及物性、语篇类型与立场功能的关联——从“一再”与“再三”的情感差异谈起

“一再”与“再三”是现代汉语中的一对近义词,两者的意义接近,但在感情色彩方面存在明显差异。本文指出“一再”与“再三”的句法语义差别可以从“及物性”角度获得统一解释,其中“一再”所在小句具有低及物性,“再三”所在小句具有高及物性。两者的及物性等级不同,会带来明显不同的语用效应,并衍生出不同的立场表达功能。其中,复句关系所构成的话语环境差异是形成“一再”与“再三”立场功能对立的直接诱因。“一再”优势分布的转折复句与反预期具有天然关联,而反预期又与负面立场密切相关。本文的研究表明,负面立场的规约化动因可以追溯至词语的句法语义特征,语义与语用在负面立场的规约化过程中存在密切互动关联。

“一再”和“再三”辨析

本文从“一再”和“再三”对动词的要求,对时间的要求,对几种特殊格式的要求几方面,较为细致地辨析了二者的区别,以便帮助民族学生在学习汉语的过程中更好地掌握和使用。

“一再”和“再三”的句法和语义分析

“一再”和“再三”两词的语义和用法接近。在句法上，二词存在一些较为显著的差异；在语义上，二词有细微的不同之处。“一再”表示的“一次一次”可以有较长的时间跨度，动作次数之间也可以有较长的时间间隔，而“再三”表示的“一次一次”重在短时间内动作次数的反复。“再三”有表集中量的“多次”义，“一再”没有。

“一再”和“再三”的辨析

“一再”和“再三”是现代汉语中的两个副词，二者在使用的过程中，有时可以互换，但在用法上还是有各自的使用范围和特点，并不完全对等。在对外汉语教学中，我们需要对这两个词加以区分，否则就有可能使留学生对二者产生使用上的偏误。本文试从词汇、句法和语义平面对“一再”和“再三”进行简要考察和辨析。

“一A再A”的构式化

“一……,再……”在先秦时期十分常见,最初为松散的涉数序列表达形式,明清时期逐渐演变为内部紧凑凝固的构式“一A再A”,表“动作的反复;程度递增”。在历时演变过程中,“省缩”是其构式化的主要诱因,另外还有:构成成分的分裂;变项A的泛化、谓词化及单音化;语境影响,如“对举”形成的语境效应、语境吸收。该构式的构式化机制主要有重新分析、隐喻、韵律节奏、表述的程度化等。

“再一个”:从数量到指代再到连接的语义演变——兼论数量范畴的双重演化路径

文章以“再一个”为例,考察一则在现当代汉语中发生并完成的语义演变现象:从数量范畴到指代范畴再到连接范畴。文章认为,“再一个”从数量范畴演变为连接范畴,中间经过指代范畴。随着语义演变的完成,“再一个”从短语词汇化为一个三音节连词。“再一个”与“再说”的差异主要体现在三个方面:语体、词汇化程度和主观性。汉语中的数量范畴存在双重演化路径:关联化和情态化。

“一A再A”构式研究

“一A再A”在汉语中使用频率相当高,基于汉语语料库,文章对该构式作了全面考察,发现:形式特征上,该构式凝固性强,且A的音节主要为单音节,词性通常为动词,少数也可是形容词、名词、量词等;句法功能方面,该构式在句中主要充当谓语、状语、定语、补语等;其构式义也较丰富,如“持续或反复”“妥协或退让”“斥责或抱怨”“性状程度的加深”;语用方面,该构式具有一定的贬义倾向。此外,与相仿的构式“一再A”对比,发现它们之间存在较大的差异。

Gender differences in hepatic ischemic reperfusion injury in rats are associated with endothelial cell nitric oxide synthase-derived nitric oxide

