《伤寒论》条文错简质疑

本文探讨了《伤寒论》中可能出现串文错简的七个地方,其中原因或是证候类似,或是方名类似,或是上下文串文,亦有后人误解所致等等。

Pharmacokinetics and Absolute Bioavailability of the Sublingual Naloxone Hydrochloride Tablet in Dogs

The pharmacokinetics and absolute bioavailability of the sublingual naloxone tablet were studied with HPLC-electrochemical detection. Eight male dogs received single 5 mg dose of naloxone intravenously, the plasma concentration-time curves could be fitted to two-compartment open model, with 12.0 min of t1/2( , 143.4 min of t1/2( and 7.92 mg(min/L of AUC. The same eight dogs received 5 mg dose of the sublingual naloxone tablet after an interval of a week. The main pharmacokinetic parameters were: t1/2ka = 11.0 min, t1/2( = 15.4 min, t1/2( = 164.1 min, Tmax = 27.7 min, Cmax = 34.2 ng / ml, and AUC = 6.79 mg(min / L, respectively. The plasma concentration-time curves were fitted to the first order absorption two-compartment open model also. The mean absolute bioavailability of the sublingual naloxone tablet was 86.8 ( 10.9%. No statistically significant differences were found with t1/2(, t1/2(, ( and ( between the two routes of administration. These results indicated that the course of disposition for naloxone in dogs was similar for the two routes of administration, and the absolute bioavailability of the sublingual naloxone tablet was high. Thus satisfactory clinical effects could be expected.

Analysis on the Hydrochemical Characteristics of Groundwater and the Formation Reason in Wadi Bay Area of Libya

[Objective] The research aimed to analyze the formation reason of groundwater hydrochemical characteristics in the dry valley area of Wadi Bay of Libya and provide the scientific basis for the reasonable development utilization and the environmental protection of groundwater.[Method] Took Wadi Bay area（dry valley）of Libya as the example,Piper trilinear graphic representation method,the descriptive statistics,the ion ratio coefficient method and the isotope evidence were used to systematically study the special hydrochemical characteristics of shallow groundwater in the arid climate condition in Wadi Bay area of Libya.[Result] The salt content of groundwater in the area was very high,and TDS was during 3.2-8.4 g/L.The main groundwater type was Cl·SO4-Na·Ca,then was Cl·SO4-Na·Ca·Mg.The concentrations of Cl-,Na＋ and SO2-4,etc.in the groundwater in 70 km from the sea had the remarkable variation,but the concentrations of Mn2＋,Ba2＋,Si2＋,NH＋4 and NO-3 didn＇t have the same variation phenomenon.[Conclusion] The hydrochemical characteristics of shallow groundwater didn＇t relate to the dissolution infiltration reaction,the evaporation concentration effect and human activities.The major cause was the mixing effect of salt and fresh water in the invasion process of seawater.

On the Confidence Limits of Bernoulli Parameter in Any Sequential Case

Let x 1,x 2,… be independent identically distributed (i.i.d.) random variables, in which x n=0 or 1 and the probability of ｛x n=1｝ is p. Here p is unknown. Let τ be any finite stopping time for (x n,n1). For any sequential sample (x 1,x 2,…,x τ ) and γ∈(0,1), we have given an optimal confidence limit of p with confidence level γ . Some related problems are also discussed.

Impact of Land-use Patterns on Distributed Groundwater Recharge and Discharge——A Case Study of Western Jilin,China

