China＇ s urban and rural economic and social structures are persisted, perfectly shaped, very typical. Since the new century, the Chinese government began to adjust serious distorted urban-rural relations. New rural ...China＇ s urban and rural economic and social structures are persisted, perfectly shaped, very typical. Since the new century, the Chinese government began to adjust serious distorted urban-rural relations. New rural construction, total abolition of agricultural tax, the construction of modern agriculture and other major strategic decisions have been introduced; free compulsory education in rural areas, the new rural cooperative medical care, rural public infrastructure, cultural services and other specific measures have been rolled out building. But these still can not slow down our growing urban-rural gap, China＇ s economic and social development is still running under the urban and rural pattern, and the trend has increased.展开更多
Many studies have been made concerning the problems, characteristics, formation, transformation measures, etc. of urban village from sociology, urban planning and geography, etc., which have made insightful analysis. ...Many studies have been made concerning the problems, characteristics, formation, transformation measures, etc. of urban village from sociology, urban planning and geography, etc., which have made insightful analysis. However, most of these studies started mainly from the standpoint of the city govemment, drumming for the land- scape-oriented urbanization, namely pulling-down the urban village and constructing the splendid residence or business buildings. The article maintains that the most important thing the city government should do is to pay much attention to the sustainable living of urban villagers, who would lose their main income source, namely, the collective dividend and the family housing rent. The single method of compensation has been proved to be harmful to the villagers＇ community, in which some young villagers relying on rent were no longer to do anything but stay at home. On the other hand, considering the floating population has become the main stream of renters in urban villages, the emergence of urban villages was inevitable and would continue to exist in a long time under the socio-economic transition in urban China and globalization. Based on the analysis above, the transformation of urban village should take more concerns on the housing demands of floating population besides compensation for local villagers. Meanwhile, it is necessary to avoid the “landscape-oriented urbanization” without the “peasant-to-citizen” transformation.展开更多
Based on urban-rural contrast coefficient,this article designs the agriculture relative development index(ARDI) as indicators measuring the intensity of urban-rural dual structure which is comparable among the countri...Based on urban-rural contrast coefficient,this article designs the agriculture relative development index(ARDI) as indicators measuring the intensity of urban-rural dual structure which is comparable among the countries of the world.This article calculates ARDI of 40 countries from 1980 to 2004.The result shows that ARDI in the developed countries and most of the middle-income countries are rising and yet there are declines in most of the low-income countries.The result also showed that most countries' ARDI will see a decline at the earlier stage of industrialization,so their dual economic structure will also aggravate and urban-rural gap will widen.With the economic development,the tendency will change and ARDI presents a U-shape change overall.The turning point is when a country becomes a middle-income one.展开更多
The issue of income distribution in the modern sense emerged with the creation of the capitalist mode of production-a process characterized by income gaps, at first widening, then narrowing, and widening once again. I...The issue of income distribution in the modern sense emerged with the creation of the capitalist mode of production-a process characterized by income gaps, at first widening, then narrowing, and widening once again. In the classical economic stage featuring dual economy, income distribution was dominated by capital due to scarce capital and cheap labor, which led to widening income gaps. Entering the neoclassical economic stage, income distribution was dominated by the game between capital and labor due to diminishing marginal return to capital and relatively scarce labor, which led to the growing share of labor compensation and narrowing income gaps. Yet since the 1970s, the deepening of financialization of capital has once again magnified the effect of capital-dominated income distribution, which, together with working class polarization, led to another round of widening income gaps. An observation of the long-term evolution of world economic development and income distribution gives us a clearer view on the intrinsic rationale of change in income distribution: The mode of production determines the mode of distribution and functional distribution shares intrinsic consistency with quantitative distribution.展开更多
This paper explains the root cause of China＇s trade surplus and argues that it is rooted in structural factors. China＇s dual economic structure and the relatively slow growth in wages due to the abundant supply of l...This paper explains the root cause of China＇s trade surplus and argues that it is rooted in structural factors. China＇s dual economic structure and the relatively slow growth in wages due to the abundant supply of labor have led to a large supply glut between China＇s domestic demand and output, which has been balanced by export. This is a structural problem that cannot be solved by currency appreciation or the readjustment of capital account deficits. A potentially viable option is to adjust the current account by developing a new opening-up system featuring more freedom and compliance.展开更多
