三国地名“不毛”考

三国时诸葛亮所说的“不毛之地”，指的大致就是古代的濮人和勐（闽）人生活的不韦县和南毛地区，也就是当今的保山地区和德宏州一带。

《水经注·淇水》“不异毛興”续探

《水经注·淇水》“不异毛兴”一段话,今人多误解。事实上,无论是从郦道元的治学方法与《水经注》通例来考察,还是从历代学者的理解来看,其本意在于“据目验以申毛”。原文“兴”字不误。

Wavefield simulation in porous media saturated with two immiscible fluids

Wavefields in porous media saturated by two immiscible fluids are simulated in this paper.Based on the sealed system theory,the medium model considers both the relative motion between the fluids and the solid skeleton and the relaxation mechanisms of porosity and saturation（capillary pressure）.So it accurately simulates the numerical attenuation property of the wavefields and is much closer to actual earth media in exploration than the equivalent liquid model and the unsaturated porous medium model on the basis of open system theory.The velocity and attenuation for different wave modes in this medium have been discussed in previous literature but studies of the complete wave-field have not been reported.In our work,wave equations with the relaxation mechanisms of capillary pressure and the porosity are derived.Furthermore,the wavefield and its characteristics are studied using the numerical finite element method.The results show that the slow P3-wave in the non-wetting phase can be observed clearly in the seismic band.The relaxation of capillary pressure and the porosity greatly affect the displacement of the non-wetting phase.More specifically,the displacement decreases with increasing relaxation coefficient.

Giardia lamblia infection in patients with irritable bowel syndrome and dyspepsia:A prospective study

AIM： To evaluate the prevalence of Giardia lamblia （G. lamblia） infection in patients with irritable bowel syndrome （IBS） and dyspepsia and to establish which is the most accurate test to diagnose the infection in this setting. METHODS： One hundred and thirty-seven patients who consecutively attended the Outpatient Gastroenterology Clinic for the first time between January 2002 and Decernber 2003 due to symptoms of IBS and/or dyspepsia were recruited. All patients underwent clinical evaluation, first-step haematology and chemistry tests, serologic assays for celiac disease, lactose-H2 breath test, abdominal ultrasonography, and esophagogastroduodenoscopy. Helicobacterpylon status was evaluated. In patients with symptoms of IBS older than 45 years, colonoscopy was also performed. In all patients, duodenal biopsies and stool samples were examined for trophozoites and cysts of G. lamblia by several methods. RESULTS： G. lamblia was identified in 9 patients. The following diagnoses were also made： IBS （100/137, 73%）, functional dyspepsia （62/137, 45%）, organic dyspepsia （33/137, 24%）, and lactose intolerance （75/137, 55%）. A significant association was found between giardiasis and H pylori infection （x^2= 6.632, OR= 12.4, CI= 1.5-68.1）. There were no symptoms that reliably allowed the recognition of giardiasis. Direct search of the parasite in duodenal biopsy and stool sample examinations gave concordant results in all cases while histological examination of duodenal biopsies displayed a low sensitivity （e.g., 22.2%）. CONCLUSION： In this consecutive series, diagnosis of G.lamblia infection accounted for 6.5% of patients with IBS and dyspepsia. Duodenal biopsies for diagnosis of giardiasis may be unnecessary if stool sample examination is performed.

RNase MRP RNA and human genetic diseases

RNase MRP RNA is the RNA subunit of the RNase mitochondrial RNA processing （MRP） enzyme complex that is involved in multiple cellular RNA processing events. Mutations on RNase MRP RNA gene （RMRP） cause a recessively inherited developmental disorder, cartilage-hair hypoplasia （CHH）. The relationship of the genotype （RMRP mutation）, RNA processing deficiency of the RNase MRP complex, and the phenotype of CHH and other skeletal dysplasias is yet to be explored.

