This study investigates the differences in pragmatic competence between Hong Kong and Chinese mainland university students.Participants included 19 native speakers of English,115 Chinese mainland students,divided into...This study investigates the differences in pragmatic competence between Hong Kong and Chinese mainland university students.Participants included 19 native speakers of English,115 Chinese mainland students,divided into those who had spent time abroad in an English-speaking country(CM A)and those who had not(CM NA),and 97 Hong Kong students,divided into those from an English-medium secondary school(Hong Kong EMI)and those from a Chinese-medium school(Hong Kong CMI).Linguistic proficiency was measured by a C-test,and pragmatic competence by a Metapragmatic Knowledge Test,an Irony Test and a Monologic Role Play.Group scores were compared using ANCOVAs to control for differences in proficiency.The results point to a continuum of pragmatic competence—EMI>CMI>CM A>CM NA—reflecting the groups’access to English in real-life contexts.The differences between the Hong Kong groups and the Chinese mainland groups were clearest in those tests measuring processing capacity(i.e.,Irony Response Time and the Monologic Role Play).CM A,but not CM NA,performed as well as the Hong Kong groups on measures of metapragmatic awareness.The results are discussed in terms of Bialystok’s(1993)distinction between analyzed representation and control of processing.展开更多
This paper analyzed the anomalous low-temperature events and the anomalous rain-abundant events in January since 1951 and winter since 1880 for southern China. The anomalous events are defined using ±1σ threshol...This paper analyzed the anomalous low-temperature events and the anomalous rain-abundant events in January since 1951 and winter since 1880 for southern China. The anomalous events are defined using ±1σ thresholds. Twelve cold Januaries are identified where temperature anomaly below -1σ, and ten wet Januaries are identified where precipitation anomaly above ＋1σ. Among these events there are three patterns of cold-wet Januaries, namely 1969, 1993 and 2008. The NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data are used to check the atmospheric circulation changes in association with the anomalous temperature and precipitation events. The results show that the strong Siberian High （SBH）, East Asian trough （EAT） and East Asian jet stream （EAJS） are favorable conditions for low-temperature in southern China. While the anomalous southerly flow at 850 hPa, the weak EAT at 500 hPa, the strong Middle East jet stream （MEJS） and the weaker EAJS are found to accompany a wetter southern China. The cold-wet winters in southern China, such as January of 2008, are mainly related to a stronger SBH, and the circulation in the middle to upper troposphere is precipitation-favorable. In wet winters, the water vapor below 500 hPa is mainly transported by the anomalous southwesterly flow and the anomalous southern flow over the Indo-China Peninsula and the South China Sea area. The correlation coefficients of MEJS, EAMVV （East Asian meridional wind） and EU （Eurasian pattern） to southern China precipitation in January are ＋0.65, -0.59 and -0.48 respectively, and the correlations for high-pass filtered data are ＋0.63 -0.55 and -0.44 respectively, the significant level is all at 99%. MEJS, EAMW and EU together can explain 49.4% variance in January precipitation. Explained variance for January and winter temperature by SBH, EU, WP （west Pacific pattern） and AO （Arctic Oscillation） are 47.2% and 51.5%, respectively. There is more precipitation in southern China during El Nitro winters, and less precipitation during La Nina winters. And there is no clear evidence that the occurrence of anomalous temperature events in winter over southern China is closely linked to ENSO events.展开更多
In view of the large quantities of areas, complex landform and dynamic change of resources and environment in China, China has already funded abundantly a series of macro remote sensing investigation projects in land ...In view of the large quantities of areas, complex landform and dynamic change of resources and environment in China, China has already funded abundantly a series of macro remote sensing investigation projects in land use/ cover change(LUCC) since 1990. Supported by the achievements of such projects, Chinese resources, environmental and remote sensing database (CRERS) was created. In this paper, we standardized the LUCC dataset of CRERS at scale of 1km, which facilitated the study of spatial features of LUCC in China. The analysis on the spatial features of LUCC and their causes of formation in China are based on the CRERS supported by the technologies of Geographic Information System (GIS). The whole research was based on the grade index of land use, ecological environmental index and index of population density. Based on the correlation analysis, we found that the special features of LUCC were closely related with those of ecological environment and population density, which resulted from that areas with better ecological environment and high production potential of land were easy and convenient for human being to live, which, furthermore, led to the aggravation of excessive exploitation of land resources there.展开更多
China still use sketch maps as control devices that guarantees consistency and accuracy of population counting in previous census.Although the rapid advancement of geospatial technologies provides many possible soluti...China still use sketch maps as control devices that guarantees consistency and accuracy of population counting in previous census.Although the rapid advancement of geospatial technologies provides many possible solutions of digital census mapping,existing researches do not answer which solution is suitable to China.Subject to many constraints originated from characteristics of China,a practical solution of census mapping based on remote sensing imagery and auxiliary geographic information was proposed and proved to be feasible through evaluation analysis and a three-stage pilot study.Imagery with 2.5 meters and higher resolution,innovative workflow of census areas delineation,easy-to-use census mapping software packages and training organization all together provide the all-around supports for the 2010 rounded census (the 6th census) mapping activities.A digital census geographic framework detailed at the level of enumeration area was established in the 2010 rounded census which fills in the gaps in the field of modern geospatial census in China.The spatially referenced digital census database,especially the detailed census units,is of great value in successive census,sampling survey and many other census-related fields.Future work including quality evaluation of census areas,census mapping solution in the Tibet Autonomous Region are also discussed.展开更多