Both the labor shortage that began in 2000 and the wave of migrant workers returning to the countryside in 2009 sparked intense debates among scholars about whether China had reached the Lewis turning point. Based on ...Both the labor shortage that began in 2000 and the wave of migrant workers returning to the countryside in 2009 sparked intense debates among scholars about whether China had reached the Lewis turning point. Based on agricultural economics and the dual-sector model the author conducted an empirical analysis and arrived at the followingfive conclusions. First, the dual economy is structured differently among agricultural industrial sectors and regions. Second, surplus labor still exists in the backyard stockbreeding sector （hogs, beef cattle, sheep, and dairy cattle）, implying that it has still not passed the first turning point. Third, the sector of production of staple food grains and minor cereals has passed the shortage point, but is still far from the commercialization point. Fourth, cash crop production has passed out of the subsistence sector into the capitalist sector. Fifth, regional differences are stark. the majority of China＇s eastern region is either approaching or has surpassed the commercialization point, whereas the central and western regions have not.展开更多
ABSTRACT： Under the guidance of the dual economy and hedonic consumption concept, the Song capital continue to meet basic survival needs, while demand has been further development, namely to improve the quality of li...ABSTRACT： Under the guidance of the dual economy and hedonic consumption concept, the Song capital continue to meet basic survival needs, while demand has been further development, namely to improve the quality of life and business development of production requirements, even for non-moderate luxury pleasure obsession. The life of Song bustling capital has a history of some bad consumer behavior similarities with today＇ s Chinese society, learning from experience and establish appropriate consumer attitudes, which have focused on establishing a scientific degree of consumer attitudes in order to ensure the healthy development and sustainability of the market, it also pointed out the shortcomings of extravagant consumption concept and lessons learned from, it has considerable historical reference.展开更多
The paper set off from the nature characteristics of rural cooperation finance, analyzing the finance cooperation in our rural areas. It points out that the supporting strength is difficult to maintain the need of sim...The paper set off from the nature characteristics of rural cooperation finance, analyzing the finance cooperation in our rural areas. It points out that the supporting strength is difficult to maintain the need of simple reproduction, disturbing the consistence between the intense need of the important peasant household and the market-oriented development of enterprise produce What is more, and functional cultivating becomes reverse circulation, forming shoulders adjustment mechanism in the majority of our rural areas. In the long run, if we want to break the influence of the long-term effect of dual economy between urban and rural areas, plan the development of urban and rural as a whole, build socialism new rural area, the key is to comply with the principle ＂root in rural area, originally in the peasant, quality in cooperation ＂, build and perfect the serve system of rural cooperation finance.展开更多
The study reveals that 10.2% of the sampled households in Nepal suffer from chronic food insecurity,i.e.,neither are they able to produce sufficient food from their farms nor earn the food security threshold income fo...The study reveals that 10.2% of the sampled households in Nepal suffer from chronic food insecurity,i.e.,neither are they able to produce sufficient food from their farms nor earn the food security threshold income for deficit months.With the highest and the lowest exponential value of coefficient obtained from binary logistic regression model,it is concluded that any program targeting occupational caste and small landholding farm category or landless will contribute significantly to reduce food-insecurity.The provision of employment opportunities for economically active age group,thus,reducing dependency ratio from 1.2 (economically active population) to 0.7 (economically active age group) can also contribute significantly to reduce food insecurity.Significant positive coefficient of family size squared shows the increase in the probability of being foodinsecure with the increase in family size.In addition,an increase in irrigation availability can contribute significantly to reduce food insecurity.A significant proportion of male-headed households and households residing in Tarai are food-secure.This justifies the need to target female-headed households and households residing in Mountain and Hill in any program aimed at resolving food insecurity.A negative and significant association of household's participation in community organizations and food insecurity fortifies the need for inclusion of vulnerable groups such as occupational caste,female-headed households,households with illiterate heads,small landholding farm category or landless,and households residing in Mountain and Hill (including some target communities in Tarai) in community organizations.Furthermore,making these communities a target of food security programs can help significantly to reduce the incidence of food insecurity.展开更多
