中观学世俗中有无自相之辨

中观学重在胜义实相学说,如何安立世俗,成为中观学的一大问题,后世中观师对此有不同的解释。清辨以为胜义中虽无自相可得,但世俗中可以有自相,借此世俗自相成立性空二比量,因之悟入性空;月称认为世俗中亦不许自相,原因在于世人无明力熏染的原故,随遇何法,无不取执。

发挥行业协会的十大功能

在现代社会里,没有企业,市场就不能形成和存在;而只有企业的市场行为;没有强有力的宏观调控,市场则必然无序或混乱,甚至会形成无政府状态。因此,面对现代社会日益增多的企业群体,成份复杂的经济结构,大量繁多的市场行为,宏伟浩大的市场规模,政府管理市场越来越困难。

Development of multi-channel observation and inversion for IP electrical sounding method

In order to improve the exploration effect of deep non-ferrous mineral resources, multi-channel observation methods for induced polarization （IP） electrical sounding data and their inversion imaging technology are studied. First of all, four multi-channel observation methods are developed based on conventional IP electrical method, namely three-electrode and four-electrode arrays of unilateral and bilateral current transmitting. Then the maximum smoothness constrained inversion method of the least squares sense for IP electrical sounding data is proposed, and the inversion software is programmed. Finally, the simulation and inversion results of geo-electrical model for the proposed observation methods are analyzed. And the comparison results show that three-electrode array of bilateral current transmitting gives the best result, but the intensity in field work is larger than others; unilateral three-electrode and four-electrode arrays give the better results. Taking detection results and convenience of field exploration work into consideration, these two methods are more suitable for practical application; bilateral observation method of four-electrode array is not suitable for the detection of the steep ore bodies.

艺术何以是一种看的方式

本文首先通过科学研究的真相与艺术探索的真实作比较,去阐述艺术的观看———作为一种人与自然平等交流的朴素方式,对于理解世界的重要意义。文中所反对的当然不是科学,只是反对将科学的思维模式,即将对象化的眼光不自觉地应用到艺术观看中去,因其理所当然地将世界作为一个不言而喻的事实加以陈述,而缺乏反思的深度,也缺乏公共对话的语言,故最终导致信仰的丧失与判断的泛化。同时以自我反省的态度来审思观看过程中的障碍,以期明晰艺术实践的道路。

Anomalous yield and intermediate temperature brittleness behaviors of directionally solidified nickel-based superalloy

A nickel-based superalloy with good corrosion resistance was fabricated by directional solidification, and its microstructure and tensile properties at elevated temperatures were investigated. Microstructure observations reveal that the γ＇ precipitates are arrayed in the y matrix regularly with some MC, Ni5Hf and M3B2 particles distributed along the grain boundary. The tensile tests exhibit that the tensile properties depend on temperature significantly and demonstrate obvious anomalous yield and intermediate-temperature brittleness （ITB） behavior. Below 650℃, the yield strength decreases slightly but the ultimate tensile strength almost has no change. When the temperature is between 650 ℃ and 750 ℃, the yield and ultimate tensile strengths rise rapidly, and after then they both decrease gradually with temperature increasing further. The elongation has its minimum value at about 700 ℃. The TEM examination exhibits that sharing of the γ＇ by dislocation is almost the main deformation mechanism at low temperatures, but the γ＇ by-pass dominates the deformation at high temperatures. The transition temperature from shearing to by-pass should be around 800 ℃. The anomalous yield and intermediate-temperature brittleness behaviors should be attributed to the high content of γ＇. In addition, the carbides and eutectic structure also contribute some to the ITB behaviors of the alloy.

