论中庸的“为政”思想与政体的演进——基于孔子与亚里士多德中庸思想的比较

中庸思想,既表现为一种至高的道德,也是一种强调“适度”“执中”“用中”的思维方式与处事原则,更在政治上彰显为一种混合政体的“共治”逻辑。孔子与亚里士多德二者的“中庸观”在“中庸为至德”“辩证的中庸”与“为政取中庸”等方面存在相似之处,但在践行目的、实现的根本途径与实施“抓手”等方面有着明显的不同。中庸思想对中西方政体演进都有着重要影响。中国出现过“王与马共天下”和“皇帝与士大夫共治天下”的“共治”局面;西方政治发展中也出现过“王在议会中”的君主立宪政体。作为一种妥协的政治艺术,中庸思想是现代治理思想尤其是现代社会合作治理理论与实践的重要思想源泉。

People-oriented values on Ideological and Political Education Research

＂People-oriented＂ is the core of the scientific concept of development, it is to carry out and implement the scientific concept of development which is reflected in the field of education, ideological and political education is to improve the effectiveness of a powerful guarantee. In this paper, in-depth analysis and in view of the meaning of ideological and political education of people text, we combine with the particularity of the ideological and political education, and propose practical measures to promote the stable development of the ideological and political education.

An Analysis of the Confucian Political Position on ＂Ruler-Orientation＂

While Confucianism is quite concerned about the people＇s welfare, its dominant political position is not ＂people-oriented＂ （min benwei 民本位） but rather ＂ruler-oriented＂ （wang benwei 王本位）, which is described by the New-Confucian thinker, Xiong Shili as ＂taking the great righteousness of being respectful to the ruler as the foremost.＂ In virtue of this very righteousness, Confucianism not only subordinates ＂people-orientation＂ to ＂ruler-orientation,＂ but also denies the value of the former for the sake of the latter in case of conflict.