“三马”与青海经济近代化

鸦片战争后,全国部分地区追随世界潮流开始了近代化的改革。由于地处偏远、信息封闭,青海地区则在辛亥革命强大影响下才开始近代化的历程。以马麒、马麟、马步芳(简称"三马")为首形成的马氏家族统治青海近四十年,一方面着手于青海地区的建省来提高青海的政治地位,另一方面在金融、工业、交通运输等方面兴办实业,从而为青海经济近代化发展奠定了基础。近代化是一项复杂的社会系统工程,但是最主要的成果表现在经济领域,所以笔者主要从"三马"推行的经济措施及其影响来作为研究的切入点,探索"三马"在青海经济近代化的作用,并给予合理的评价,其他方面不再涉及。

三马、三沈、三俞及四朱--浙江籍文化家族与故宫博物院渊源初探

在故宫博物院九十年发展历程中,众多文化名人与故宫结缘,"三马"(马裕藻、马衡、马隅卿)、"三沈"(沈士远、沈尹默、沈兼士)、"三俞"(俞丹石、俞平伯、俞同奎)、"四朱"(朱文均、朱家济、朱家濂、朱家溍)等浙江籍文化家族的人士就很具代表性。在当时的文化学术界,他们都有相当的影响力,或昆仲兰桂,或父子同辉,或叔侄争耀。风云际会之际,他们有缘进入古老的皇宫,投入到点查、整理、保护中华民族文化瑰宝的事业中。他们或偶一为之,或服务半生,或终老红墙之下,为故宫博物院的建设与发展作出了不可磨灭的贡献。他们的努力与业绩使故宫的历史更加厚重,使故宫的故事更为生动。他们的贡献主要集中在民国时期,这是故宫博物院史上具有鲜明时代特征的一种文化现象。

Computation of elastic properties of 3D digital cores from the Longmaxi shale

The dependence of elastic moduli of shales on the mineralogy and microstructure of shales is important for the prediction of sweet spots and shale gas production. Based on 3D digital images of the microstructure of Longmaxi black shale samples using X-ray CT, we built detailed 3D digital images of cores with porosity properties and mineral contents. Next, we used finite-element （FE） methods to derive the elastic properties of the samples. The FE method can accurately model the shale mineralogy. Particular attention is paid to the derived elastic properties and their dependence on porosity and kerogen. The elastic moduli generally decrease with increasing porosity and kerogen, and there is a critical porosity （0.75） and kerogen content （ca. ≤3%） over which the elastic moduli decrease rapidly and slowly, respectively. The derived elastic moduli of gas- and oil-saturated digital cores differ little probably because of the low porosity （4.5%） of the Longmaxi black shale. Clearly, the numerical experiments demonstrated the feasibility of combining microstructure images of shale samples with elastic moduli calculations to predict shale properties.

湘西苗族“三脚马”苗歌探析

湘西民族现在正处于一个新的历史发展时期,随着国家西部大开发战略的推进,开发人文资源、促进区域经济的发展同开发自然资源具有同等重要的作用。如何充分发挥音乐文化促进经济腾飞的效力、发展文化交流、丰富和繁荣文化的潜在价值,是从事音乐教育和研究工作者的神圣使命和责任。“三脚马”是湘西苗歌中创作技巧较为经典的一种体裁形式,其艺术高度充分地表现了湘西苗族人民的艺术智慧和这个民族的文化底蕴。本文试图通过对“三脚马”这一特殊的苗歌体裁形式的探析,以揭示湘西苗歌的社会文化特征和艺术特征,拓展湘西苗族音乐艺术研究的平台。

Solid-Liquid Equilibria of Several Binary and Ternary Systems Containing Maleic Anhydride

Solid-liquid equilibria (SLE) of three binary systems and seventernary systems containing maleic an- hydride (MA) are measured byvisual method. The experimental data are compared with the calculatedones with modified universal quasichemical functional group activitycoefficient (UNIFAC) method in which the interaction parametersbetween groups come from two sources, dortmund data bank (DDB), ifthere's any, and correlations based on our former presentedexperimental SLE data of twenty binary systems.

