Spatial emission reduction effects of China’s carbon emissions trading:quasi-natural experiments and policy spillovers

Insufficient assessment of emission reduction effects still exists in the carbon emission rights trading system,a major environmental regulation measure in China.Based on the data from the carbon trading pilot covering the years from 2007 to 2017,this study combined the synthetic control method with dynamic spatial Durbin model to comprehensively evaluate the spatial emission reduction effects of carbon trading policies.The results showed that:①The carbon trading policies promoted carbon emission reductions in the pilot regions,among which Tianjin and Hubei responded significantly,and also helped to suppress carbon emissions in the neighboring areas.②Long-term emission reduction effect from carbon emissions trading became gradually significant,while the indirect emission reduction effect was relatively weaker.③In term of reducing carbon emissions,the economic development channel played a key role,but it had a threat to the promotion of carbon emissions in the surrounding areas.Energy consumption was the main obstacle to the growth of carbon emissions.④In the long run,technological progress tended to become the key to the effective implementation of potential emission reduction effects of carbon trading policies.Based on the above findings,we suggest that the construction of a national carbon trading market should be promoted,the balanced development and orderly advancement of regional carbon trading markets should be paid attention to,the coordinated development of green economy as well as knowledge and technology exchange and cooperation among regions should be strengthened to form a low carbon development model among regions.

Carbon Emission Modeling and Analysis in Manufacturing Process for Numerical Control Machine Tools

Reducing carbon emissions( CEs) is the urgent demand all over the world. In order to realize the low-carbon numerical control( NC) machining, the evaluation model of a part's manufacturing carbon emission with NC machine tools was built by considering the influences of the cutting tool geometrical parameters.The manufacturing CEs were produced by electric power,cutting tools,and cutting fluid consumed in manufacturing process. The parameters of cutting tools affected not only the CEs,but also the machining quality. Then the actual constraint models of the machine performance,machining quality were given in order to optimize the cutting parameters and achieve the low-CEs. Finally,a case was given to analyze the influences of the cutting tool angles on the manufacturing CEs. The results show that the CEs decrease as the rake angle and edge angle increase under the constraints of the machine specifications and machining quality.

The Future of Quasi Emission Control Enterprises in a Low-Carbon Economy

At 9:30 a.m.on July 16,2021,the national carbon emission trading market started operation at Shanghai Environment and Energy Exchange.On the first day,the carbon emission quota totaled 4.244 million tons,with a turnover of 210 million yuan and an average transaction price of 51.23 yuan/ton.The carbon trading price is on the rise.With the gradual maturity and improvement of conditions,there will be about 8,000 to 10,000 emission control enterprises under the eight major industries in the future,and China’s carbon market will become the largest market covering greenhouse gas emissions worldwide.It can be seen that carbon trading is a“big deal.”If enterprises participate well,they will form carbon assets,but if they do not participate well,they will form carbon liabilities.This paper analyzes the opportunities and challenges faced by quasi emission control enterprises under the background of low-carbon economy.This provides certain reference significance for these enterprises to actively participate in the national carbon trading market in the future.

Carbon Dioxide Control-Technology for the Future

The world is experiencing global climate change, and most scientists attribute it to the accumulation in the atmosphere of carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and chlorofluorocarbons. Because of its enormous emission rate, carbon dioxide （CO2） is the main culprit. Almost all the anthropogenic CO2 emissions come from the burning of fossil fuels for electricity, heat, and transportation. Emissions of COg can be reduced by conservation, increased use of renewable energy sources, and increased efficiencies in both the production of electrical power and the transportation sector. Capture of CO2 can be accomplished with wet scrubbing, dry sorption, or biogenic fixation. After CO2 is captured, it must be transported either as a liquid or a supercritical fluid, which realistically can only be accomplished by pipeline or ship. Final disposal of CO2 will either be to underground reservoirs or to the ocean; at present, the underground option seems to be the only viable one. Various strategies and technologies involved with reduction of CO2 emissions and carbon capture and sequestration （CCS） are briefly reviewed in this paper.

