中国防沙治沙60年回顾与展望

我国相对于世界其他国家开展防治荒漠化工作的时间较早,成果也相对显著。通过对中国防沙治沙60年的治理回顾,明晰中国治沙事业的发展脉络,总结防沙治沙的技术体系和综合治理模式,讲述防沙治沙的"中国故事",分享"中国经验"和"中国智慧",开出"中国药方"。希望将我国已经取得的防沙治沙成功经验和典范成果推广至其他区域,并供全球其他相似国家和地区借鉴,展望我国防沙治沙方略的全球示范意义。

Screening of Chinese Herbal Medicines Resistant to Chicken Escherichia coli and Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus

[Objective] This study aimed to screen Chinese herbal medicines resistant to Chicken Escherichia coli and infectious laryngotracheitis virus. [Methed] Conven- tional punch method, test tube method and plate dilution method were adopted for in vitro susceptibility test of chicken E, coil strains O5 and O8 using 13 kinds of Chi- nese herbal medicines including Sanguisorba officinalis, Coptis chinensis, Anemar- rhena asphodeloides, Strobilanthes cusia, Agastache rugosa, etc.; chicken embryo inoculation experiment was adopted to screen Chinese herbal medicines resistant to chicken infectious laryngotracheitis virus. [Result] Sanguisorba officinalis, Fructus mume, Rheum officinale, Coptis chinensis, Herba Taraxaci, Anemarrhena asphode- Ioides, Scutellaria baicalensis and Rhizoma Fagopyri Cymosi had ideal antibacterial effect against chicken E. coil strain O5; Sanguisorba officinalis, Fructus mume, Rheum officinale, Coptis chinensis, Herba taraxaci and Rhizoma Fagopyri Cymosi had ideal antibacterial effect against chicken E. coil strain 08; other Chinese herbal medicines showed relatively poor or no antibacterial effect. Results of chicken embryo inoculation experiment showed that nine kinds of Chinese herbal medicines showed relatively strong anti-lLTV effect, including Forsythia suspensa, Radix Isatidis, Fofium isatidis, Flos Ionicerae, Radix codonopsis, Radix astragali, Atractylodes, Radix gly- cyrrhizae, and Pericarpium granati. [Conclusion] The study laid the foundation for fur- ther development of Chinese herbal compound preparations to treat chicken cofibacil- Iosis, infectious laryngotracheitis and other bacterial, viral diseases.

Evaluation of Antitumor,Immunomodulatory and Free Radical Scavenging Effects of A New Herbal Prescription Seaweed Complex Preparation

Seaweed Complex Preparation （SCP） is a clinical traditional Chinese medicine preparation which is composed of seven traditional Chinese herbs, and it has been used for treatment of lung cancer, liver cancer and digestive cancer. However, little infor- mation is available about the pharmacodynamic basis. The antitumor, immunomodulatory and free radical scavenging effects of SCP were evaluated in this study. Transplanted tumor in vivo method was used to determine the antitumor effect. The effects on spleno- cyte proliferation and phagocytosis of macrophages in tumor-bearing mice were measured by the MTT method and the phagocytizing cock red blood cell （CRBC） method respectively. The scavenging activities of SCP on DPPH and hydroxyl radicals in vitro were investigated. It was found that the medium-dose and high-dose of SCP could significantly inhibit the growth of transplanted hepatic tumor of murine hepatocarcinoma cell line H22, and promote proliferation of splenocytes and phagocytosis of macrophages. SCP possessed noticeable scavenging activities on DPPH and hydroxyl radicals. The antiturnor effects of SCP might be achieved by im- proving immune system and scavenging free radicals, which is in accordance with the viewpoint of traditional Chinese medicine in promoting the body resistance and eliminating pathogenic factors for cancer treatment.

Research ideas and strategies on the dose-effect relationship of traditional Chinese medicine prescriptions and herbs

We discuss here the complexity of the doses of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) prescriptions and herbs from different viewpoints,including the heterogeneity of drug quality,the flexibility of prescriptions,and the diversity of drug effects.Then,the corresponding research ideas and strategies are proposed.We can reveal the actual situation of clinical doses based on in-depth "real-world study" of the safety and effectiveness of TCM prescriptions,create an analytical method for dose-effect relationships in accordance with the features of TCM,and reveal the correlated regular nature of the effectiveness and dosage of TCM prescriptions and herbs.