The Effect of Temperature on Growth and Energy Budget of the Polychaete,Neanthes japonica Izuka

Growth and energy budget of the polychaete,Neanthes japonica,at various temperatures(17,20,23,26 and 29℃) were investigated in this study. The growth,as indicated by final dry weight and specific growth rate(SGR),increased with increasing temperature,with the maximum level at 26℃,and then decreased significantly at 29℃. A similar trend was observed in feeding rate,food conversion efficiency(FCE) and apparent digestive rate(ADR). However,no significant differences were detected in ADR among all the temperature treatments. In the pattern of energy allocation,faeces energy was only a small component of energy budget and had little influence on the proportion of food energy allocated to growth. The metabolic energy accounted for a large portion of energy intake for each temperature treatment. The nitrogen excretion was appreciable with changing temperature. The two expenditure terms(respiration energy and excretion energy) in energy budget were the major factors influencing the proportion of food energy allocated to growth. These results revealed that temperature affected the growth of N. japonica mainly by influencing feeding rate and FCE. In addition,regression equations describing the relationship between feeding rate,faecal production,SGR,FCE and temperature were obtained. The optimum temperatures for feeding rate,FCE and SGR were estimated at 25.01℃,24.24℃ and 24.73 ℃,respectively,from the regression equations.

Asymmetric breakup of a droplet in an axisymmetric extensional flow

The asymmetric breakups of a droplet in an axisymmetric cross-like microfluidic device are investigated by using a three-dimensional volume of fluid(VOF) multiphase numerical model. Two kinds of asymmetries(droplet location deviation from the symmetric geometry center and different flow rates at two symmetric outlets) generate asymmetric flow fields near the droplet, which results in the asymmetric breakup of the latter. Four typical breakup regimes(no breakup, one-side breakup, retraction breakup and direct breakup) have been observed.Two regime maps are plotted to describe the transition from one regime to another for the two types of different asymmetries, respectively. A power law model, which is based on the three critical factors(the capillary number,the asymmetry of flow fields and the initial volume ratio), is employed to predict the volume ratio of the two unequal daughter droplets generated in the direct breakup. The influences of capillary numbers and the asymmetries have been studied systematically in this paper. The larger the asymmetry is, the bigger the oneside breakup zone is. The larger the capillary number is, the more possible the breakup is in the direct breakup zone. When the radius of the initial droplet is 20 μm, the critical capillary numbers are 0.122, 0.128, 0.145,0.165, 0.192 and 0.226 for flow asymmetry factor AS= 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5, respectively, in the flow system whose asymmetry is generated by location deviations. In the flow system whose asymmetry is generated by two different flow rates at two outlets, the critical capillary numbers are 0.121, 0.133, 0.145, 0.156 and 0.167 for AS= 1/21, 3/23, 1/5, 7/27 and 9/29, respectively.

Preparation of insoluble β-CD polymer and its application to enantiomers and isomers separation

An insoluble β-cyclodextrin polymer cross-linked with epichlorohydrin was prepared, and its structure was identified with infrared spectrum. Colloid stationary phase was prepared by dissolving the polymer in the mixed solvent of diisopropyl ether, methylene dichloride and benzene and treated for 0.5 h by ultrasonication, and then was coated on a fused silica capillary column. The optimun reaction conditions are as follows: the mole ratio of epichlohydrin to β-cyclodextrin is 12.1:1, reacting at 65 °C for 24 h. The Chromatographic performance such as column efficiency, thermal stabilities and polarity were studied, two kinds of disubstituted benzene isomers and eight pairs of enantiomers were separated on the capillary column. The results show that the β-cyclodextrin polymer is suitable for use as a capillary gas chromatographic stationary phase, and possess excellent chromatographic properties in separating enantiomers and position isomers.

Gastric angiodysplasia in a hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia type 2 patient

Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia(HHT)is a rare autosomal-dominantly inherited disease that occurs in approximately one in 5000 to 8000 people.Clinical diagnosis of HHT is made when a person presents three of the following four criteria:family history,recurrent nosebleeds,mucocutaneous telangiectasis,and arteriovenous malformations(AVM)in the brain,lung,liver and gastrointestinal(GI)tract.Although epistaxis is themost common presenting symptom,AVMs affecting the lungs,brain and GI tract provoke a more serious outcome.Heterozygous mutations in endoglin,activin receptor-like kinase 1(ACVRL1;ALK1),and SMAD4,the genes involved in the transforming growth factor-βfamily signaling cascade,cause HHT.We report here the case of a 63 year-old male patient who presented melena and GI bleeding episodes,proven to be caused by bleeding from multiple gastric angiodysplasia.Esophagogastroduodenoscopy revealed multiple angiodysplasia throughout the stomach.Endoscopic argon plasma coagulation was performed to control bleeding from a gastric angiodysplasia.The patient has been admitted several times with episodes of hemoptysis and hematochezia.One year ago,the patient was hospitalized due to right-sided weakness,which was caused by left basal ganglia hemorrhage as the part of HHT presentation.In family history,the patient's mother and elder sister had died,due to intracranial hemorrhage,and his eldest son has been suffered from recurrent epistaxis for 20 years.A genetic study revealed a mutation in exon 3 of ALK1(c.199C>T;p.Arg67Trp)in the proband and his eldest son presenting epistaxis.