This paper develops a framework for the assessment of global value chain embeddedness based on the dual structure of product embeddedness and functional embeddedness and provides a theoretical demonstration of the dua...This paper develops a framework for the assessment of global value chain embeddedness based on the dual structure of product embeddedness and functional embeddedness and provides a theoretical demonstration of the dual effects of the level, structure and the value sources of global value chain embeddedness on export technology sophistication. From there, the paper carries out an estimation of non-competitive input- output table using quadratic optimized algorithm with differentiation between processing trade and general trade to arrive at various indicators of foreign value-added ratio that reflect the level of global value chain embeddedness. On this basis, the panel econometric model for 27 manufacturing sectors of China between 2001 and 2010 is employed to test the effect of foreign value-added ratio on the technology sophistication of manufacturing export. Our research indicates that by taking part in division of labor in the global value chain and acquiring foreign intermediate inputs, China＇s manufacturing sector has increased its export technology sophistication. It also indicates that, compared with such inputs as raw materials and parts and components, service input has great contributions to technology improvement. With the direct contributions of foreign value-added under control, the foreign value-added from developed countries has a restrictive effect on the R＆D activities of export manufacturing, which gives rise to the one-way technology reliance on dominant enterprises of the value chain and the ＂low-end lock-up＂ effect; meanwhile, the method of embeddedness that takes advantage of the foreign value-added of other countries is more dependent on the indigenous R＆D capacity of export enterprises and thus more favorable to the improvement of export technology sophistication.展开更多
China＇s unequal income distribution is to a large extent expressed in unequal functional income distribution, that is, as China＇s economy develops, the share of wage income in national income falls. The unlimited su...China＇s unequal income distribution is to a large extent expressed in unequal functional income distribution, that is, as China＇s economy develops, the share of wage income in national income falls. The unlimited supply of labor under China＇s current dual economic structure is the major reason for this. In a disequilibrium dynamic model framework with Keynesian features, empirical analysis shows that the unlimited supply of labor not only prevents wages from responding to supply and demand situation in the labor market, but also makes them insensitive to labor productivity and price changes. This suggests that when there is a rise in labor productivity or prices following economic growth, the rise in wages may not be sufficiently marked. The benefits derived from economic growth or labor productivity increases have been, to a very large extent, converted into profits and not wages. Therefore, if we are to reverse China＇s worsening income distribution, our fundamental path should remain the maintenance of high-speed growth and the acceleration of urbanization and industrialization so that surplus rural labor can be absorbed as soon as possible.展开更多
文摘China＇ s urban and rural economic and social structures are persisted, perfectly shaped, very typical. Since the new century, the Chinese government began to adjust serious distorted urban-rural relations. New rural construction, total abolition of agricultural tax, the construction of modern agriculture and other major strategic decisions have been introduced; free compulsory education in rural areas, the new rural cooperative medical care, rural public infrastructure, cultural services and other specific measures have been rolled out building. But these still can not slow down our growing urban-rural gap, China＇ s economic and social development is still running under the urban and rural pattern, and the trend has increased.
文摘Many studies have been made concerning the problems, characteristics, formation, transformation measures, etc. of urban village from sociology, urban planning and geography, etc., which have made insightful analysis. However, most of these studies started mainly from the standpoint of the city govemment, drumming for the land- scape-oriented urbanization, namely pulling-down the urban village and constructing the splendid residence or business buildings. The article maintains that the most important thing the city government should do is to pay much attention to the sustainable living of urban villagers, who would lose their main income source, namely, the collective dividend and the family housing rent. The single method of compensation has been proved to be harmful to the villagers＇ community, in which some young villagers relying on rent were no longer to do anything but stay at home. On the other hand, considering the floating population has become the main stream of renters in urban villages, the emergence of urban villages was inevitable and would continue to exist in a long time under the socio-economic transition in urban China and globalization. Based on the analysis above, the transformation of urban village should take more concerns on the housing demands of floating population besides compensation for local villagers. Meanwhile, it is necessary to avoid the “landscape-oriented urbanization” without the “peasant-to-citizen” transformation.
基金Under the auspices of the Key Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant no. 40635029)
文摘Based on urban-rural contrast coefficient,this article designs the agriculture relative development index(ARDI) as indicators measuring the intensity of urban-rural dual structure which is comparable among the countries of the world.This article calculates ARDI of 40 countries from 1980 to 2004.The result shows that ARDI in the developed countries and most of the middle-income countries are rising and yet there are declines in most of the low-income countries.The result also showed that most countries' ARDI will see a decline at the earlier stage of industrialization,so their dual economic structure will also aggravate and urban-rural gap will widen.With the economic development,the tendency will change and ARDI presents a U-shape change overall.The turning point is when a country becomes a middle-income one.