CLINICAL REPORT ON MULTI-CENTER RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL OF TREATMENT OF MIGRAINE BY ELECTRO-ACUPUNCTURE AT QI■X■(丘墟GB40)

Objective To observe the therapeutic effect of electro acupuncture at QIǖXǖ（丘墟GB40） for treating migraine and provide clinical study for Acupoints Dictionary of People＇s Republic of China. Methods Multi-center （3 First-Class hospitals） study was adopted, and the involved 3 hospitals did clinical observation according to the requirements of the project. The methods are as follows. All cases were randomized into treatment group and control group according to their sequence. QIǖXǖ（丘墟GB40） was selected in treatment group, while Tiānshū （天枢 ST25） was selected in control group. Both groups were performed electro acupuncture, and syndromes indexes of migraine and 5-HT were observed before and after treatment. All data were analyzed by statistic software SPSS11.5. Results There was significant difference of VAS margin between two groups in each center and the combined center （u= -3. 362, P=0. 001 ）. There was significant difference of therapeutic effect of 4-week treatment between two groups in each clinical center and the combined center. The therapeutic effect of 3-month treatment between two groups in No. 1 and No. 3 hospitals, showed significant difference, the treatment group was better; while that of No. 2 hospital had no obvious difference. The therapeutic effect of 6-month treatment between two groups in each center and the combined center had significant difference, the treatment group was better. Conclusion The therapy of electro acupuncture at QIǖXǖ（丘墟GB40） is effective for migraine.

玫瑰花是没有理由的开放——与残雪的《解读博尔赫斯》商榷

文章运用佛学的理论对残雪解读博尔赫斯小说的偏颇进行商榷。残雪对小说的解读运用象征性的破解而造成了原有小说“幻化”范畴的失色 ;辩证式的演绎漠视了“中观”的把握方式 ;二难结构的重演导致了“圆”的表现性的缺失。总而言之 ,是对“圆活生动”即“玫瑰花是没有理由的开放”

New Macroalgal Fossils from Middle Cambrian Kaili Biota in Guizhou Province, China

Abundant and well-preserved remains of noncalcareous algae and soft-bodied metazoans were collected from Middle Cambrian Kaili biota in Taijiang county, Guizhou Province, China. These remains provide further evidence for the wide geographic distribution of many Burgess Shale taxa. Among the algae, 5 genera (including two new genera) and 5 species are described. They are Marpolia spissa Walcott, Acinocricus stichus Conway Morris and Robison, Udotealga erecta Yang, Eosargassum sawata Yang, and Rhizophyton zhaoyuanlongii Yang. Contrasting the macroalgal fossil assemblage in the Kaili biota with one in the Burgess Shale biota, it is clear that similarity of the Kaili biota and the Burgess Shale biota is reflected by the same content of not only the soft-bodied metazoans, but also the noncalcareous algae.

THEORY AND IMPLEMENTATION OF ICAI COGNITIVE MODEL BASED ON MEANING

Cognitive models must be able to adapt the students learning behaviors dynamically.In our point of view,the processes of learning and understanding are,in nature,the procedure that gains the meaning of the object to be learned.So,ICAI cognitive models should reflect the meaning structure of the domain knowledge in students mind.According to this view,we developed the meaning theory of Ludwig Wittgenstein,and proposed the concept of meaning conjoinism.On the basis of the meaning conjoinism we proposed a meaning oriented ICAI cognitive model and its corresponding teaching tactics.Furthermore,we developed an ICAI system named Thinking and the efficiency of our proposal has been demonstrated.

Digital Ocean Information Framework of China and its application in the international marine cooperation

Digital Ocean Information Framework （DOIF） has been proposed by China in 2011 based on the achievements of the comprehensive offshore oceanic surveys supported by Chinese Offshore Investigation and Assessment Program, whose code name is 908. All observations from the surveys have been integrated and managed by DOIF. DOIF is capable of supporting the decision of making process for the sustainable use of marine resources in coastal regions of China, providing useful information and added value products as well as services for the improved management of the coastal areas in China with high business impact on the targeted groups as public authorities and commercial operators （e.g. managers, fishermen, shipping companies）. The future vision of DOIF in the international marine data and information exchange and service at Western Pacific region is presented in this paper.

