网络新词“上头”“下头”的语义演变

网络新词“上头”来源于动词“喝酒后引起头晕、头疼”,通过隐喻发展出“失去理智,冲动”义,后由于焦点事件语义泛化,产生“沉迷,喜爱”义;在句中常做定语、谓语和补语,句法位置上由动词向形容词虚化;随着语义的发展,其感情色彩也由贬义演变为褒义,具有强烈的主观评价义,夸张的修辞功能和丰富的表情功能。在“正反对称”语言补充机制的作用下,带有否定色彩的“下头”一词也随之产生。

旧词新义式流行语“下头”的多角度考察

网络流行语“下头”是指“某人或事物令人厌恶、难受,让人产生恶心、反感、扫兴等情绪”,本文首先对网络流行语“下头”的来源及词义演变进行梳理,认为该词最早可能产生于六朝时期,该词的语义演变与人们的认知机制息息相关,其网络新义的衍生依托于隐喻机制。接下来对“下头”的共时分布进行考察,该词可充当谓语、定语,近年来该词有语法化倾向,可充当补语。最后从语言经济性原则、受众心理需求、模因论等角度分析该词流行的原因,发现该词具有明显的“标题化”和“习语化”趋势。

试析新词“下头”与汉语反义造词

在形式和语义方面,网络新词“下头”及其反义共素同位词“上头”具有一定关联,“下头”是表示酒后状态的“上头”通过反义造词的方式而产生的。反义造词的形成动因是社会需求、语言的经济性与可识解性,语言使用者的类推心理和语言系统内部的聚合关系则为反义造词的形成提供了条件。从反义造词的类型来看,可以分为两种:部分替换型和全部替换型。它是汉语现阶段的一种能产的造词方法,具有造词简便、成词较快、易于形成新的造词模式等特点,但所造新词的存续能否长久,尚需进一步检验。

Relationship between subsurface damage and surface roughness of ground optical materials

A theoretical model of relationship between subsurface damage and surface roughness was established to realize rapid and non-destructive measurement of subsurface damage of ground optical materials.Postulated condition of the model was that subsurface damage depth and peak-to-valley surface roughness are equal to depth of radial and lateral cracks in brittle surface induced by small-radius(radius≤200 μm)spherical indenter,respectively.And contribution of elastic stress field to the radial cracks propagation was also considered in the loading cycle.Subsurface damage depth of ground BK7 glasses was measured by magnetorheological finishing spot technique to validate theoretical ratio of subsurface damage to surface roughness.The results show that the ratio is directly proportional to load of abrasive grains and hardness of optical materials,while inversely proportional to granularity of abrasive grains and fracture toughness of optical materials.Moreover,the influence of the load and fracture toughness on the ratio is more significant than the granularity and hardness,respectively.The measured ratios of 80 grit and 120 grit fixed abrasive grinding of BK7 glasses are 5.8 and 5.4,respectively.

Habitat suitability analysis of eelgrass Zostera marina L. in the subtidal zone of Xiaoheishan Island

We present a GIS-based habitat suitability index(HSI) model to identify suitable areas for Zostera marina L. restoration in the subtidal zone of Xiaoheishan Island. The controlling factors in the model,in order of importance,are Secchi depth,sediment composition,water temperature,salinity,current velocity,water depth and nutrient quality. Specific factor piecewise functions have been used to transform parameter values into normalized quality indexes. The weight of each factor was defined using expert knowledge and the analytic hierarchy process(AHP) method. All of the data thus obtained were interpolated using the inverse distance weighted(IDW) interpolation method to create maps for the entire region. In this study,the analysis of habitat suitability in the subtidal zone of Xiaoheishan Island was conducted for four seasons. According to the GIS-based HSI model,the optimal habitat of Z ostera marina L. appears in spring,although habitat remains suitable all year round. On the whole,the optimum site for eelgrass restoration is located in the eastern region,followed by the western and southern regions. We believe that the GIS-based HSI model could be a promising tool to select sites for Z ostera marina L. restoration and could also be applicable in other types of habitat evaluation.

A method for detecting miners based on helmets detection in underground coal mine videos

In order to monitor dangerous areas in coal mines automatically,we propose to detect helmets from underground coal mine videos for detecting miners.This method can overcome the impact of similarity between the targets and their background.We constructed standard images of helmets,extracted four directional features,modeled the distribution of these features using a Gaussian function and separated local images of frames into helmet and non-helmet classes.Out experimental results show that this method can detect helmets effectively.The detection rate was 83.7%.