AIM: This study was designed to examine the hypothesis that gender differences in I/R injury are associated withendothelial cell nitric oxide synthase (eNOS)-derived nitric oxide (NO).METHODS: Wistar rats were randomized into seven experimental groups (12 animals per group). Except for the sham operated groups, all rats were subjected to total liver ischemia for 40 min followed by reperfusion. All experimental groups received different treatments 45 min before the laparotomy. For each group, half of the animals (six) were used to investigate the survival; blood samples and liver tissues were obtained in the remaining six animals after 3 h of reperfusion to assess serum NO, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and TNF-α levels, liver tissuemalondialdehyde (MDA) content, and severity of hepatic I/R injury.RESULTS: Basal serum NO levels in female sham operated (FS) group were nearly 1.5-fold of male sham operated (MS) group (66.7±11.0 μmol/L vs 45.3±10.1μmol/L, P＜0.01). Although serum NO levels decreased significantly after hepatic I/R (P＜0.01, vs sham operated groups), they were still significantly higher in female rat (F) group than in male rat (M) group (47.8±8.6 μmol/L vs 23.8±4.7 μmol/L, P＜0.01). Serum ALT and TNF-α levels, and liver tissue MDA content were significantly lower in F group than in M group (370.5±46.4 U/L, 0.99±0.11 μg/L and 0.57±0.10 μmol/g vs668.7±78.7 U/L, 1.71±0.18 μg/Land 0.86±0.11 μmol/g, respectively, P＜0.01). I/R induced significant injury to the liver both in M and F groups (P＜0.01 vs sham operated groups). But the degree of hepatocyte injury was significantly milder in F group than in M group (P＜0.05 and P＜0.01). The median survival time was six days in F group and one day in M group. The overall survival rate was significantly higher in F group than in M group (P＜0.05). When compared with male rats pretreated with saline (M group), pretreatment of male rats with 17-β- estradiol (E2) (M+E2 group) significantly increased serum NO levels and significantly decreased serum ALT and TNF-α levels, and liver tissue MDA content after I/R (P＜0.01).The degree of hepatocyte injury was significantly decreased and the overall survival rate was significantly improved in M+E2 group than in M group (P＜0.01 and P＜0.05). TheNOS inhibitor Nw-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) treatment could completely abolish the protective effects of estrogen in both male and female rats. CONCLUSION: The protective effects afforded to female rats subjected to hepatic I/R are associated with eNOSderived NO.

Experimental Research and Mathematical Modelling for Coal Reburning in Furnace

Reburning technology is one of the most cost-effective NOx reduction strategies for coal combustion systems. In this paper, a nitric oxide submodel incorporated into a comprehensive coal combustion model was developed for predicting NOx reduction in a 93 kW laboratory-scale coal combustion furnace by reburning. This NO submodel, including reburning mechanism, requires the solution of only two transport equations to model the behavior of NO reduction in the reburning process. A number of experiments have been performed in the same furnace, and the experimental data obtained from the optimized reburn configuration was used to validate the model. Measurements and predictions both show above 50% reduction of NO emissions for the optimized reburning process. Profile comparisons show that the predicted temperature and oxygen concentration match well with the measurements, and the general trend of predicted NO concentration is very similar to that measured. The results of this study show that the present nitric oxide submodel depicts quite well the observed behaviour of NO annihilation in the reburning process. It is expected that this usable and computationally economic model represents a useful tool to simulate the gaseous fuel reburning process for the researchers concerned with practical combustors.

Urbanization-related warming in local temperature records:a review

There have long been arguments about the impact of urbanization on local meteorological observations. This letter reviews up-to-date studies of the urbanization-related warming in the observed land surface air temperature series in China. Many previous studies have suggested that, over the past few decades, the local warming due to urbanization could have been about 0.1 °C/10 yr, or even larger. However, based on recently developed homogenized temperature records, the estimated urban bias is smaller. Major uncertainties arise from either the data quality or the techniques used to estimate the urbanization effect. A key example is the ‘observationminus-reanalysis＇ method, which tends to overestimate the urban signal in this region, partly due to systematic bias in the multi-decadal variability of surface air temperature in the reanalysis data. It is expected that improved numerical modeling with high-resolution information regarding the changing land surface in the region will help to further understand and quantify the effect of urbanization in local temperature records.

