with temperature of 15~C and a relative humidity of 85% for 24 d during which fruit quality and related physiological index were measured. Compared to the control, both treatments delayed fruit weight loss rate and kept the fruit firmness, water content and soluble solids content. Ascorbate peroxidase （APX） and phenylalanine ammonia lyase （PAL） activities showed fluctuations in treated melons, while lipoxygenase （LOX） activity （P〈0.01） and malondialdehyde （MDA） content （P〈0.05） decreased compared to control. During the early stage of storage, alcohols and aldehydes were the main volatile compounds, and esters gradually increased during storage. Of all the esters, acetic esters were the main components, followed by oxalic acid esters and other esters. The total content of aroma volatile compounds, esters, alcohols and aldehydes of co-treated melons were all higher than those of 1-MCP treated and control melons. In addition, the aroma volatile peak of co-treated melons occurred later than that of 1-MCP treated and control melons. In summary, co-treatment of EFF and 1-MCP was more beneficial than 1-MCP treatment to delay ripening and senescence, maintain fruit quality, enhance shelf-life and improve levels of aroma volatile compounds.

Evaluation of Maturity and Flavor of Melons Using an Electronic Nose

In this work,an electronic nose was used to evaluate the different cultivars and mature stages of melons,so as to establish a scientific method to accurately distinguish the maturity and varieties of melons. Principal component analysis (PCA) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA ) showed that immature melons could be well distinguished from mature melons using electronic nose. When PCA method was used to analyze,electronic nose could completely classify and identify the maturity of melons. Meanwhile,the electronic nose could distinguish different varieties of melons with high discrimination value. The flavor of samples under cut or no cut conditions would slightly change,leading to the variation of discrimination value among different varieties. The samples with similar flavor under no cut condition could be analyzed through cutting mode. The research built a rapid and accurate method to judge the maturity of melons instead of man sense.

Heterosis of Vine Decline Disease Resistance Caused by the Fungus Monosporascus cannonballus in Melons (Cucumis melo L)

Vine decline disease (VDD) constitutes a menace to melons worldwide. Especially, the one caused by the fungus Monosporascus cannonballus. Thus, resistant plant material must be released to help growers. Hence, our goal was to develop resistant plant material to VDD. More than 600 melon accessions are expected to be tested for disease resistance in M. cannonballus infested soil in Weslaco, Texas, USA, to identify resistance to VDD, and other important traits. So far, at most 7 lines were found to be resistant to VDD and some of them were used to develop elite, muskmelon inbred lines by pedigree breeding following single or double backcrosses. These elite parents were crossed to each other to develop the hybrids M3 and M4. They were also tested in the same infested field in Weslaco. The hybrids were grown using standard commercial practices followed by growers and when their fruits were ready, their roots were sampled as well as scored for disease severity to estimate high and mid-parent heterosis Our results indicate the existence of heterosis regarding resistance to VDD. Thus, resistant plant material can be developed and selection for resistance can be accomplished.

Intellectual Property Protection and High-Quality Development of Xinjiang Melons under the Big Food Concept

The development of diversified foods such as melons under the big food concept can reduce the pressure on staple food grain.Xinjiang has the advantages of building a new development pattern of dual circulation of diversified food industry and establishing a national diversified food safety and high-quality assurance center.The construction of an agricultural power needs the strategic support of an intellectual property power.This paper introduced and studied Xinjiang s melon industry and its agricultural intellectual property resources,analyzed the six main problems,including many idle land resources have not been developed into melon fields and the role of melons in diversified food supply systems not well played.Finally,it proposed to vigorously develop diversified food industries such as melons in Xinjiang and establish an eight-point strategy such as national diversified food safety and high-quality assurance center.

Network Pharmacology and Experimental Study of MomordicineⅠand MomordicineⅡfrom Bitter Melon Saponins in Inhibiting Fat Accumulation

Bitter melon(Momordica Charania L.),a member of the Cucurbitaceae family,is widely distributed across tropical and subtropical regions.Saponin,an important functional component of bitter melon,has been proven to exert hypoglycemic effects similarly to insulin,and also possesses lipid-lowering properties inhibiting preadipocyte differentiation and fat synthesis^([1]).