Experimental Study on the Dam-Break Hydrographs at the Gate Location

When studying the dam-break flow phenomenon,the basic hydrodynamic features of the dam-break flow at the gate location should be verified primarily.In this study,laboratory experiments were performed in a rectangular and horizontal flume with the same initial water head setting on the dry and wet downstream bed conditions.Water surface elevation was extracted through image analysis and validated by comparing with the data measured using a wave gauge.Temporal variation of the water surface elevation at the gate location,quantified in terms of high-speed video recorded images,can be divided into three stages,the sharp decreasing stage,the relatively steady stage,and the gradually decreasing stage.Applicability of several classic analytical solutions of the dam-break problem at the gate location was validated using present experimental data.Ritter's solution is effective for the dry bed condition while Stoker's solution could be applied to the wet bed case,and both are only applicable during the steady stage.Lin' solution reproduces the gate-site hydrographs well during both the relatively steady and the gradually decreasing stages,especially for the condition under which the down-upstream water depth ratio is smaller than 0.138.

Can hip abduction reduce the risk of femoral head necrosis deteriorated into osteoarthritis?A 3D finite element analysis

The purpose of this study was to investigate biomechanical behavior changes of femoral head necrosis(FHN)by increasing lower extremity abduction(LEA)angle,offering scientific basis on choosing the LEA procedure for the exact classifications.Methods:Thirty computational models were constructed and used to simulate six different abducent angles with five different progresses of FHN.The initial model was validated by the bony density distribution in X-rays images and the photograph of the cadaver bone in cross-section.The stress transfer path(STP)of each model was analyzed and the contact stresses were assessed.Results:During the midstance phase,STP of type A showed strong similarities with the healthy level;STP distribution was from the top of the femoral head to the calcar;the damage area of STP of type B was approximately 25%of the healthy.While STPs in both type C1 and C2 were broken off.As the increase of the abduction angle,STP of type B transformed into type A,STP of type C1 transformed into type B.STP of type C2 transformed into type C1.There was no significant difference in contact stress between the four settings of FHN and normal femoral head.Conclusions:We found computational biomechanical technique to be a sensitive and useful method for distinguishing the biomechanical difference of FHN during abduction gait.These results showed that LEA motion could effectively reduce collapse risk and interrupt the disease pathway of FHN deteriorated into osteoarthritis.Furthermore,our findings indicated that the LEA procedure was suitable for type A,B and C1,while type C2 of FHN involved surgical intervention might get a better clinical outcome.

Subaqueous volcanism in the Paleo-Pacific Ocean based on Jurassic basaltic tuff and pillow basalt in the Raohe Complex,NE China

On-land records of subaqueous explosive volcanic eruptions are rarely reported.To understand this phenomenon and discuss its global significance,we studied the geochronology and geochemistry of basaltic tuff and pillow basalt in the Raohe Complex,NE China.The basaltic tuff consists of well-sorted vitreous,crystal(mostly clinopyroxene),and minor lithic fragments.It is characterized by a high Mg O(15.7–15.9%)content and zero Eu anomalies(Eu/Eu~*=99–102).The tuff erupted at 172±1 Ma based on SHRIMP zircon U-Pb dating,coeval with the previously reported age of the pillow basalt.The pillow basalt has intermediate Mg O content and weakly negative Eu anomalies(Eu/Eu~*=90–99).Based on immobile trace element discrimination,the basaltic tuff and pillow basalt belong to alkali basalt displaying an OIB-type trace element pattern,and consistent Nd isotope signatures ofε_(Nd)(t)=4.4–6.2,indicating an identical mantle source.The pillow basalt has coupled Sr-Nd isotopic values,whereas the basaltic tuff has significantly higher initial^(87)Sr/^(86)Sr values that are similar to synchronous seawater.This indicates that the elemental exchange between the mantle-derived material and seawater most likely occurred in a subaqueous explosive volcanic eruption,rather than in an effusive eruption.Detailed calculations suggest that the high efficiency of the Sr-isotope exchange between seawater and the mantle-derived material triggered by a subaqueous explosive volcanic eruption is likely one of the main reasons for the rapid decrease of the global seawater^(87)Sr/^(86)Sr value.

Foraging behavior of Chleuastochoerus(Suidae, Artiodactyla): A case study of skull and mandible morpho-functional analysis

The skull and mandible of a Late Miocene fossil pig,Chleuastochoerus,are compared morphologically with those of extant pigs and peccaries,and subjected to a functional analysis.The presence of a rostral bone in the skull and relatively strong rostral muscles indicates that Chleuastochoerus possessed considerable digging ability,though the relatively narrow occipital surface and the shortness of the skull would have restricted the range of motion through which the skull could be swung.The distinctive pre-zygomatic plate and over-canine arch-niche may have played a role in protecting the skull and canines during digging.The massive masticatory muscles,reconstructed based on well-developed parietal and zygomatic crests,would have enabled the mouth to close quickly and contributed to moving the mandible both longitudinally and laterally.The configuration of the cranio-mandibular joint and its relatively high position show clearly that Chleuastochoerus was capable of both crushing and grinding movements during mastication.The comparatively simple structure of the crown surfaces of the cheek teeth suggests that the food of Chleuastochoerus may have been softer than that of extant suids.The diet of Chleuastochoerus is postulated to fall between those of true forest pigs and open habitat pigs,and the habitat of Chleuastochoerus to be relatively humid forest edge or nearby areas of open steppe.