Northward Movement and Highly-Qualified Cultivation Technology of Super-early Maturing Ratoon Rice

Objective] The alm was to expIore northward movement and highIy-quali-fied cuItivation technoIogy of super-earIy maturing ratoon rice. [Method] The 2nd-sea-son rice was cuItivated in the test with suitabIe temperature, heat water and fertiIiz-er, on basis of stubbIes of the 1st-season rice. Hence, rice can be harvested twice per year, with short growth periods, and high yields, and the cuItivation is simpIe to be operated, avoiding the peak of disease damages, so that pesticides are not re-quired. [Result] The experiment of northward movement of super-earIy rice achieved success in Shenyang on October 9, 2014, with super-earIy maturing japonica rice 8501. [Conclusion] Northward movement of ratoon rice enjoys a promising prospect in increasing crop yield and guaranteeing food security.

Numerical Modeling and Investigation of PEM Fuel Cell for Performance Augmentation

Fuel cell is an important promised source of clean renewable energy that is being under extensive scientific investigation and developments. One important type of fuel cells is PEM （proton exchange membrane fuel cell）, which is considered in this study. Specifically, this study aimed at building-up of mathematical computerized model to simulate the stages of PEM fuel cell and to investigate the effects of cell design and operation parameters on its general performance. These include membrane thickness, cell area, hydrogen pressure and ionic current density. One-dimensional model has been introduced and appealed to analyze the effects of PEM fuel cell parameters on its overall performance. The results demonstrate that the cell power （and electrical efficiency） reduces as the thickness of cell membrane gets larger. Moreover, the peak point of cell power gets its maximum value at membrane thickness of 0.005 cm and its minimum value at 0.05 cm. However, the optimum value for ionic current density to get relative high cell power and electrical efficiency is equal 0.81 A/cm^2. These findings enhance research efforts toward new design and materials of PEM fuel cell.

Protective effect of nitric oxide on hepatopulmonary syndrome from ischemia-reperfusion injury

AIM： To evaluate immunological protection of nitric ox- ide （NO） in hepatopulmonary syndrome and probable mechanisms of ischemia-reperfusion （IR） injury in rat liver transplantation, METHODS： Sixty-six healthy male Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups （11 donor/recipi-ent pairs）. In group 11, organ preservation solution was lactated Ringer＇s solution with heparin 10 000/μL at 4℃. In groups I and 111, the pLeservation solution added, respectively, L-arginine or Ng-L-arginine methyl ester （L-NAME） （1 mmol/L） based on group 11, and recipients were injected with L-arginine or L-NAME （50 mg/kg） in the anhepatic phase. Grafted livers in each group were stored for 6 h and implanted into recipi- ents. Five rats were used for observation of postopera- tive survival in each group. The other six rats in each group were used to obtain tissue samples, and execut- ed at 3 h and 24 h after transplantation. The levels of alanine aminotransferase （ALT）, tumor necrosis factor （TNF）-a and NO metabolites （NOx） were detected, and expression of NO synthase, TNF-α and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 （ICAM-1） was examined by tri- phosphopyridine nucleotide diaphorase histochemical and immunohistochemical staining. RESULTS： By supplementing L-arginine to strengthen the NO pathway, a high survival rate was achieved and hepatic function was improved. One-week sur- viral rate of grafted liver recipients in group I was significantly increased （28.8 4±36.6 d ys 4 4±1.7 d, P 〈 0.01） as compared with groups 11 and Ill. Serum levels of ALT in group ] were 2-7 times less than those in groups 11 and 11I （P 〈 0.01）. The cyclic guanosine monophosphate （cGMP） levels in liver tissue and NOx in group I were 3-4 times higher than those of group 11 after 3 h and 24 h reperfusion, while in group ]]], they were significantly reduced as compared with those in group ]1 （P 〈 0.01）. The levels of TNF-（z in group I were significantly lower than in group Ⅱ after 3 h and 24 h reperfusion （P 〈 0.01）, while being sig- nificantly higher in group Ⅲ than group Ⅱ （P 〈 0.01）. Histopathology revealed more severe tissue damage in graft liver and lung tissues, and a more severe in- flammatory response of the recipient after using NO synthase inhibitor, while the pathological damage to grafted liver and the recipient＇s lung tissues was signifi-cantly reduced in group I after 3 h and 24 h reperfu- sion. A small amount of constitutive NO synthase （cNOS） was expressed in liver endothelial cells after 6 h cold storage, but there was no expression of inducible NO synthase （iNOS）. Expression of cNOS was particularly significant in vascular endothelial cells and liver cells at 3 h and 24 h after reperfusion in group Ⅱ but expres- sion of iNOS and ICAM-1 was low in group I. There was diffuse strong expression of ICAM-1 and TNF-α in group Ⅱ at 3 h after reperfusion. CONCLUSION： The NO/cGMP pathway may be critical in successful organ transplantation, especially in treat- ing hepatopulmonary syndrome during cold IR injury in rat orthotopic liver transplantation.