An allelic variation in the promoter of the LRR-RLK gene,qSS6.1,is associated with melon seed size

Seed size is an important agronomic trait in melons that directly affects seed germination and subsequent seedling growth.However,the genetic mechanism underlying seed size in melon remains unclear.In the present study,we employed Bulked-Segregant Analysis sequencing(BSA-seq)to identify a candidate region(~1.35 Mb)on chromosome 6 that corresponds to seed size.This interval was confirmed by QTL mapping of three seed size-related traits from an F2 population across three environments.This mapping region represented nine QTLs that shared an overlapping region on chromosome 6,collectively referred to as qSS6.1.New InDel markers were developed in the qSS6.1 region,narrowing it down to a 68.35 kb interval that contains eight annotated genes.Sequence variation analysis of the eight genes identified a SNP with a C to T transition mutation in the promoter region of MELO3C014002,a leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinase(LRR-RLK)gene.This mutation affected the promoter activity of the MELO3C014002 gene and was successfully used to differentiate the large-seeded accessions(C-allele)from the small-seeded accessions(T-allele).qRT-PCR revealed differential expression of MELO3C014002 between the two parental lines.Its predicted protein has typical LRR-RLK family domains,and phylogenetic analyses reveled its similarity with the homologs in several plant species.Altogether,these findings suggest MELO3C014002 as the most likely candidate gene involved in melon seed size regulation.Our results will be helpful for better understanding the genetic mechanism regulating seed size in melons and for genetically improving this important trait through molecular breeding pathways.

青州银瓜及其近缘种的RAPD研究

青州银瓜品相优良、甘甜多汁、香气浓郁,是全国名优瓜果蔬菜品种之一。采用RAPD标记技术对青州银瓜及其近缘种的9种供试材料进行基因组分析,并构建了9种供试材料的聚类分析图和主坐标分析图。扩增结果显示,在选取的30个RAPD随机引物中,有24个随机引物共扩增出276条条带,其中多态性条带有176条,平均每个引物获得多态性条带7.3条,平均多态性比率为63.77%。聚类分析与主坐标分析结果显示,9种供试材料的遗传相似系数分布在0.61~0.98之间,表明供试材料之间存在一定的遗传差异,其中M1(三叶酥花皮菜瓜)与其他供试材料之间的遗传相似系数较小,亲缘关系较远;M5(青州银瓜)、M4(白皮脆甜羊角蜜)、M6(火凤凰银瓜)的遗传相似系数较高,这3个种质的亲缘关系最为接近。

Spatial Characteristic Analysis of the Comparative Advantage of Watermelon and Melon Production in Hainan Province

[Objective] This study investigated the spatial characteristics of counties （cities） with comparative advantages in watermelon and melon production to provide reference bases in formulating strategies for the development of watermelon and melon industries in Hainan Province. [Method] By using the sowing area, total yield, and yield per unit area of watermelon and melon in Hainan Province as research u- nits, the yield comparative advantage （YCA）, efficiency comparative advantage （E- CA）, scale comparative advantage （SCA）, concentration ratio comparative advantage （CRCA）, comprehensive comparative advantage （CCA）, ratio of yield per unit area （RYPA）, sowing area ratio （SAR）, and distribution characteristics of watermelon and melon were systematically analyzed. By referring to the agricultural statistic data of 18 counties （cities） in Hainan Province, indexes for each research unit （i.e., the YCA index, ECA index, SCA index, CRCA index, CCA index, RYPA index, and SAR index） were established and calculated to determine the comparative advantage of watermelon and melon production in Hainan Province. A spatial expression of the research result on a map was conducted by using GIS software. [Result] Seven counties （cities） exhibited comparative advantages in watermelon production, namely, Lingshui, Wanning, Wenchang, Dongfang, Sanya, Ledong, and Changjiang. The Eastern and Southern Hainan Provinces had CCAs, and the Western and Northern Hainan Provinces could be reserved for future development. For melon production, four counties （cities） exhibited comparative advantages, namely, Ledong, Lingshui, Sanya, and Dongfang. The Southern Hainan Province had CCA, whereas the West- ern Hainan Province could be reserved for later development. [Conclusion] The result has showed that establishing watermelon and melon as dominant agricultural prod- ucts is necessary for the future development of the industry and for the formulation of a layout of regions with advantages, where key support and construction should be provided preferentially with the aim to raise the yield, quality, and market com- petitiveness of products.