Essential factors of Sui Zheng Shi Liang strategy in Type 2 diabetes treatment assessed by questionnaire

OBJECTIVE: Sui Zheng Shi Liang strategy (regulating prescription dosage with different syndromes) is an important part of syndrome differentiation and treatment in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). Questionnaires were given to doctors and patients to study the essential factors (indicators and timing) of Sui Zheng Shi Liang strategy in the treatment process of type 2 diabetes (T2DM). METHODS: Two questionnaires were designed for diabetes patients and their doctors. The questionnaires included the most important indicators for determining the patient's condition, the ability of TCM in treating T2DM, the length of time it takes for TCM to be effective, and when to adjust the prescription dosage.The frequency of answers was calculated, summarized, and analyzed after the survey. RESULTS: Twenty questionnaires from doctors and 90 questionnaires from patients were included in the analysis. Doctors and patients recognized thatTCM could decrease blood glucose, improve syndromes, and delay complications. Doctors were mainly concerned about glycosylated hemoglobin, while the patients were concerned about fasting plasma glucose for determining whether treatment was effective. Doctors also paid attention to changes in blood sugar and syndromes 2 weeks after medication was given as the indication to adjust the prescription dosage, while patients were concerned about these factors in 4 weeks.The prescription should be regulated when there are side effects or the medication is ineffective. CONCLUSION: The essential factor in the treatment process of T2DM in Sui Zheng Shi Liang strategy is that if fasting blood glucose level did not decrease after 4 weeks of treatment, the Chinese medicine prescription should be adjusted.

A drug from poison:how the therapeutic effect of arsenic trioxide on acute promyelocytic leukemia was discovered

It is surprising that,while arsenic trioxide(ATO) is now considered as "the single most active agent in patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia(APL)",the most important discoverer remains obscure and his original papers have not been cited by a single English paper.The discovery was made during the Cultural Revolution when most Chinese scientists and doctors struggled to survive.Beginning with recipes from a countryside practitioner that were vague in applicable diseases,Zhang TingDong and colleagues proposed in the 1970s that a single chemical in the recipe is most effective and that its target is APL.More than 20 years of work by Zhang and colleagues eliminated the confusions about whether and how ATO can be used effectively.Other researchers,first in China and then in the West,followed his lead.Retrospective analysis of data from his own group proved that APL was indeed the most sensitive target.Removal of a trace amount of mercury chloride from the recipe by another group in his hospital proved that only ATO was required.Publication of Western replication in 1998 made the therapy widely accepted,though neither Western,nor Chinese authors of English papers on ATO cited Zhang's papers in the 1970s.This article focuses on the early papers of Zhang,but also suggests it worth further work to validate Chinese reports of ATO treatment of other cancers,and infers that some findings published in Chinese journals are of considerable value to patients and that doctors from other countries can benefit from the clinical experience of Chinese doctors with the largest population of patients.

A case study: acupuncture combined with oriental medicine for lower gastro-intestinal bleeding

Objective To report the clinical approach and effectiveness of traditional Chinese medicine in the complementary treatment and symptom management of lower gastro-intestinal bleeding （LGIB） due to neoplasms. Methods A single case report of a 54-year-old female with a chronic case of LGIB due to neoplasms was observed. Acupuncture, moxibustion, and Chinese herbal medicine were administered in the patient＇s treatment plan. Results After 16 treatments over the course of 26 weeks, the patient had a significant drop in the amount of hematochezia, positive outcomes in the patient＇s vitality and quality of life. Conclusion Acupuncture, oriental medicine and moxibustion （AOM） may provide new options for effective management and improvement for LGIB for the patient＇s quality of life with less invasive modalities that could help to reduce healthcare costs, patient morbidit as well as mortality rates.