The impact of land-use on distributed groundwater recharge and discharge in the western Jilin (WJ) was analyzed in this study. WJ is a transitional, semi-arid zone with a fragile, hydrological closed ecosystem in the Songhua River Basin (SRB). The research tool includes a seamlessly linked MODFLOW, WetSpass, the Seepage packages, and ArcGIS. The model calibration showed good agreement between simulated water table elevation and measured water table depths, while predicted groundwater discharge zones showed strong correlations with field occurrences of drainage systems and wetlands. Simulated averages for distributed recharge, water table elevation and groundwater drawdown were 377.42mm/yr, 194.43m, and 0.18m respectively. Forest vegetation showed the highest recharge, followed by ag- ricultural farmlands, while open-water and other drainage systems constituted groundwater exit zones. When present land-use conditions were compared with the hypothetical natural pre-development scenario, an overall loss of ground- water recharge (24.09mm/yr) was observed, which for the project area is 18.05×108m3. Groundwater abstraction seemed to be the cause of water table drawdown, especially in the immediate vicinities of the supply wells. An important issue of the findings was the ability of the hypothetical forest vegetation to protect, and hence sustain aquifer reserves and dependent ecosystems. The profound data capture capability of ArcGIS makes it particularly useful in spa- tio-temporal hydroecological modeling.

Characteristics of karst groundwater system in the northern basin of Laiyuan Spring area

Guided by the theory of groundwater system, based on the groundwater level data from the northern basin of Laiyuan Spring area, the authors took into account factors such as the lithology, geological structure and topography to study the relationship between groundwater recharge, runoff and drainage in this area. It was concluded that the infiltration of atmospheric precipitation is the main source of groundwater supply in this area; the upper layer of the Spring area is distributed with the Cambrian-Lower Ordovician karst water, and the lower layer is filled with the Jixian system karst water. The upper layer of karst water supplies to the lower layer of karst water or the pore water in loose strata through the fault while the lower layer of karst water runs to the three strong runoff belts from the east and west sides of the watershed, southwards into the basin, partially replenishing the pore water in loose strata, or forming fault Springs(e.g. Nanguan Spring, Beihai Spring) when dolomite movement encounters faults. Replenished by atmospheric precipitation and the upper and lower layers of karst waters, the pore water in loose strata joins the groundwater in the southern basin and then flows eastwards, in the end it flows out of the system in Shangfanpu. Through the analyses of groundwater level data and hydrogeological drilling data, based on groundwater D and ^(18) O isotope test results, the karst groundwater circulation system in the northern basin of Laiyuan Spring area is further verified, which provides hydrogeological basis for water resources development and utilization as well as protection in this area.

Capillary gas chromatographic determination of dimethachlon residues in fresh tobacco leaves and cut-tobacco

Simple procedures for extraction and chromatographic determination of dimethachlon residues in fresh tobacco leaves and cut-tobacco are described.The determination was carried out by capillary gas chromatography(GC) with electron capture detection(ECD) and confirmed by GC-MS.The mean recoveries and relative standard deviation(RSD) were 93.2%～112.9% and 3.5%～6.7%,respectively at levels ranging from 0.01 to 0.1 mg/kg.The limit of determination was 0.001 mg/kg.Tobacco samples in routine check were successfully analyzed using the proposed method.

Removing Iron and Manganese Simultaneously from Ground Water Using One-stage Biological Filter

A novel process for removing iron and manganese simultaneously in ground water,which consisted of simple aeration and one-stage filtration,was developed in this research. It was found that the biological process had much higher manganese removal efficiency than chemical contact oxidation process. At the same time,the optimal operation parameters of aeration and biological filtration such as DO concentration and pH after aeration,filtration rate before and after startup,filtration operation cycle and backwashing rate,etc.,were also obtained by experiments. By analyzing water quality in different positions of filter bed,it was found that the oxidation of Fe2+ in biological filter bed adapted to first-order reaction,whereas the oxidation of Mn2+ conformed to zero-order reaction,which could be explained by Michaelis-Menten enzyme reaction equation when substrate concentration was far more than bacteria amount.