考虑双渠道供应链成员减排效果过度自信的碳减排决策研究

为探讨双渠道供应链成员减排效果过度自信对碳减排决策及双渠道供应链成员利润的影响,考虑由制造商、零售商组成的一个双渠道供应链,分别针对零售商、制造商完全理性和过度自信组合的四种情形构建博弈模型,给出了四种情形的最优决策,比较分析了三种过度自信情形与双方都完全理性情形的最优减排率大小以及最优减排率与过度自信系数的关系.研究结果表明:无论过度自信系数如何变化,最优减排率和制造商利润,只要制造商过度自信则都会增大,但如果只有零售商过度自信则都会减少;零售商的利润,在只有制造商过度自信时会减小而在只有零售商过度自信时会增大.四种情形下的最优减排率都与偏好线下零售渠道的消费者所占比例成负相关关系,而与渠道间的交叉价格弹性系数、低碳偏好系数成正相关关系.

自愿碳减排市场的域外经验及其对我国CCER市场的借鉴

CCER作为我国碳市场架构中的核心政策工具,紧密契合国家“双碳”目标,不仅扮演着碳金融领域核心交易标的的角色,还承载着实现实质性减排的重要环境权益价值。我国CCER重启后在项目认证、市场交易及其相关政策法规等领域尚需自我完善的同时,也需充分考察并借鉴他国先进举措。美国与日本在构建自愿减排市场机制方面积累的成功经验具有一定借鉴性价值,可以通过完善方法学规则体系,确保CCER减排实效,健全CCER政策衔接机制,创新国内外运营环境等制度,来推动我国“双碳”目标高质量达成,以期实现经济社会的绿色低碳转型和高质量发展。

碳减排约束和氢能的城市能源污染控制研究

针对城市能源污染控制问题,在碳减排约束的框架下,探讨氢能作为清洁能源替代方案的应用潜力。构建城市化石燃料能源污染的评估指标体系,获取并分析城市不同化石能源结构的使用比例。基于碳减排目标,建立城市污染控制模型,重点计算氢能替代传统化石能源的最佳比重,以有效控制城市能源污染。结果表明:化石能源消耗与排放具有季节性特征,供暖期煤炭污染显著,天然气夏冬季用量增加。除PM 10外,其他污染物排放量高,尤其CO_(2)。所提方法显著降低污染物排放,如PM_(2.5)、SO_(2)、CO_(2)月均排放量分别为3.5吨、2.4吨、4.2吨,为城市能源清洁化提供了科学依据。

基于深度强化学习的风电场功率多变量综合优化控制

我国提出“双碳”目标,提出构建以新能源为主体的新型电力系统。依据真实风电场的数据,通过研究优化控制策略,提升风电场输出功率,从而进一步提高风电的利用率。聚焦风电机组间尾流效应问题,提出一种基于无模型深度强化学习(DRL)的风电场功率多变量优化控制策略。该策略采用近端策略优化(PPO)算法对动态风电场中的风机偏航角、倾斜角、叶片桨距角和叶尖速比(TSR)多个变量进行优化,通过智能体在运行过程中产生的数据进行智能学习,从而得到最优控制策略,克服传统数学优化方法的局限性。仿真结果表明,与现有的风电机组控制算法相比,基于无模型DRL的多变量优化控制策略显著提高了计算效率,降低了参数优化难度,优化了尾流方向和强度,优化后平均输出功率提升37.08%。

Progress, challenge and significance of building a carbon industry system in the context of carbon neutrality strategy