Ectomycorrhizal Fungi in Jiangsu Province,China

A survey was conducted for about 3 years to study the abundance and diversity of ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF) in Jiangsu Province, China. The identification of the fungal species was based on the microscopic and macroscopic characteristics of their fruiting bodies. About 126 species of EMF were found in Jiangsu Province. These fungi were largely categorized into three orders (of 121 species), four families (of 96 species), and six genera (of about 86 species).

Screening and Efficacy Observation of Traditional Chinese Medicine Against Chicken Pathogenic Escherichia coli

[ Objective] The aim of this study was to lay a foundation for obtaining effective traditional Chinese medicine preparations controlling chicken colibacillosis. [ Method] With the western medicine Lomeflbxacin Hydrochloride and Sodium Chloride Injection as the control, drug sensitivity tests of 15 single traditional Chinese herbs and seven self-made Chinese herbal compounds were conducted. Subsequently, the single traditional Chinese herbs presenting good in vitro antibacterial effects against Escherichia coli and all the seven compounds were given to the chicks artificially infected with E. coil to observe their efficacies. [ Result] The results of drug sensitivity tests showed that all the 15 traditional Chinese herbs had certain antibacterial effect against E. coli, among which aloe, pomegranate rind and radix sanguisorbae were the best. Compound 1, 2 and 5 had good antibacterial effects in vitro. By in vivo test, traditional Chinese medicines showed superior efficacies on infected chicks than western medicine, and compound 1 and 2 performed well. [ConclusiOn] Traditional Chinese medicine preparations are good at controlling Chicken colibacillosis, but their bacteriostasis mechanism in vivo was different with that in vitro.

“传神达意”的理论建构——汪榕培典籍英译思想研究

以汪榕培"传神达意"的典籍英译思想为研究基础,借鉴美国社会学家默顿的"中观理论"和美国语言学家乔姆斯基的"原则—参数"模式、"最简方案"对"传神达意"进行理论建构。"中观理论"主要用于对"传神达意"进行理论定位,旨在指出"传神达意"既具备理论的指导性又兼备实践的操作性。"原则—参数"模式和"最简方案"主要用于确定"传神达意"的原则和主导参数。

Landscape Effects of Land Consolidation Projects in Central China——A Case Study of Tianmen City, Hubei Province

The goal of land consolidation in China is still to develop agricultural production.The study of landscape effects of land consolidation projects(LCPs)faces many difficulties because of the lack of government's interest and data.This paper,taking Tianmen City of Hubei Province in Central China as an example,presents a methodology for analyzing landscape effects of LCPs by GIS and Fragstats3.3.It describes landscape effects with indexes of Patch Density(PD),Largest Patch Index(LPI),Landscape Shape Index(LSI),Interspersion and Juxtaposition Index(IJI),Aggregation Index(AI),and Shannon's Diversity Index(SHDI),showing more regular shape,simpler structure and less habitat diversity after LCPs.It computes ten landscape indexes of four categories of patches including Cultivated Land,Road,Water Channel,and River and Pond.The indexes show that 1)cultivated land becomes more fragmental in patch area,less irregular in patch shape and more concentrated in block;2)the transport capacity of roads and irri-gation and drainage capacity of water channels have been improved;3)the landscape change of river and pond can be summarized as decreasing scale,more regular shape,reducing connectivity and diversity of the class.LCPs can facili-tate agricultural production as well as protect cultivated land and food security.However,it is doubted that the increase of cultivated land from LCPs results from the reducing in landscape diversity of water area.

Rural Ecological Landscape Construction from the Perspective of Rural Revitalization Strategy

Based on the strategies for mral revitalization proposed in the 19th National Congtess report and 2018 No.l Document of CPC Central Committee, combined with the current situation of rural environmental pollution in China, tiiis paper first elaborated die connotation of rural ecological landscapes, and analyzed the structure, fimctions, and values of rural landscape ecology. The principle of building rural landscape ecology under the strategy of rural revitalization was studied. Finally, the methods and approaches of rural landscape ecological construction under the strategy of rural revitalization were studied.