Impact of Land Use Change on Groundwater Recharge in Guishui River Basin,China

It is important to understand how land use change impacts groundwater recharge, especially for regions that are undergoing rapid urbanization and there is limited surface water. In this study, the hydrological processes and re- charge ability of various land use types in Guishui River Basin, China （in Beijing Municipality） were analyzed. The impact of land use change was investigated based on water balance modeling, WetSpass and GIS. The results indicate that groundwater recharge accounts for only 21.16% of the precipitation, while 72.54% is lost in the form of evapotranspiration. The annual-lumped groundwater recharge rate decreases in the order of cropland, grassland, urban land, and forest. Land use change has resulted in a decrease of 4 x 106 m3 of yearly groundwater recharge in the study area, with a spatially averaged rate of 100.48 mm/yr and 98.41 mm/yr in 1980 and 2005, respectively. This variation has primarily come from an increase of urban area and rural settlements, as well as a decrease of cropland.

Suitability planning of urban underground space exploiting based on extenics of Kunming City

The subways or underground construction have been built nationwide in 25 cities.The pre-assess-ment and systematic planning are requested for building a new metro lines.The reason is the inevitability that new construction projects have to face the various difficulties and geological environment risks in accordance with their diverse urban geological environment under underground space development and construction.Taking the Kumming City planning as an example,the study assesses the suitability and analyzes its high risk factors on urban underground space development and utilization,using the extenics research methods under complex geological conditions.It would provide a reference to underground space development in the similar urban geological conditions.

Florida Springs--A Water-Budget Approach to Estimating Water Availability

Florida＇s artesian springs receive groundwater outflows from the Floridan Aquifer System and are concentrated north of I-4 and west to the Florida Panhandle. These springs and their resulting spring runs support a unique freshwater ecology dependent on perennial flows, constant temperature and chemistry, and high light transmissivity. Numerous observations indicate that Florida＇s springs flows are declining as a result of the increasing extraction of groundwater for human uses. North Florida＇s karst environment is especially susceptible to nitrogen pollution from agricultural and urban development. An empirical springs/aquifer water budget is needed to better understand these spring stressors. Discharge data from 393 of the state＇s 1,000＋ artesian springs are used to estimate trends in total spring discharge by decade since 1930-39. This analysis indicates that average spring flows have declined by about 32%. Large groundwater pumping centers are altering spring flows over the whole springs region. Existing groundwater pumping rates from the Floridan Aquifer in 2010 were more than 30% of average annual aquifer recharge, and allocated groundwater use in north-central Florida is nearly double current estimated uses. Based on biological research conducted in Florida springs, these flow reductions are from two to six times greater than declines known to result in significant harm to aquatic resources.

Drought analysis in middle Heihe River

Water shortage has become one of the severest problems in the middle Heihe River Basin because of high water demand but low available water supply. This paper is oriented to provide solutions to the problem through the analysis of drought. The main objectives to analyze the difference between water demand and supply in various water users in past, present (2000), and project (2010) situation, especially in agriculture, and the most important is to propose and assess a reasonable measure with the purpose of minimum drought and sustainable development. A simulation model, WAFLEX (Water Allocation Flow model in Excel) model is applied in this study to cope with water availability, distribution and requirement of various water users, and the result shows the model and the method is effective and feasible.

Improving Water Use Efficiency for a Sustainable Productivity of Agricultural Systems Using Subsurface Drip Irrigation

The sustainability of agricultural production depends on conservation and appropriate use and management of scarce water resources especially in arid and semi-arid areas where irrigation is required for the production of food and cash crops. The objective of this paper was to evaluate the effects of surface and subsurface drip irrigation （SDI） at 5, 20 and 35 cm depths on water＇s dynamic in soil （Soil moisture distribution, water＇s stock in soil and irrigation water use efficiency） to produce maize in semiarid climates. Field study was conducted at the Higher Institute of Agronomy of Chott Meriem, Tunisia. The results indicated that soil moisture content under subsurface drip irrigation at 35 cm （T3） depth was more uniform compared to 5 cm （T1） and 20 cm （T2）. Moreover, irrigation water use efficiency was higher in this treatment. Indeed, it increased about 18%, 14% and 7% for T3, T2 and T1, respectively when compared with surface drip irrigation. The results of the present study showed that SDI allows uniform soil moisture, minimize the evaporative loss and delivery water directly to the plant root zone and consequently increases use efficiency. Further research is needed in order to determine whether corn production with SDI is feasible in the arid region.