Carbon dioxide storage and utilization has become an inevitable trend and choice for sustainable development under the background of global climate change and carbon neutrality.Carbon industry which is dominated by CO_(2) capture,utilization and storage/CO_(2) capture and storage(CCUS/CCS)is becoming a new strategic industry under the goal of carbon neutrality.The sustainable development of carbon industry needs to learn from the experiences of global oil and gas industry development.There are three types of“carbon”in the earth system.Black carbon is the CO_(2) that has not been sequestered or used and remains in the atmosphere for a long time;grey carbon is the CO_(2) that has been fixed or permanently sequestered in the geological body,and blue carbon is the CO_(2) that could be converted into products for human use through biological,physical,chemical and other ways.The carbon industry system covers carbon generation,carbon capture,carbon transportation,carbon utilization,carbon sequestration,carbon products,carbon finance,and other businesses.It is a revolutionary industrial field to completely eliminate“black carbon”.The development of carbon industry technical system takes carbon emission reduction,zero carbon,negative carbon and carbon economy as the connotation,and the construction of a low-cost and energy-efficient carbon industry system based on CCUS/CCS are strategic measures to achieve the goal of carbon neutrality and clean energy utilization globally.This will promote the“four 80%s”transformation of China's energy supply,namely,to 2060,the percentage of zero-carbon new energy in the energy consumption will be over 80%and the CO_(2) emission will be decreased by 80%to ensure the carbon emission reduction of total 80×10^(8) t from the percentage of carbon-based fossil energy in the energy consumption of over 80%,and the percentage of CO_(2) emission from energy of over 80%in 2021.The carbon industry in China is facing three challenges,large CO_(2) emissions,high percentage of coal in energy consumption,and poor innovative system.Three strategic measures are proposed accordingly,including:(1)unswervingly develop carbon industrial system and ensure the achievement of carbon neutrality as scheduled by 2060;(2)vigorously develop new energy sources and promote a revolutionary transformation of China’s energy production and consumption structure;(3)accelerate the establishment of scientific and technological innovation system of the whole CO_(2) industry.It is of great significance for continuously optimization of ecological environment and construction of green earth and ecological earth to develop the carbon industry system,utilize clean energy,and achieve the strategic goal of global carbon neutrality.

Daily Variation of Natural Emission of Methane to the Atmosphere and Source Identification in the Luntai Fault Region of the Yakela Condensed Oil/Gas Field in the Tarim Basin,Xinjiang,China

The static flux chamber method was applied to study natural emissions of methane to the atmosphere in the Luntai fault region of Yakela Condensed Oil/Gas Field in the Tarim Basin, Xinjiang Municipality, northwestern China. Using an online method, which couples together a gas chromatography/high-temperature conversion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry （GC/C/MS）, 13^C/12^C ratios of methane in flux chambers were measured and showed that methane gases are liable to migrate from deep oil/gas reservoirs to the surface through fault regions and that a part of the migrated methane, which remains unoxidized can be emitted into the atmosphere. Methane emission rates were found to be highest in the mornings, lowest in the afternoons and then increase gradually in the evenings. Methane emission rates varied dramatically in different locations in the fault region. The highest methane emission rate was 10.96 mg/m^2·d, the lowest 4.38 mg/m^2, and the average 7.55 mg/ m^2·d. The 13^C/12^C ratios of the methane in the flux chambers became heavier as the enclosed methane concentrations increased gradually, which reveals that methane released from the fault region might come from thermogenic methane of the deep condensed oil/gas reservoir.

Developmental Status Quo and Trends of Low-carbon Agriculture

In order to reduce carbon emission in agricultural production,this paper has discussed the developmental trends of low-carbon agriculture in terms of developing precision agriculture,improving the efficiency of fertilizer utilization,scientific use of pesticides,water-saving irrigation,ecological control of pests and diseases,as well as energy conservation and emission reduction by agricultural machinery and other agricultural practices.

Low Carbon Building Design Optimization Based on Intelligent Energy Management System

The construction of relevant standards for building carbon emission assessment in China has just started,and the quantitative analysis method and evaluation system are still imperfect,which hinders the development of low-carbon building design.Therefore,the use of intelligent energy management system is very necessary.The purpose of this paper is to explore the design optimization of low-carbon buildings based on intelligent energy management systems.Based on the proposed quantitative method of building carbon emission,this paper establishes the quota theoretical system of building carbon emission analysis,and develops the quota based carbon emission calculation software.Smart energy management system is a low-carbon energy-saving system based on the reference of large-scale building energy-saving system and combined with energy consumption.It provides a fast and effective calculation tool for the quantitative evaluation of carbon emission of construction projects,so as to realize the carbon emission control and optimization in the early stage of architectural design and construction.On this basis,the evaluation,analysis and calculation method of building structure based on carbon reduction target is proposed,combined with the carbon emission quota management standard proposed in this paper.Taking small high-rise residential buildings as an example,this paper compares and analyzes different building structural systems from the perspectives of structural performance,economy and carbon emission level.It provides a reference for the design and evaluation of low-carbon building structures.The smart energy management system collects user energy use parameters.It uses time period and time sequence to obtain a large amount of data for analysis and integration,which provides users with intuitive energy consumption data.Compared with the traditional architectural design method,the industrialized construction method can save 589.22 megajoules(MJ)per square meter.Based on 29270 megajoules(MJ)per ton of standard coal,the construction area of the case is about 8000 m2,and the energy saving of residential buildings is 161.04 tons of standard coal.This research is of great significance in reducing the carbon emission intensity of buildings.