Contribution of baseflow nitrate export to non-point source pollution

As a common pollutant of nitrogen in groundwater, nitrate contamination has become a major concern worldwide. Baseflow, one of the dominant hydrological pathways for nitrate migration to streamflow, has been confirmed as a leading nitrate source for stream water where groundwater or subsurface flow contaminated heavily by nitrate. That is, sufficient improvements of water quality may not be attained without proper management for baseflow, even if non-point sources(NPS) pollutants discharged through surface runoff are being well managed. This article reviews the primary nitrate sources, the main factors affecting its transport, and the methodologies for baseflow nitrate estimation, to give some recommendations for future works, including:(1) giving sufficient consideration for the effects of climatological, morphological, and geological factors on baseflow recessions to obtain more reliable and accurate baseflow separation;(2) trying to solve calibration and validation problems for baseflow loads determining in storm flow period;(3) developing a simple and convenient algorithm with certain physics that can be used to separate baseflow NPS pollution from the total directly in different regions, for a reliable estimation of baseflow NPS pollution at larger scale(e.g., national scale);(4) improving groundwater quality simulation module of existing NPS pollution models to have a better simulation for biogeochemical processes in shallow aquifers;(5) taking integrated measures of "source control", "process interception" and "end remediation" to prevent and control NPS nitrate pollution effectively, not just only the strict control of nutrients loss from surface runoff.

Mandible prognathism saved a life： a case report

An unusual case of a suicidal firearm injury is presented, in which the victim placed the gun under his chin and fired. However, none of the vital structures of the head and face were injured because the victim＇s chin was considerably anterior to other facial structures as a result of a class Ⅲ facial deformity. This resulted in thetrajectory of the bullet being anterior to vital facial structures and not causing injury to those structures.

The influence of traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage on prognosis of head injury

Objective: To study the influence of traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage on secondary intracranial damage in GCS 13 15 head injuries and prognosis. Methods: One hundred and twenty eight patients with mild head injury, including 64 with subarachnoid hemorrhage and 64 without subarachnoid hemorrhage, were selected and analyzed according to the changes of their conditions after injury. Results: Intracranial abnormality was found in 14 patients ( 21.87 %) with subarachnoid hemorrhage and only in 4 patients ( 6.25 %) without subarachnoid hemorrhage (P< 0.01 ). In the 14 patients, 4 were given surgical treatment. Mild disability was in 2 patients and 2 completely recovered. The rest were conservatively treated and achieved complete recovery at last. Conclusions: Traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage, as a factor of intracranial complications in mild head injury should be given much attention. Early drainage of bloody cerebrospinal fluid by lumbar puncture is an effective method for prevention and treatment of complications in mild head injury.

Relationship Between the Central Hypotensive Effect of Acupuncture or Melatonin and the Changes of Medullary Amino Acid Neurotransmitter

To investigate whether changes of amino acid neurotransmitter releases in the rostral ventrolateral medulla （rVLM） were related to acupuncture and to the antihypertensive effect of melatonin （Mel） microinjected into the anterior hypothalamic area （AHA） of rats with stress-induced hypertension （SIH）, as well as to compare and analyze the relationship between the both antihypertensive mechanisms of acupuncture and of Mel in the AHA. Methods： Animal model of SIHR was made by electric foot shocks combined with noises. Electroacupuncture （EA） was used and “Zusanli” acupoint of both side was selected. The technique of drug microinjection into the brain was used to observe the change of blood pressure （BP）, and synchronously, brain microdialysis was performed for collecting dialysate samples, and then the concentration of amino acid neurotransmitters in the dialysate samples was determined by high performance liquid chromatography combined with fluorescent detection （HPLC-FD）. Results： After the animal received stress treatment, the BP elevated, synchronously, the release of glutamate （Glu） in the rVLM increased, and when EA was performed, the elevated BP of the rats with SIH decreased, simultaneously, the release of Glu in the rVLM decreased also. After Mel was microinjected of into the AHA of the SIHR, the elevated BP attenuated, meanwhile, the release of Glu decreased, and those of γ-aminobutyric acid （GABA） and taurine （Tau） increased in the rVLM.Administration of bicuculline, an antagonist of GABAA receptor, into the rVLMprior to microinjection of Mel imo the AHA could partially block the depressor effect of Mel in the AHA. Conclusion： The decrease in the release of Glu in the rVLM contributes to the antihypertensive effect of both acupuncture and Mel in the AHA in the rats with SIH, and the increase in the release of GABA and Tau in the rVLM is also im0ortam to Mel in the AHA.