Quality of life among Syrian patients with war-related lower limb amputation at the Military Hospital in Lattakia

Purpose:To describe the quality of life(QOL)of Syrian people with lower limb amputation after the war.Methods:A cross-sectional study conducted at the Military Hospital in Lattakia,from May to August 2019.A convenience sample of 65 adult males who had previously undergone amputation of a lower limb was included in this study.Participants'data were collected including age,marital status,employment,time since amputation,level of amputation,type of amputation and the use of assistive devices.The QOL was measured using the World Health Organization Quality of Life Brief Version(WHO QOL-BREF).Data analysis was done by using SPSS version 20.Results:Forty(61.5%)of subjects were between age of 40-60.Below knee and unilateral lower-limb amputees formed the highest number 52(80.0%)and 51(78.5%)respectively.The mean scores of environment,physical health,psychological,and social relationships domains of QOL were 15.86,15.18,14.66,and 6.64,respectively.There were statistically significant differences in various domains of QOL between groups with different status of employment,financial support,amputated lower limb,duration since amputation,and cause of amputation(P<0.05).Conclusion:There is a need to pay attention to experiences and the quality of life among Syrian patients with war-related amputation.

Groundwater Contaminated by Nitrates--A Case Study of Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Southwestern Nigeria

Nitrate is one of the problematic and wide spread contaminations. Indiscriminate disposition of human and animal wastes in Nigeria especially in urban region, and lack of proper environmental sanitation geared the need for the monitoring of groundwater contamination. This research work monitored the concentration of nitrate and nitrate-nitrogen in portable water from wells in Odo Ado, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, and examined the relationship between this concentration and the well depth as well as its nature （ringing）. The results showed that out of 20 water wells sampled, 50% of samples contain high level of nitrate with the highest having concentration of 140 mg/L and least 49 mg/L while the remaining has acceptable concentration ranging between 3.5 mg/L and 35 mg/L with most ringed wells. The mean concentration of nitrates is 48.06 mg/L and the nitrate-nitrogen is 10.85 mg/L. The statistical correlation between the concentrations and depth showed that there is a significant difference between their means at 95% confidence using T-test. Out of ringed wells, five have high concentration and eight have low concentrations while two of the wells （not ringed） fall below the acceptable limit （EPA） which indicates that there are other factors such as closeness to the point source and soil texture which were not considered in this work.

New Geological and Hydrogeological Information on the Eastern Border of the Gondo Plain （Burkina Faso）

The Gondo plain lies between Mali and Burkina Faso and it is in interland basin into the West African Craton. Since 2003, this study has been carried out two research projects on the southwest part of the plain, where the piezometric levels are very low （50 m to 100 m）. It has two main purposes： find water resources to provide drinking water supply to Ouahigouya town and assess the exploitation possibility of the deep aquifer for rural water supply. Combined methods were used to reach the objectives of this study--remote sensing, geology, geophysics （electromagnetism and resistivity methods）, hydrochemistry and isotope chemistry. So, the methodology allows to specify the geology and the tectonic of the eastern border of the basin, identify and characterize the different aquifers and their relationships. Through the implementation of 250 m deep drilled boreholes, this study reveals that the water level of the lower Cambrian limestones can be under pressure below the continental terminal deposits. The study highlights paleo-karstic zones in the Gondo plain and shows that water chemistry and isotope chemistry can be used to differentiate water sheets and evaluate their recharge.