中国水层CO_(2)地质封存技术攻关方向

在国家“碳达峰碳中和”战略目标下,为了延长化石能源行业的生命周期,亟需进行大规模碳减排的重大革命,其中CO_(2)地质封存(CCS)这一大规模碳减排的托底技术,已在全球达成共识。为此,系统梳理了全球CCS发展趋势,并针对中国CCS地质特点和工程技术现状,分析了中国发展水层CCS面临的挑战和难点,提出了中国水层CO_(2)地质封存技术的攻关方向。研究结果表明:①中国水层CCS起步早,当前正在开展世界级规模水层CCS先导试验,技术水平与国外并行,CCS有望成为中国未来大规模碳减排的主要手段;②鉴于中国水层多无法回避陆相沉积、断裂发育、非均质性强等先天条件,中国未来建设大规模水层CCS将面临封存规模大、封存成本高和长期封存安全性等3个方面关键技术的挑战;③从推动和形成CCS负碳新产业角度,中国未来水层CCS碳埋存需要攻克CCS地质体评估、CO_(2)高速注入、低浓度CO_(2)封存、降低成本和地质监测等5个关键技术。结论认为,该研究认识进一步坚定了中国发展水层CCS技术的信心,提出的5个方面关键技术为快速形成负碳领域的国家战略科技力量明确了攻关方向,同时为后续推动大规模地下储氢、储氦、压缩空气储能等战略性新兴行业的发展提供了前瞻性技术支撑。

Development of Carbon Dioxide Capture Technologies in Coal-Fired Power Plants

With a particular reference to China Huaneng Group's practices in CO_2 capture, this article presents a brief ing on the current development of CO_2 capture technologies in coal-fired power plants both in China and abroad. Sooner or later, the integration of CO_2 capture and storage (CCS) facility with coal-fired power plant will be inevitably put on the agenda of developers.

“双碳”目标下低碳农业技术发展应用条件评价及路径研究

“双碳”目标下,科学评估筛选适宜不同地域的农业减排固碳技术,并因地制宜制定低碳农业技术路径具有重要的现实意义.综合采取德尔菲法、层次分析法、多因素综合评价模型进行评价表明,种植、养殖、能源消耗3个方面42项技术中发展应用条件综合水平位于3≥Z≥2.5、 2.5>Z≥2、 2>Z≥1等3个区间的比重分别为16.67%,61.90%,21.43%,大部分技术在重庆具有较好的综合推广应用条件,其中种植方面最好;重庆低碳农业发展可采取分区分级思路,根据农业生产特点按粮食主产区、养殖集中区、生态脆弱区分区推进“双增双减”“稳能减排”“提能固碳”综合技术路径,根据技术发展应用条件水平分级优先推广位于3≥Z≥2.5区间的7项技术,以及位于2.5>Z≥2区间的26项技术.最后提出加快低碳农业技术的创新步伐、推广应用、发展环境建设等对策建议.