Wind Power Related Policies and Regulations in China--Status, Problems and Solutions

This article identifies urgent problems regarding to China＇s wind power development from the perspective of wind power planning, construction and operation. China＇s wind power has been experiencing rapid growth since the enactment of Renewable Energy Law in 2006, but there are also some problems with respect to the coordinated development of wind power and power grids. By learning experience from United States, Germany, Spain and Denmark, some suggestions are systematically put forward for the improvement of wind power related policies and regulations. By taking a neutral position and taking into account interests of all stakeholders, this article has proposed overall, comprehensive and system-wide political and regulatory solutions to the current problems in wind power development. Firstly, unified planning should be implemented. Secondly, administrative procedures and approval process for grid projects should be streamlined and simplified. Thirdly, Mechanism for ancillary service should be set up to motivate conventional units to operate in a more flexible way. Fourthly, peak/valley or even negative feed-in tariff should be introduced stepwise. Fifthly, pilot projects of heating with wind power should be accelerated.

Recent advances on smart grid technology and renewable energy integration

With the integration of renewable energy generations and other related changes,the smart grid,or the future electric power system,is confronted with new challenges and opportunities.Therefore,it is a promising subject in electrical engineering and much work has been done on it.This paper reviews the recent advances on the technologies of smart grid and renewable energy integration,from the aspects of modeling,simulation,protection and control,stability,operation,and planning.

One-step synthesis of cobalt,nitrogen-codoped carbon as nonprecious bifunctional electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction and evolution reactions

It is highly desired for the development of efficient bifunctional electrocatalyst for both oxygen reduction reaction （ORR） and oxygen evolution reaction （OER） in renewable energy technologies. In this work, cobalt, nitrogen-codoped carbon was prepared by a facile one-step method and demonstrated to exhibit good elec- trocatalytic performance for ORR and OER via a complete four-electron process. Besides, the catalyst prepared at 900 ℃ also displayed excellent stability for both ORR and OER. Furthermore, the origin of catalytic activity was also explored, which was attributed to the synergistic effects of metallic Co and quaternary N.

nNOS expression of hippocampal neurons in aged rats after brain ischemia/reperfusion and its role in DND development

Objective: To study the role of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) in aged rats hippocampal delayed neuronal death (DND) following brain ischemia. Methods: Models of incomplete brain ischemia were induced by clipping common carotid artery. A total of 46 aged SD rats were divided into 8 groups: normal control group (Group A, n=5), sham operation group (Group B, n=5), reperfusion 1, 6, 12, 24, 48, and 96 hours groups after brain ischemia for 30 minutes (Group C, D, E, F, G, and H, n=6/group). The expression of nNOS was examined by immunohistochemistry and neuronal ultrastructural changes were observed by the transmission electron microscopy (TEM) at different time points after reperfusion. Results: Immunohistochemistry showed that nNOS expression in the hippocampal neurons was high in Group E, low expression in Group D, moderate expression in Group F and G. There was nearly no expression of nNOS in Group A, B, C, and H. Ultrastructure of hippocampal neurons was damaged more severely in reperfusion over 24 hours groups. Conclusions: Nitric oxide (NO) may be one of the important factors in inducing DND after ischemia/reperfusion.