文摘This study investigates the differences in pragmatic competence between Hong Kong and Chinese mainland university students.Participants included 19 native speakers of English,115 Chinese mainland students,divided into those who had spent time abroad in an English-speaking country(CM A)and those who had not(CM NA),and 97 Hong Kong students,divided into those from an English-medium secondary school(Hong Kong EMI)and those from a Chinese-medium school(Hong Kong CMI).Linguistic proficiency was measured by a C-test,and pragmatic competence by a Metapragmatic Knowledge Test,an Irony Test and a Monologic Role Play.Group scores were compared using ANCOVAs to control for differences in proficiency.The results point to a continuum of pragmatic competence—EMI>CMI>CM A>CM NA—reflecting the groups’access to English in real-life contexts.The differences between the Hong Kong groups and the Chinese mainland groups were clearest in those tests measuring processing capacity(i.e.,Irony Response Time and the Monologic Role Play).CM A,but not CM NA,performed as well as the Hong Kong groups on measures of metapragmatic awareness.The results are discussed in terms of Bialystok’s(1993)distinction between analyzed representation and control of processing.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.40675035No.90711003+1 种基金R&D Special Fund for Public Welfare Industry (Meteorology), No.GYHY(QX)2007-6-10 National Key Technology R&D Program,No.2007BAC29B02
文摘This paper analyzed the anomalous low-temperature events and the anomalous rain-abundant events in January since 1951 and winter since 1880 for southern China. The anomalous events are defined using ±1σ thresholds. Twelve cold Januaries are identified where temperature anomaly below -1σ, and ten wet Januaries are identified where precipitation anomaly above ＋1σ. Among these events there are three patterns of cold-wet Januaries, namely 1969, 1993 and 2008. The NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data are used to check the atmospheric circulation changes in association with the anomalous temperature and precipitation events. The results show that the strong Siberian High （SBH）, East Asian trough （EAT） and East Asian jet stream （EAJS） are favorable conditions for low-temperature in southern China. While the anomalous southerly flow at 850 hPa, the weak EAT at 500 hPa, the strong Middle East jet stream （MEJS） and the weaker EAJS are found to accompany a wetter southern China. The cold-wet winters in southern China, such as January of 2008, are mainly related to a stronger SBH, and the circulation in the middle to upper troposphere is precipitation-favorable. In wet winters, the water vapor below 500 hPa is mainly transported by the anomalous southwesterly flow and the anomalous southern flow over the Indo-China Peninsula and the South China Sea area. The correlation coefficients of MEJS, EAMVV （East Asian meridional wind） and EU （Eurasian pattern） to southern China precipitation in January are ＋0.65, -0.59 and -0.48 respectively, and the correlations for high-pass filtered data are ＋0.63 -0.55 and -0.44 respectively, the significant level is all at 99%. MEJS, EAMW and EU together can explain 49.4% variance in January precipitation. Explained variance for January and winter temperature by SBH, EU, WP （west Pacific pattern） and AO （Arctic Oscillation） are 47.2% and 51.5%, respectively. There is more precipitation in southern China during El Nitro winters, and less precipitation during La Nina winters. And there is no clear evidence that the occurrence of anomalous temperature events in winter over southern China is closely linked to ENSO events.
文摘In view of the large quantities of areas, complex landform and dynamic change of resources and environment in China, China has already funded abundantly a series of macro remote sensing investigation projects in land use/ cover change(LUCC) since 1990. Supported by the achievements of such projects, Chinese resources, environmental and remote sensing database (CRERS) was created. In this paper, we standardized the LUCC dataset of CRERS at scale of 1km, which facilitated the study of spatial features of LUCC in China. The analysis on the spatial features of LUCC and their causes of formation in China are based on the CRERS supported by the technologies of Geographic Information System (GIS). The whole research was based on the grade index of land use, ecological environmental index and index of population density. Based on the correlation analysis, we found that the special features of LUCC were closely related with those of ecological environment and population density, which resulted from that areas with better ecological environment and high production potential of land were easy and convenient for human being to live, which, furthermore, led to the aggravation of excessive exploitation of land resources there.
基金Under the auspices of National High Technology Research and Development Program of China(No.2006AA120105)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41001314)+1 种基金Youth Science Funds of State Key Laboratory of Resources and En-vironmental Information System(No.KA11040101)Chinese Academy of Sciences and National Science&Technology Pillar Pro-gram(No.2012BAI32B07)
文摘China still use sketch maps as control devices that guarantees consistency and accuracy of population counting in previous census.Although the rapid advancement of geospatial technologies provides many possible solutions of digital census mapping,existing researches do not answer which solution is suitable to China.Subject to many constraints originated from characteristics of China,a practical solution of census mapping based on remote sensing imagery and auxiliary geographic information was proposed and proved to be feasible through evaluation analysis and a three-stage pilot study.Imagery with 2.5 meters and higher resolution,innovative workflow of census areas delineation,easy-to-use census mapping software packages and training organization all together provide the all-around supports for the 2010 rounded census (the 6th census) mapping activities.A digital census geographic framework detailed at the level of enumeration area was established in the 2010 rounded census which fills in the gaps in the field of modern geospatial census in China.The spatially referenced digital census database,especially the detailed census units,is of great value in successive census,sampling survey and many other census-related fields.Future work including quality evaluation of census areas,census mapping solution in the Tibet Autonomous Region are also discussed.