Effects of Dietary Carbohydrates Sources on Lipids Compositions in Abalone, Haliotis discus hannai Ino

A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary carbohydrates on triglyceride, cholesterol and fatty acid concentrations in abalone, Haliotis discus hannai Ino. Six semi-purified diets with different carbohydrates （dextrin, heat-treated wheat starch, wheat starch, corn starch, tapioca starch and potato starch, respectively）, all containing a carbohydrate level of 33.5%, were fed to abalone （initial shell length： 29.98mm±0.09mm; initial weight. 3.42g±0.02g） for 24 weeks in a recirculation system. The results indicate that serum triglyceride concentrations were significantly （P〈0.05） higher in the abalone fed with dextrin, heat-treated wheat starch and wheat starch than those fed with corn starch, and serum cholesterol concentrations were significantly （P〈0.05） higher in the abalone fed with dextrin, heat-treated wheat starch than those fed with corn starch. Fatty acid C20：4n-6 in the foot mus- cles were significantly （P〈0.05） lower in the abalone fed with dextrin than those fed with wheat starch, corn starch, tapioca starch and potato starch. Fatty acid C20：4n-6 in hepatopancreas was significantly （P〈0.05） lower in abalone fed with heat-treated wheat starch than those fed with corn starch, tapioca starch and potato starch. Fatty acid C22：6n-3 in the foot muscles were significantly （P 〈 0.05） lower in the abalone fed with dextrin and beat-treated wheat starch than those fed with wheat starch and potato starch.

A novel synthesis of fluvoxamine maleate

Fluvoxamine maleate is an excellent antidepressive drug. In the literatures, it was synthesized by the use of 4-（trifluoromethyl） aniline or 4-（trifluoromethyl） benzonitrile as starting materials and 5-methoxy-4＇-（trifluoromethyl-phenyl） valerophenone as a key intermediate. However, the methods in literatures have some disadvantages, such as the use of expensive materials, heavy pollution of environment, long reaction time and low yield of the product （only 30-40% overall yield）. We herein report an environmentally friendly synthetic method of fluvoxamine maleate, which used 4-（trifluoromethyl） benzoic acid and tetrahydrofuran as starting materials and FeCI3 as catalyst for the coupling of acid chloride with Grignard reagent. The fluvoxamine maleate was synthesized in 46% overall yield, through the oximation, etheration and salification of the intermediate successively.This method has some advantages, such as the use of commercially available materials, low cost, short production period （12-14 h）, high yield and light pollution.

Data Regarding Qualitative and Quantitative Composition of Benthic Populations from Musura Bay-Danube Delta, Romania

The present paper refers to some data regarding zoobenthic communities from one of northern lagoon of the Danube delta, known as Musura bay （ROSCI0065, coded as coastal lagoon ＊ 1150）. Faunal composition is influenced by the mixture of waters from the Danube and the marine coastal zone. According to monitored areas, there are dominant freshwater or marine invertebrates forming populations that live in the sediments. The aim of this paper is to offer a view of the endopsammic and endopelitic benthic communities from Musura bay, during two years of observations （2013 and 2014） and analyze the seasonal dynamics of invertebrates＇ populations. Based on quantitative samples collected from infralittoral zone, the paper presents the qualitative structure and a quantitative analyze （abundance, constancy--F%, dominance--D% and Wo%） of invertebrate populations from all taxa （belonging to Foraminifera, Nematoda, Gasteropoda, Oligochaeta, Polychaeta, Ostracoda, Copepoda, Cumacea, Amphipoda and Chironomidae etc.） found in the researched zones, in connection with variation of local ecological conditions. Some considerations regarding the role of invertebrates＇ populations as food resources for lagoon fishes are done,

Contribution to the Study of Aquatic Macrophytes from Musura Bay （Danube Delta, Romania）