Molecular identification and culture observation on Acrochaete leptochaete (Chaetophoraceae, Chlorophyta) from China

Acrochaete leptochaete （Huber） Nielsen （Chaetophoraceae, Chlorophyta） was isolated from the macroalgae Chaetomorpha collected from intertidal pools in Rongcheng, Shandong, China. 18S rDNA combined with ITS regions were used to ascertain the morphological identification of the isolated material. Based on the unialgal culture, asexual reproduction and growth characteristics of A. leptochaete were investigated over wide ranges of temperature and irradiance. Results revealed that asexual reproduction of A. leptochaete could be realized by biflagellate zoospores. The zoospores germinated directly to give self- replicating generations. Zoospore germination was bipolar. A temperature range from 13-21 ℃ and a lower irradiance of 36 μmol/（m2.s） were most favorable for the growth ofA. leptochaete. Thallus organization, an important taxonomic criterion for the genus Acrochaete, was affected markedly by temperature and irradiance. Our results extend the knowledge about the species＇ general biology and its morphological plasticity. For classification and identification of a simple microphytic algae like A. leptochaete, which are traditionally placed in the class Chaetophoraceae, we propose that molecular tools associated with culture observations are applied.

The Form and Comparison of Value between China and Western Countries

Value is a criterion which can help people to distinguish good and bad, beauty and ugliness, fight and wrong and true and false. Value varies from different counties, which is the main cause of the conflict and misunderstanding in communication between China and western countries. It is first introduced in this paper about how these differences are formed and then explain them in several ways. It is of great significance to know and learn the cultural differences in cross-cultural communication.

Land Use and Soil Organic Carbon in China’s Village Landscapes

Village landscapes, which integrate small-scMe agriculture with housing, forestry, and a host of other land use practices, cover more than 2 million square kilometers across China. Village lands tend to be managed at very fine spatial scales （≤ 30 m）, with managers both adapting their practices to existing variation in soils and terrain （e.g., fertile plains vs. infertile slopes） and also altering soil fertility and even terrain by terracing, irrigation, fertilizing, and other land use practices. Relationships between fine-scale land management patterns and soil organic carbon （SOC） in the top 30 cm of village soils were studied by sampling soils within fine-scale landscape features using a regionally weighted landscape sampling design across five environmentally distinct sites in China. SOC stocks across China＇s village regions （5 Pg C in the top 30 cm of 2 ×10^6 km^2） represent roughly 4% of the total SOC stocks in global croplands. Although macroclimate varied from temperate to tropical in this study, SOC density did not vary significantly with climate, though it was negatively correlated with regional mean elevation. The highest SOC densities within landscapes were found in agricultural lands, especially paddy, the lowest SOC densities were found in nonproductive lands, and forest lands tended toward moderate SOC densities. Bue to the high SOC densities of agricultural lands and their predominance in village landscapes, most village SOC was found in agricultural land, except in the tropical hilly region, where forestry accounted for about 45% of the SOC stocks. A surprisingly large portion of village SOC was associated with built structures and with the disturbed lands surrounding these structures, ranging from 〉 18% in the North China Plain to about 9% in the tropical hilly region. These results confirmed that local land use practices, combined with local and regional variation in terrain, were associated with most of the SOC variation within and across China＇s village landscapes and may be an important cause of regional variation in SOC.

Types of Ecological Revetments in Hydraulic Engineering

Compared with traditional bank protection, ecological revetments, as a new type of bank protection, can ensure the sustainable and healthy development of river ecology and has broad application prospects. In this paper, the design principles for ecological revetments and the factors that need to be considered in the selection of revetment plants were summarized; and the types of ecological revetments commonly used in water conservancy projects were summarized and classified according to the proportion of natural materials in revetment materials through domestic and foreign research and engineering examples, and their applicable scope and relevant merits were introduced. In conclusion, ecological revetments should get rid of its own limitations in the practical application process, and the river regulation scheme and revetment type should be selected comprehensively and flexibly combined with the status quo.