甜瓜酯类香气生物合成与调控研究进展

果实香气作为评价甜瓜风味品质的重要指标,也是驱动消费者购买欲的关键属性。复杂多样的香气成分构成了甜瓜香气系统,特征香气是甜瓜香气系统中的关键组分。该文简述了不同品种甜瓜的主要香气成分,得出了乙酸乙酯、乙酸苯甲酯和乙酸-2-甲基-1-丁酯等酯类是大多数甜瓜的特征香气,并以特征香气物质为例,分析总结了其合成路径,概述了酯类香气合成中的关键调控因子,并对甜瓜香气品质的未来研究提出展望,以期为甜瓜香气形成的机理研究提供理论依据。

Inhibitory Effects of Original Nano-Cu_2O Drug and Nano-Cu_2O Suspension on Snake Melon Botrytis cinerea

The drug-containing culture medium method for the test of toxicity was adopted to compare inhibitive effects of original nano-Cu2O drug and nano-Cu2O suspension, and nano-Cu2O drug has better inhibitive effects on snake melon Botry- tis cinerea than original nano-Cu2O drug with the same mass concentration, and inhibitory effects are positively correlated with concentration. Correlation coefficients of the toxicity regression equation are 0.892 2 and 0.996 1, effective concentration EC50 of original nano-Cu2O drug and that of nano-Cu2O suspension are 3 948.9 and 167.9 mg/kg. Original nano-Cu2O drug has an inhibitive effect on snake melon Botrytis cinerea, but the inhibition of nano-Cu2O suspension is more obvious.

基于SSR标记的126份甜瓜种质遗传多样性分析

以126份甜瓜种质为试材,对其苗期子叶大小性状进行测定,并依据此对甜瓜种质资源进行聚类分析,利用50个SSR分子标记对126份甜瓜种质进行评价,分析其遗传多样性,旨在为该126份甜瓜种质的有效利用提供参考。结果表明:不同甜瓜种质的子叶长和子叶宽均存在明显差异,且子叶长与子叶宽间呈正相关关系;基于各甜瓜种质的子叶长与子叶宽数据,可将91份种质聚类为三类,即大子叶甜瓜种质、小子叶甜瓜种质和子叶大小中等的甜瓜种质;50个多态性SSR分子标记在126份种质中平均检测出2.1个有效等位位点,变幅为1.18~4.11,Shannon-Weaver指数平均为0.80,变幅为0.33~1.50;基于50个SSR分子标记的基因型鉴定结果,126份甜瓜种质可聚类为四类,表明分子标记相较形态指标在种质资源评价中具有更高的精确性;由子叶大小和50个SSR分子标记的评价结果可见,本研究中126份甜瓜种质的遗传多样性较为丰富。

甜瓜新品种“红佳3号”的选育

“红佳3号”是以自交系F-5为母本,以S-5为父本配置而成的一代杂种。该品种长势中等,全生育期89 d。果实椭圆形,表皮黄色,上网性好,平均单果质量2.2 kg,667 m^(2)平均产量3520 kg,产量高。果皮厚度0.6 cm,中心可溶性固形物含量约17.0%,边部可溶性固形物含量约13.0%,肉橙色,肉质酥脆,品质优,抗裂性好,耐高温。在田间表现出较高的适应性,但不抗白粉病及霜霉病,在控制好播期、合理密植、加强田间管理的基础上,可在海南、广西和山东推广种植。

甜瓜基因组GAPs特征及形成原因探究

未知区域(GAPs)是基因组中未被测序或组装的区域.经单分子三代测序,甜瓜基因组中GAPs由基因组V3.6.1中的79.68 Mb减少至基因组V4.0中的0.12 Mb.以甜瓜基因组V3.6.1和V4.0数据为研究对象,获取并分析基因组中GAPs内部及侧翼序列特征及规律,并探究GAPs形成原因,为组装高质量甜瓜基因组提供参考.结果表明:与基因组整体相比,GAPs内部两侧150 bp区域,简单重复序列(Simple Sequence Repeats,SSR)密度较高、非SSR区域GC含量较高,GAPs外侧150 bp含有较高的多拷贝序列.较高GC含量和微卫星密度会影响PCR扩增,多拷贝序列的存在会影响下游序列的拼接组装,且在GAPs两侧150 bp与GAPs全序列比较发现,越临近GAPs边界,其GC含量与微卫星密度越高.认为甜瓜基因组V3.6.1中GAPs形成的主要原因是含有较高GC含量、微卫星密度及较多的多拷贝序列;对V4.0基因组GAPs两侧序列比对分析发现,多拷贝序列占比为98.24%,多拷贝序列可能是V4.0中GAPs形成的重要原因.