Danube Delta--a unique, young and continuing growing region, is a favorable place for developing a unique flora and fauna with many rare and protected species in Europe. Even though the terrestrial environment is present in the area, the predominance of the aquatic environment led to the existence of a particular macrophytic flora. At the contact point of the sea-water and freshwater, physical, chemical and biological processes occur. As a consequence, researchers consider these coastal waters special ecosystem, in which Musura bay is the most representative one. The purpose of this paper is to contribute to the study of aquatic submerged and floating macrophytes. The present study took place over two years （2013-2014）. In each year, a number of expeditions were made in different seasons in order to observe the diverse flora and flora associations. This due to seasonal variation in water quality, and might be a significantly seasonality of the vegetation also. The importance of the studies regarding flora of the Danube Delta, consist in the fact that the plants in this area are of social and economical importance, but also very important for environmental conservation.

Geochemistry of sedimentary rocks from Permian–Triassic boundary sections of Tethys Himalaya: implications for paleo-weathering, provenance, and tectonic setting

The geochemical characteristics of two sections—the Permian–Triassic boundary(PTB) Guryul Ravine section, Kashmir Valley, Jammu and Kashmir,India; and the Attargoo section, Spiti Valley, Himachal Pradesh, India—have been studied in the context of provenance, paleo-weathering, and plate tectonic setting.These sections represent the siliciclastic sedimentary sequence from the Tethys Himalaya. The PTB siliciclastic sedimentary sequence in these regions primarily consists of sandstones and shales with variable thickness. Present studied sandstones and shales of both sections had chemical index of alteration values between 65 and 74; such values reveal low-to-moderate degree of chemical weathering. The chemical index of weathering in studied samples ranged from 71 to 94, suggesting a minor K-metasomatism effect on these samples. Plagioclase index of alteration in studied sections ranged from 68 to 92, indicating a moderate degree of weathering of plagioclase feldspars. The provenance discriminant function diagram suggests that the detritus involved in the formation of present studied siliciclastic sedimentary rocks fall in quartzose sedimentary and felsic igneous provenances. These sediments were deposited in a passive continental margin plate tectonic setting according to their location on a Si_2 O versus K_2O/Na_2 O tectonic setting diagram.

A Feasibility Study on a New Trimaran PCC in Medium Speed——Performance in Still Water and Strong Wind

In the present paper,a new trimaran Pure Car Carrier(PCC) is proposed and a feasibility study on the ship is carried out.In this study,first,the effective horse power(EHP)/car of the PCC running in still water is predicted.By comparing the predicted EHP/car with that of a conventional mono-hull PCC,it is found that the trimaran PCC is superior to the conventional mono-hull PCC at rather higher speed.As ship speed increases,the reduction of the resistance of the trimaran is bigger.It is also found that at common service speed of PCCs,the EHP/car of a small PCC is lower than that of a conventional PCC.Secondly,the optimal L/B of a main-hull of the trimaran PCC in still water is determined.The optimal L/B of the main-hull varies with ship speed and size because the wave resistance decreases but the frictional resistance increases as L/B of the hull increases.As ship size increases,the optimal L/B of the main-hull of the trimaran PCC decreases.Finally,the increase of the resistance of PCCs running in strong wind is predicted.The results show that drift angle and speed reduction of the trimaran PCC are much smaller than the conventional mono-hull PCC because of large side force created by three demi-hulls.

The Qingzang Movement: The major uplift of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