Decentralisation： New Values and New Rights

The aim of this paper is to challenge the traditional or standard view of the current processes of decentralisation within institutions and administrations, in order to reconstruct the dynamic of such processes in terms of new values and new rights. Therefore, this paper censures the ＂reductionist＂ vision of decentralisation that envisages it merely as an administrative and institutional event and, in contrast, develops a concept of decentralisation as a social, political, and legal process linked to new constitutional values and new fundamental rights, whereby, it might be included within the sphere of a general theory of rights and take on an important role within this area. This work vindicates the idea that contemporary decentralization must form a part of the historical processes of the generalisation and specification of rights where in the goal is the fulfilment of the following maxim： rights for all and not merely for a few. To achieve this goal, decentralisation can incorporate the instrument of ＂positive discrimination＂ as a ＂strategy for equality＂, which can employ to create ＂specific rights＂ aims primarily at the members of the most vulnerable groups.

A new algorithm for stope boundary optimization

Stopes can be simply defined as an underground opening from which ore has been excavated.Selection of the best combination of available stope boundary will directly affect the profitability of the operation.While a few attempts has been initiated to generate the optimum stope boundary for underground mining, they fail to guarantee a true optimality in three-dimension block models.This paper proposed a new methodology which can find optimum stope layout for a given resource model in three-dimensions.The paper initially critically reviewed important stope boundary optimisation studies thus far, then proposed a new methodology in order to find the best stope layout for a given deposit.Subsequently it applied the proposed methodology into a block model to test its ability of producing optimum results and demonstrated its applicability in a number of different scenarios.In the last section, further analysis on strategies to find the optimum stope boundaries were demonstrated.The results prove that the proposed algorithm can find optimum stope boundaries and layouts in three-dimension for different stope sizes and stope selections trategies.

Study of Natural Radioactivity of Groundwater in Sango-Ilorin, Nigeria

Gamma spectrometric method was used to determine the natural radioactivity of the groundwater obtained from hand dug wells in Sango-Ilorin, North Central Nigeria. The purpose of the study is to ascertain whether the groundwater radioactivity level in the area that was previously used as a waste dumpsite and farmland poses any significant health hazard to the populace. The main radionuclides analysed in the samples were 226Ra and 22SRa （progenies of 218Su and 232Th respectively）, and the naturally occurring 40K. The activity concentrations of the radionuclides range from 0.02 to 7.35 Bql1 for 226Ra with a mean of 4.04 ± 0.18 Bql-1, 0.009 to 3.98 Bql-1 for 22SRa having a mean of 0.77 - 0.09 Bql-1. 40K concentration ranges from 0.45 to 30.14 Bq1-1 and has a mean of 4.81 ± 0.62 Bql1. The derived Annual Effective Dose received by the population as a result of the ingestion of 40K is estimated to range from 0 to 0.01 mSvy-1 with an average of 0.01 and standard deviation of 0.02 mSvyl; 226Ra ranged from 0 to 0.8 mSvy-1 with an average of 0.41 and standard deviation of 0.23 mSvy-1 and 228Ra ranged from 0 to 1 mSvy-1 with an average of 0.2 and standard deviation of 0.31 mSvy-1. The results show that the calculated average annual effective dose/ingestion dose for some of the wells are above WHO recommended level of 0.1 mSvylfor drinking water but falls within the tolerable level of 1 mSv/yr to the general public for prolonged exposure as recommended by ICRP. Therefore, it is suggested that detailed radiological monitoring be conducted in the area.

Context Sensitive Solutions： A Case Study of Jamestown Corridor Improvements in Virginia

This paper deals with a case study of a context-sensitive solution of the Jamestown Corridor, located along James City County and the City of Williamsburg in Virginia. The corridor is an important passageway to many tourist attractions in the Historic Triangle of Hampton Roads. During the improvement process, the project should minimize the congestions impacts, maximize convenience, safety and reliability of the surrounding transportation systems, minimize social impact to the local community and address long-term capacity issues. Through the project, the agencies involved learned that projects near any of the historic resources must be context-sensitive and should include all stakeholders early and often to make sure that a comprehensive schedule was developed. They also learned that time should be considered for review and input from key regional stakeholders for a variety of issues.