Study of L-arginine-nitric oxide pathway in ischemia-reperfusion injured limbs in rats

Objective: To observe the change of nitric oxide (NO) levels in the blood and the morphological change of the muscles in the limbs of rats during the (IR) injury and after being intervened by L-arginine (L-Arg) and L-nitroarginine (L-NNA). Methods: Sixty-six male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were used and grouped into the normal controls, the sham injury controls, the IR injury group and the intervention groups (L-Arg group and L-NNA group). After 6 hours of ischemia, followed by reperfusion for 3, 12 or 24 hours, the samples in the IR injury group were obtained. The rats in the intervention groups were given L-Arg (100 mmol/L) and L-NNA (10 mmol/L), respectively, through the abdominal cavity. Then the anterior tibial muscle in the right limb was obtained for histological examination, the anterior tibial muscle in the left limb for ultrastructure observation and the blood for assay of NO in all the rats. NO was assayed by indirect measurement of NO 2 -/NO 3 - with Griess method. Results: There was no significant difference of NO between the normal controls and the sham injury controls (P> 0.05). But NO significantly decreased in the IR injury group (P< 0.01), and further decreased with reperfusion (P< 0.01) and reached the lowest point at 12 hours after reperfusion. The level of NO in the L-Arg group was significantly higher than that in the IR injury group (P< 0.01), but was not significantly different from that in the controls (P> 0.05). In the L-NNA group, NO decreased to the undetectable level (P< 0.01). Histological examination and ultrastructure observation showed the muscles were normal in the control groups. After 6 hours of ischemia, the skeletal muscles displayed injuries, and they were most severely injured after 12 hours of reperfusion. In the L-Arg group, the skeletal muscles were less injured, while in the L-NNA group, the injury was similar to that in the IR injury group. Conclusions: When the limbs of the rats sustain IR, NO in the blood decreases. Meanwhile, the muscles in the limbs are injured. When L-Arg is given, NO in the blood is restored and the muscles are protected. When L-NNA completely inhibits NO, no protection of the muscles is shown.

Protection of carbon monoxide-releasing molecule against lung injury induced by limb ischemia-reperfusion

Objective： To observe the role and mechanism of CO- releasing molecule （CORM）-2 in lung injury induced by ischemia-reperfusion （IR） of hind limbs in rats. Methods： Arat model of lung injury induced by IR of hind limbs was established. A total of 40 Sprague Dawley （SD） rats were randomly divided into 5 groups （n = 8）： sham, sham ＋ CORM-2, IR, IR ＋ CORM-2 and IR ＋ dimethyl sulfoxide （DMSO）. Rats in the IR group received hind limb ischemia for 2 hours and reperfusion for 2 hours, rats in the sham group underwent sham surgery without infrarenal aorta occlusion, rats in the IR＋CORM-2 group and in the sham ＋ CORM-2 group were given CORM-2 （10 μmol/kg intravenous bolus） 5 minutes before reperfusion or at the corresponding time points, while rats in the IR ＋ DMSO group was treated with the same dose of vehicle （DMSO） at the same time. The lung tissue structure, polymorphonuclear neutrophil （PMN） count, wet-to-dry weight ratio （W/D）, malondialdehyde （MDA） content, myeloperoxidase （MPO） activity, intercellular adhesion molecule- 1 （ICAM- 1）expression, I κBα degradation and nuclear factor （NF）-κB activity in the lungs were assessed. Results： As compared with the sham group, lung PMNs number, W/D, MDA content, MPO activity, ICAM-1 expression and NF- κB activity significantly increased in the IR group, but the level of I κBα decresed （P〈0.01）. Compared with the IR group, lung PMNs number, W/D, MDA content, MPO activity and ICAM- 1 expression significantly decreased in the IR＋COMR-2 group （P〈0.01）, while the level of IκBα increased. Conclusions： These data demonstrate that CORM-2 attenuates limb IR-induced lung injury through inhibiting ICAM-1 protein expression, NF-κB pathway and the leu- kocytes sequestration in the lungs following limb IR in rats, suggesting that CORM-2 may be used as a therapeutic agent against lung injury induced by limb IR.