Thirty-five years ago, the idea of a young Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau was proposed based on a comprehensive investigation on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. This hypothesis suggested that the plateau began to rise from a planation surface （relict surface） that was less than 1000 m high formed during the Miocene to Pliocene. The fast uplift, i.e., the Qingzang Movement, began since -3.6 Ma, evidenced by massive molasse deposits around the plateau margin and the synchronous occurrence of faulted basins within the plateau. However, later studies challenged this idea and suggested earlier （8, 14 or 35 Ma） formation of the huge plateau topography. Here we reevaluate the Qingzang Movement on the basis of our previous results and in light of new studies in the recent decades. The plateau margin has been subjected to intensive incision by very large drainages and shows the landscape characteristics of an ＂infant＂ stage of the geomorphological cycle. However, these drainages were not formed until 1.7-1.9 Ma; headwater erosion has not yet reached the hinterland of the plateau, so the interior of Tibet is free of significant erosion despite its lofty elevation, and remains an ＂old stage＂ landform. If the mean erosion rate is equivalent to the sum of clastic and soluble discharges of the modern rivers draining the Tibetan Plateau, it should have been worn down to a lowland within 8.6 Ma, ignoring tectonic uplift and isostasy. The massive conglomerate around the plateau margin began to deposit at about 3.6 Ma, indicating an increased relief after that time. Furthermore, the Hipparion fauna sites were widely distributed, and elephants, giraffes, and rhinos were abundant in the Qaidam Basin until the early Pliocene. Cenozoic climate change alone is not able to account for the dense occurrence of Hipparion fauna, unless the paleo-elevation of Tibet was lowered. The rise of Tibet since the Qingzang Movement has had a great influence on the Asian interior aridification.

Topological evolution of laminar juncture flows under different critical parameters

Horseshoe vortex topological structure has been studied extensively in the past,traditional"saddle of separation"and new"attachment saddle point"topologies found in literature both have theoretical basis and experimental and computational evidences for support.The laminar incompressible juncture flows at low Reynolds numbers especially are observed to have new topology.Studies concerning the existence of the new topology though found in literature,the topological evolution and its dependency on various critical flow parameters require further investigation.A Particle Image Velocimetry based analysis is carried out to observe the effect of aspect ratio,?*/D and shape of the obstacle on laminar horseshoe vortex topology for small obstacles.Rise in aspect ratio evolves the topology from the traditional to new for all the cases observed.The circular cross section obstacles are found more apt to having the new topology compared to square cross sections.It is noted that the sweeping effect of the fluid above the vortex system in which horseshoe vortex is immersed plays a critical role in this evolution.Topological evolution is observed not only in the most upstream singular point region of horseshoe vortex system but also in the corner region.The corner vortex topology evolves from the traditional type to new one before the topological evolution of the most upstream singular point,resulting in a new topological pattern of the laminar juncture flows"separation-attachment combination".The study may help extend the understanding of the three-dimensional boundary layer separation phenomenon.

Effects of poly-(p-phenylene terephthamide) powder coated with polydopamine on ethylene-propylene-diene-terpolymer grafted maleic anhydride

In this paper, we report a technique for the surface modification of poly-(p-phenylene terephthamide)(PPTA) powder coated with polydopamine(PDOPA). We used air oxidation to self-polymerize dopamine(DOPA) to ensure that the PPTA powder was coated. Our results indicate that the modified surface of PPTA powder enhances compatibility with the polymer matrix without damaging its structure. Additionally, it is possible to control the coating thickness of PDOPA by regulating the reaction time. The modified PPTA powder improved the comprehensive property of ethylene-propylene-diene-terpolymer grafted maleic anhydride(EPDM-g-MAH), and it proved that this method can enhance the strength and electric insulativity of EPDM-g-MAH.

A novel three-component hybrid-integrated optical accelerometer based on a Mach-Zehnder interferometer with a LiNbO_3 photoelastic waveguide

An investigation of the properties ofa LiNbO3 photoelastic waveguide via the acceleration-induced effect is presented. A novel three-component hybrid-integrated optical accelerometer based on a Mach-Zehnder interferometer with a LiNbO3 photoelastic waveguide has been designed, which is capable of detecting seismic acceleration in high-accuracy seismic exploration. The Mach-Zehnder interferometer was successfully fabricated and a lighting test used to check its quality. The frequency response characteristic of the accelerometer was measured2 The accelerometer with a resonant frequency of 3549 Hz was demonstrated to show good linear frequency responding characteristics in the range of 100-3000 Hz. The accelerometer also shows good stability and consistency. Experimental results indicate that the outputs of the on- and cross-axis are 147 and 21.3 mV, respectively.