Visual Translations： Medicine, Art, China and the West

In the history of medicine, relatively little attention has been paid to the way medical illustration circulated globally---or to the issues raised by the cultural ＂translation＂ of such images. My goal here is to flesh out some of the history of this circulation and translation by exploring the aesthetic and medical connections be- tween two specific anatomical collections, both housed at the Gordon Pathology Museum at Guy＇s Hospital, London. The Joseph Towne collection of anatomical waxes and the Lam Qua paintings of the patients of medical missionary Peter Parker were both produced in the nineteenth century. Significantly, the two collections were part of related but culturally specific shifts in the way bodies （and diseased bodies） were viewed, represented, understood and treated. I explore some of the convergences and divergences between Western and Chinese medical and artistic priorities and will address some of the issues raised by them. These two collections are important, I argue, because they demonstrate how aesthetic considerations shape medical knowledge and wider attitudes about the human body.

Residues of Organochlorine Pesticides(OCPs) in Agricultural Soils of Zhangzhou City,China

A soil survey was conducted in Zhangzhou City, an important agricultural region in south of the Fujian Province, China. 93 surface soil samples were collected in the paddy fields, vegetable lands, orchards and tea plantations from Zhangzhou City. An additional soil profile was sampled in a paddy field as previous research had indicated high concentrations of organochlorine pesticides （OCPs） in the paddy fields. Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes （DDTs） ranged from 0.64 78.07 ng g-1 dry weight and hexachlorocyclohexanes （HCHs） ranged from 0.72-30.16 ng g-1 dry weight in the surface soil of the whole study region. Ratios of a-HCH/-γ-HCH 〈 4 and o,p′-DDT/p,p′-DDT 〉 1 in all soil samples suggested that lindane and dicofol were widely applied in this region in the past. Concentrations of HCHs and DDTs in soils from the four land use types followed the orders： paddy fields 〉 vegetable lands 〉 tea plantations 〉 orchards and tea plantations 〉 orchards 〉 paddy fields 〉 vegetable lands, respectively. Analyses of the data showed no correlation （r 〈 0.1） between elevation and OCPs contents in paddy fields, orchards and vegetable lands, indicated no significantly different features in distribution of HCHs and DDTs in the soils from low lying plains and mountains and the unsystematic usage of OCPs, and highlighted the fragmented nature of agricultural production in Zhangzhou, as well as the reemission of OCPs from the soils, where high OCPs concentrations were found, in Longhai of Zhangzhou. In addition, no obvious relationship between the OCPs and total organic carbon （TOC） （r 〈 0.3） was observed in the soil profile. The mean contribution of dicofol in total DDTs was 66% in the whole Zhangzhou region. The approximate burdens of HCHs and DDTs in the surface layer of 0-20 em were 0.44 and 1.55 t, respectively. The storage of both HCHs and DDTs in soil surface layer （0-20 cm） accounts for 40% burden of the soil layer of 0 50 cm （1.10 t HCHs and 3.87 t DDTs）, in which the highest concentrations of OCPs were observed in soil profile.

Association among lifestyle, clinical examination, polymorphisms in CDH1 gene and Traditional Chinese Medicine syndrome differentiation of gastric cancer

OBJECTIVE:To explore the association among lifestyle,clinical examination,polymorphisms in CDH1 gene and Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM)syndrome differentiation of gastric cancer(GC). METHODS:A hospital-based population of 387 GC patients was investigated in Jiangsu province.Relevant information regarding lifestyle and clinical examination were collected by a standard questionnaire.Four known single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs)in CDH1 were investigated by polymerase chain reaction-ligation detection reaction methods.Statistical analysis was conducted by SPSS 16.0 software.RESULTS:The results showed that meal duration and the status of glutamic pyruvic transaminase were significantly associated with TCM syndrome differentiation of GC(both P<0.05).None of the four SNPs in the E-cadherin(CDH1)gene achieved significant differences in their distributions among the nine syndrome types of GC(both P>0.05).However,significant differences were observed in rs13689 genotype distributions between several pairs of syndrome types of GC,suggesting that rs13689 is correlated with the syndrome differentiation of GC.CONCLUSION:Integrated analysis of lifestyle,clinical examination and CDH1 gene polymorphisms can contribute to a better understanding of the GC syndrome types and may improve the efficacy of interventions by stratifying disease according to TCM criteria.