同行“双碳”政策感知对企业创新绩效的影响研究

科技创新是实现“双碳”目标的关键支撑,如何充分调动企业科技创新的主观能动性则成为亟需解决的问题。本文运用文本计量方法测算上市公司的同行“双碳”政策感知,定量分析同行“双碳”政策感知对企业创新绩效的影响,并对这种溢出效应机制进行探索。研究发现:同行的“双碳”政策感知能够显著提高企业的研发强度、专利申请量和专利获取量;该创新促进效应的重要渠道是“双碳”政策感知在行业与企业间的传递;外部环境、企业性质和行业特征是该创新促进效应的重要调节变量。本文研究结果验证了凝聚绿色低碳转型的行业共识,可以充分调动企业科技创新的主观能动性,并指出激励政策和给予特殊行业补贴的策略至关重要。

Research on CO Pollution Control of Motor Vehicle Exhaust

Carbon monoxide(CO)is harmful to our health,and even causes death.The main source of CO is automobile exhaust.Therefore,this article determines that CO is the emission factor,and finally the evaluation model is established.The model provides an important basis for the highway construction project design,traffic management,environmental pollution control,energy saving,environmental evaluation and so on.Compared with the traditional method that calculates the road traffic volume through the air emissions model,according to the total amount of air pollution control,this paper builds the emission diffusion model,which calculates the road traffic volume by road exhaust density.First of all,this paper measures CO emissions by testing 435 multifunction detectors from Shanghai typical roads,and compares the results with the national standard control.According to the standard in automobile exhaust emissions,the extreme values of the traffic volume over the road are calculated.Finally,the model’s reasonableness and accuracy are validated through case study.The results from case analysis show that the evaluation model is of great practical significance.

双碳目标下绿色金融碳减排效应的实证研究

绿色金融是实现绿色低碳发展战略的重要手段,研究绿色金融碳减排效应及其作用机制对实现“双碳”目标具有重要现实意义。利用2008—2020年省际面板数据,实证检验了绿色金融碳减排效应、作用机制和异质性。研究结果表明:无论是总维度还是分维度,绿色金融均具有显著的碳减排效应,其中绿色投资的碳减排效应最大,绿色证券次之,绿色信贷最小;绿色技术创新对绿色金融碳减排效应具有中介作用,环境规制与金融市场化均增强了绿色金融碳减排效果;东部组、科技发达组和高耗能组相对中西部组、科技欠发达组和低耗能组绿色金融碳减排效应更为明显。因此,进一步加大绿色金融产品创新,实现绿色金融资源高效配置,制定差异化绿色金融政策尤为重要。

“能耗双控”向“碳排放双控”转变下的企业政策响应研究——以浙江省为例

具有负外部性的复杂环境政策对企业的影响和企业的应对策略之间缺乏联动性的整体研究,因此,论文提出DIIS政策文本分析法、DANP网络分析法和SPACE矩阵融合的企业环境政策响应模型(DDS),对“能耗双控”向“碳排放双控”转变形势下浙江省工业企业的政策响应开展研究和实证分析。建立“能耗双控”和“碳排放双控”政策库,通过基于DIIS理论的政策文本分析,形成政策、经济、社会、技术四个维度的18项影响因素;结合问卷调研,通过DANP法分析得到8种企业类别的环境政策影响指标权重;进而将指标与权重映射到SPACE矩阵,最终得到不同企业的应对策略选择。结果表明:(1)不同类型的企业响应程度不同,国有企业偏向于响应政策调控,民营企业偏向于对市场竞争和技术突破做出响应;(2)产业链低碳转型等社会性的因素受到所有企业的关注,而资源倾斜、低碳人才培养、核算标准制定等因素普遍被企业忽视;(3)综合考虑不同企业响应策略,建议政府部门应针对企业特点精准施策。

低碳转型对企业全要素生产率的影响研究

在提出“双碳”目标的背景下,为缓解全球气候变化带来的恶劣影响,企业亟须低碳转型以实现可持续发展和提升市场竞争力。选取2008-2021年A股上市公司面板数据为样本,通过Python爬取关键词测度企业低碳转型,研究表明低碳转型程度对企业全要素生产率有正向影响,其影响机制是:低碳转型程度高的企业,市场地位会提高,将获得更多绿色贷款和减少融资约束,最终促进企业全要素生产率提升。该结论通过一系列稳健性检验后依然有效。进一步研究发现,国有企业、非两职合一和位于东中部地区企业,进行低碳转型对企业全要素生产率的正向影响更加显著。研究结论为进一步促进企业低碳减排提供了理论依据。