Third generation high strength low alloy steels with improved toughness

On-line thermo mechanical controlled processing(TMCP) was conducted to develop the third generation high strength low alloy(HSLA) steel with high toughness economically.The ultra-low carbon content ensured a high level of upper shelf energy while ultrafine lath martensitic structure transformed from super-thin pancaked austenite during controlled rolling and cooling.The reduction of martensite block size decreased ductile-to-brittle transition temperature(DBTT) and compensated the strength loss due to carbon reduction.Consequently,the excellent balance of strength and toughness values was obtained as 950-1060 MPa for yield strength,180 J for Charpy V-notch impact absorbed energy at 30℃,which is much superior to that of traditional martensitic steel.Two mechanisms for the refinement of lath martensite block were proposed:One is the austenite grain refinement in the direction of thickness,and the other is the reduction in the fraction of sub-block boundaries with small misorientation and the increase in the fraction of block boundaries with large misorientation,possibly due to austenite hardening.

Non-Markovian and Markovian Dynamics of a V-type Three-Level Atom

Abstract The reduced dynamics of a V-type three-level atom in a structure reservoir is presented, which has the exact solution in certain special condition. The Markovian and non-Markovian master equations for this composite system are solved and compared with the exact solution. The solving approach can be directly generalized to the solution of a V-type multilevel system dynamics interacting with a reservoir. The results further testify that these two kinds of master equations are exploited in different coupling regime, providing guidance for further application of these variants master equations to solve multilevel system dynamics without the exact solution.

The Zero Mach Number Limit of the Three-Dimensional Compressible Viscous Magnetohydrodynamic Equations

This paper is concerned with the zero Mach number limit of the three-dimension- al compressible viscous magnetohydrodynamic equations. More precisely, based on the local existence of the three-dimensional compressible viscous magnetohydrodynamic equa- tions, first the convergence-stability principle is established. Then it is shown that, when the Much number is sufficiently small, the periodic initial value problems of the equations have a unique smooth solution in the time interval, where the incompressible viscous mag- netohydrodynamic equations have a smooth solution. When the latter has a global smooth solution, the maximal existence time for the former tends to infinity as the Much number goes to zero. Moreover, the authors prove the convergence of smooth solutions of the equa- tions towards those of the incompressible viscous magnetohydrodynamic equations with a sharp convergence rate.

Double lunar swing-by orbits revisited

The double lunar swing-by orbits are a special kind of orbits in the Earth-Moon system.These orbits repeatedly pass through the vicinity of the Moon and change their shapes due to the Moon’s gravity.In the synodic frame of the circular restricted three-body problem consisting of the Earth and the Moon,these orbits are periodic,with two close approaches to the Moon in every orbit period.In this paper,these orbits are revisited.It is found that these orbits belong to the symmetric horseshoe periodic families which bifurcate from the planar Lyapunov family around the collinear libration point L3.Usually,the double lunar swing-by orbits have k=i+j loops,where i is the number of the inner loops and j is the number of outer loops.The genealogy of these orbits with different i and j is studied in this paper.That is,how these double lunar swing-by orbits are organized in the symmetric horseshoe periodic families is explored.In addition,the 2n lunar swing-by orbits(n≥2)with 2n close approaches to the Moon in one orbit period are also studied.

Ramanujan-type congruences for broken 2-diamond partitions modulo 3

The notion of broken k-diamond partitions was introduced by Andrews and Paule.Let△k(n)denote the number of broken k-diamond partitions of n.Andrews and Paule also posed three conjectures on the congruences of△2(n)modulo 2,5 and 25.Hirschhorn and Sellers proved the conjectures for modulo 2,and Chan proved the two cases of modulo 5.For the case of modulo 3,Radu and Sellers obtained an infinite family of congruences for△2(n).In this paper,we obtain two infinite families of congruences for△2(n)modulo 3 based on a formula of Radu and Sellers,a 3-dissection formula of the generating function of triangular number due to Berndt,and the properties of the U-operator,the V-operator,the Hecke operator and the Hecke eigenform.For example,we find that△2(243n+142)≡△2(243n+223)≡0(mod 3).The infinite family of Radu and Sellers and the two infinite families derived in this paper have two congruences in common,namely,△2(27n+16)≡△2(27n+25)≡0(mod 3).