甜瓜锚定蛋白ANK家族基因生物信息学鉴定分析

ANK(Ankyrin)锚定蛋白家族编码ANK结构域,植物中ANK家族基因参与调控植物对生物与非生物胁迫的响应.基于甜瓜全基因组及转录组测序数据,对甜瓜中ANK家族基因进行鉴定,分析其空间表达模式及胁迫响应表达模式.共鉴定出78个ANK基因,分为11个亚族;系统进化树分析将甜瓜ANK成员分为7大亚簇,种内8对ANK基因存在共线性关系,5个ANK基因与拟南芥、水稻、黄瓜存在种间共线性关系.CmANK家族基因在不同组织差异表达,不同胁迫下表达亦有所不同.CmANK30在非生物和生物胁迫下均呈现明显的上调表达,表明该基因积极参与逆境胁迫响应调控.

不同整枝留果方式对甜瓜植株综合性状和果实品质的影响

为探究整枝留果方式对甜瓜植株综合性状和果实品质的影响,以吐鲁番的主栽甜瓜品种“夏至”为实验材料,设置单蔓单果、单蔓双果等7种不同的整枝留果方式,进行了甜瓜生育期内4个时期植株农艺性状、光合作用和整枝后5个时期果实相关指标的测定分析.甜瓜植株综合性状测定及果实外观特性和果实品质分析结果表明:双蔓整枝处理的甜瓜植株综合性状较优;双蔓单果处理的甜瓜果实外观特性和果实品质最优,单蔓双果处理的甜瓜果实外观特性和果实品质最差.双蔓单果处理方式能够很好平衡植株营养的分配,使植株处于良好的生长状态,保证了果实的外观和品质.单蔓双果处理不能很好满足果实对营养的需求,加剧了甜瓜植株的生理性早衰,导致植株生长状态和果实品质变差.

两个甜瓜品种芽苗期对盐碱胁迫的响应及耐性差异

以甜瓜品种绿肉伽师瓜和西开心为材料,用50 mmol·L^(-1)NaCl和NaHCO_(3)分别模拟轻度中性盐、碱性盐和混合盐碱(NaCl∶NaHCO_(3)=1∶1,1∶2,2∶1)胁迫,明确两个甜瓜品种芽苗期响应盐碱胁迫的生理特性。结果表明,盐碱处理显著影响种子萌发指标、ɑ-淀粉酶活性、幼苗根系表型参数(根表面积、根长、根系平均直径)及呼吸强度。单独碱性盐处理下,种子发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、根系长度、幼苗干质量及ɑ-淀粉酶活性最低,幼苗呼吸强度最高,根系细胞质膜损伤严重,西开心多项指标显著高于绿肉伽师瓜。种子发芽指数、幼苗干质量、根系长度、ɑ-淀粉酶活性随处理液中碱性盐比例增加而降低。混合盐碱(NaCl∶NaHCO_(3)=1∶2)胁迫处理下,西开心幼苗干质量、根系长度显著高于绿肉伽师瓜。综上,碱性盐胁迫对甜瓜种子萌发和幼苗生长的危害程度大于中性盐和混合盐碱胁迫。两个品种在芽苗期对中性盐的耐受性相当,西开心对混合盐碱和碱性盐胁迫的耐受性强于绿肉伽师瓜。处理液中增加中性盐比例,可适当提高甜瓜芽苗期对盐碱胁迫的适应性。