《不毛地带》所折射的“战时体制”的余威——试析山崎丰子的战争记忆及其反思

支撑日本从战败的废墟中逐步迈向复兴之路进而进入高速增长通道的财政和经济方面的重要因素是“ 1940年体制”,这一体制至今犹存。日本社会派代表作家山崎丰子的长篇小说《不毛地带》以战后西伯利亚劳役和经济高速增长时期的商社为主要对象,并依据实地调查和大量口述资料,刻画了该体制下的社会现实,可谓社会派小说在艺术和思想领域的巅峰之作。山崎丰子正是看到了战后日本经济高速增长背后的“不毛地带”,才会以其所体悟和窥见的“ 1940年体制”为切入点,通过这部作品来深刻反省战争和近代工业社会所带来的种种弊病。

Instability of thermocapillary flow in liquid layers under microgravity

The instability of the thermocapillary flow in liquid layers is studied in the present paper using the linear stability analysis.Based on the two-dimensional steady flow state,the three-dimensional disturbance with a wave number in the spanwise direction is considered.The effects of the aspect ratio and free surface shape of the liquid layer on the flow instability are studied,and the results are compared with the case with the two-dimensional disturbance.

Fine-scale spatial distribution of soil organic carbon and its fractions after afforestation with Pinus sylvestris and Salix psammophila in a semiarid desert of China

Afforestation is helpful to improve soil functions and increase soil organic carbon(SOC)sequestration in semiarid deserts.However,the fine-scale(around a single plant)spatial distribution of SOC and its liable organic carbon(LOC)fractions after afforestation in semiarid deserts are poorly understood.Pinus sylvestris and Salix psammophila afforested on shifting sandy land(Sland)were selected to quantify fine-scale(at 20,80,150 and 240 cm away from the trees)spatial distribution of SOC and its LOC fractions in the southeast edge of Mu Us Desert,China.The results showed that the afforested S.psammophila and P.sylvestris significantly increased SOC,total nitrogen,dissolved organic carbon,microbial biomass carbon and readily oxidized organic carbon(ROOC).At 20 cm distance,SOC storage of P.sylvestris was 27.21%higher than S.psammophila in 0-100 cm soil layers,and SOC storage of S.psammophila at 80 and 150 cm distances was 5.50%and 5.66%higher than P.sylvestris,respectively.Compared with Sland,SOC storage under S.psammophila and P.sylvestris significantly increased by 94.90%,39.50%,27.10%and 18.50%at 20,80,150 and 240 cm distance,respectively.ROOC accounted for 14.09%and 18.93%of SOC under S.psammophila and P.sylvestris,respectively.Our results suggest that afforestation can promote SOC accumulation at different distances from the plants,and that P.sylvestris allocates more organic matter to the closer soil compared with S.psammophila(<80 cm from the tree).

Mechanism for initial brows-like meso-scale vortex effects on tropical cyclone track

We used a two-dimensional quasi-geostrophic barotropic model simulation to study effects of an initial brows-like meso-scale vortex on tropical cyclone (TC) track. Our results show that the impact of each of the three foundational factors (the environ- mental current, the asymmetric structure and the asymmetric convection system) on TC track varies with time and the im- portance of each of the factors is different for the different TC motion time period. They show two kinds of the effects. One is a direct way. The asymmetric outer wind structure and the positive longitudinal wind speed averaged in radial-band (100-300) km in the period of (0-11) h are caused by the introduction of the initial brows-like meso-scale vortex, which results in TC track to turn to the north from the northwest directly. The other is an indirect influence. First, initial TC axisymmetric circula- tion becomes a non-axisyrnmetric circulation after the addition of the meso-scale vortex. The initial non-axisymmetric circula- tion experiences an axisymmetrizational process in the period of (0-11) h. Second, axisymmetrizationed TC horizontal size is enlarged after t=-12 h. Third, both the TC asymmetric structure and the TC energy dispersion induced-anticyclone are intensi- fied, which quickens the TC motion and results in the track to turn to the north indirectly. The TC motion is characterized by the unusual track under the direct and the indirect effect. The formation of the unusual track should be attributed to the com- mon effects of three factors, including the environmental flow, the TC asymmetric structure and the asymmetric convection system.