骨瓜提取物注射液联合唑来膦酸治疗原发性骨质疏松症的临床研究

目的探讨原发性骨质疏松症(OP)患者应用骨瓜提取物注射液联合唑来膦酸治疗的效果。方法回顾性选取2021年1月至2023年12月商丘市中医院收治的原发性OP患者90例为研究对象,根据治疗方案分为参考组(n=45,给予唑来膦酸治疗)、联合组(n=45,给予骨瓜提取物注射液联合唑来膦酸治疗)。比较两组临床疗效、骨密度、骨钙素N端中分子片段(N-MID)、25-羟维生素D[25(OH)D]、骨碱性磷酸酶(BAP)、抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶异体(TRACP-5b)、白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)水平,以及不良反应发生率。结果联合组总有效率95.56%较参考组77.78%高(P<0.05);联合组治疗后腰椎L1~L4、股骨颈、髋部骨密度均明显高于参考组(P<0.05);与参考组相比,联合组治疗后血清N-MID、25(OH)D、BAP水平较高,TRACP-5b水平较低(P<0.05);联合组治疗后血清IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α水平降低幅度大于参考组(P<0.05);联合组不良反应发生情况与参考组相比差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论骨瓜提取物注射液联合唑来膦酸对原发性OP患者治疗效果显著,可明显增加OP患者骨密度、改善骨代谢指标、降低血清炎症因子水平。

灌水强还原处理对日光温室连作的影响分析

以多年连续种植甜瓜的日光温室为研究对象,在上茬甜瓜收获后于夏闲期分别采用未进行土壤处理(-RSD)、玉米秸秆还田+灌水强还原灭菌(RSD)和玉米秸秆还田+未进行灌水强还原灭菌(CK)方式,对温室土壤进行处理,通过对比3个处理的温室土壤基础指标(有机质、全氮、硝态氮、铵态氮、速效磷、速效钾、pH和电导率)、根结线虫数量以及下茬甜瓜的单瓜重、含糖量情况,考察灌水强还原处理对日光温室连作的影响。结果表明,与-RSD处理相比,RSD处理的(0,20]cm土层土壤有机质含量略有增加,有效磷、速效钾含量和电导率则均呈现不同幅度的下降,硝态氮含量在(0,40]cm土层大幅度下降,全氮和铵态氮含量变化不明显;RSD和CK处理的土壤pH分别呈升高和降低趋势,这与反硝化作用消耗H^(+)和秸秆分解产生有机酸之间的平衡有关;与-RSD处理相比,RSD处理的土壤中根结线虫得到了有效抑制,消杀率达79.6%;与CK处理相比,RSD处理的单瓜重增加了0.091 kg,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),明显提高了下茬甜瓜的中心含糖量(P<0.05)。本研究为大规模示范推广灌水强还原技术,促进设施瓜菜作物绿色高质量发展提供参考。

外源褪黑激素对盐胁迫下包瓜种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

研究不同浓度梯度外源褪黑素(Melatonin,MT)处理对盐胁迫下包瓜种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响,以寻找促进包瓜种子萌发和对幼苗耐盐缓解效应最适宜的外源褪黑素浓度。试验材料为甜瓜品种包瓜。种子试验以0μmol/L MT(T0)、50μmol/L MT(T1)、100μmol/L MT(T2)、200μmol/L MT(T3)、300μmol/L MT(T4)进行浸种处理,180 mmol/L NaCl溶液作为发芽溶液来模拟盐胁迫环境,设置完全空白对照组(CK,0μmol/L MT+0 mmol/L NaCl)。幼苗试验采用穴盘栽培,以浇灌180 mmol/L NaCl模拟盐胁迫环境,以喷施0μmol/L MT(MT0)、100μmol/L MT(MT100)为处理组,设置完全空白对照组(CK,0μmol/L MT+0 mmol/L NaCl)。通过测定分析各处理组生长及生理生化指标讨论各处理组的耐盐缓解效应。盐胁迫导致包瓜种子发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数等指标大幅度降低,幼苗叶片的叶绿素含量、叶长、叶宽、POD活性、CAT活性等指标均有所降低,而丙二醛(MDA)含量则有所升高。对盐胁迫下种子提前进行外源褪黑素浸种,并喷施外源褪黑素处理盐害幼苗后,各项指标都有所缓解,T2处理较T 0组显著促进种子萌发相关指标,MT100处理较MT0处理叶绿素含量增加30.92%,POD活性和CAT活性分别增加了40.22%和26.24%,MDA含量减少26.23%。对比各处理组检测结果发现,100μmol/L MT促进包瓜种子萌发的效果最好,且对盐害幼苗耐盐缓解效应显著。