文摘The issue of income distribution in the modern sense emerged with the creation of the capitalist mode of production-a process characterized by income gaps, at first widening, then narrowing, and widening once again. In the classical economic stage featuring dual economy, income distribution was dominated by capital due to scarce capital and cheap labor, which led to widening income gaps. Entering the neoclassical economic stage, income distribution was dominated by the game between capital and labor due to diminishing marginal return to capital and relatively scarce labor, which led to the growing share of labor compensation and narrowing income gaps. Yet since the 1970s, the deepening of financialization of capital has once again magnified the effect of capital-dominated income distribution, which, together with working class polarization, led to another round of widening income gaps. An observation of the long-term evolution of world economic development and income distribution gives us a clearer view on the intrinsic rationale of change in income distribution: The mode of production determines the mode of distribution and functional distribution shares intrinsic consistency with quantitative distribution.
文摘This paper explains the root cause of China＇s trade surplus and argues that it is rooted in structural factors. China＇s dual economic structure and the relatively slow growth in wages due to the abundant supply of labor have led to a large supply glut between China＇s domestic demand and output, which has been balanced by export. This is a structural problem that cannot be solved by currency appreciation or the readjustment of capital account deficits. A potentially viable option is to adjust the current account by developing a new opening-up system featuring more freedom and compliance.
文摘Both the labor shortage that began in 2000 and the wave of migrant workers returning to the countryside in 2009 sparked intense debates among scholars about whether China had reached the Lewis turning point. Based on agricultural economics and the dual-sector model the author conducted an empirical analysis and arrived at the followingfive conclusions. First, the dual economy is structured differently among agricultural industrial sectors and regions. Second, surplus labor still exists in the backyard stockbreeding sector （hogs, beef cattle, sheep, and dairy cattle）, implying that it has still not passed the first turning point. Third, the sector of production of staple food grains and minor cereals has passed the shortage point, but is still far from the commercialization point. Fourth, cash crop production has passed out of the subsistence sector into the capitalist sector. Fifth, regional differences are stark. the majority of China＇s eastern region is either approaching or has surpassed the commercialization point, whereas the central and western regions have not.
文摘ABSTRACT： Under the guidance of the dual economy and hedonic consumption concept, the Song capital continue to meet basic survival needs, while demand has been further development, namely to improve the quality of life and business development of production requirements, even for non-moderate luxury pleasure obsession. The life of Song bustling capital has a history of some bad consumer behavior similarities with today＇ s Chinese society, learning from experience and establish appropriate consumer attitudes, which have focused on establishing a scientific degree of consumer attitudes in order to ensure the healthy development and sustainability of the market, it also pointed out the shortcomings of extravagant consumption concept and lessons learned from, it has considerable historical reference.
文摘The paper set off from the nature characteristics of rural cooperation finance, analyzing the finance cooperation in our rural areas. It points out that the supporting strength is difficult to maintain the need of simple reproduction, disturbing the consistence between the intense need of the important peasant household and the market-oriented development of enterprise produce What is more, and functional cultivating becomes reverse circulation, forming shoulders adjustment mechanism in the majority of our rural areas. In the long run, if we want to break the influence of the long-term effect of dual economy between urban and rural areas, plan the development of urban and rural as a whole, build socialism new rural area, the key is to comply with the principle ＂root in rural area, originally in the peasant, quality in cooperation ＂, build and perfect the serve system of rural cooperation finance.
文摘The study reveals that 10.2% of the sampled households in Nepal suffer from chronic food insecurity,i.e.,neither are they able to produce sufficient food from their farms nor earn the food security threshold income for deficit months.With the highest and the lowest exponential value of coefficient obtained from binary logistic regression model,it is concluded that any program targeting occupational caste and small landholding farm category or landless will contribute significantly to reduce food-insecurity.The provision of employment opportunities for economically active age group,thus,reducing dependency ratio from 1.2 (economically active population) to 0.7 (economically active age group) can also contribute significantly to reduce food insecurity.Significant positive coefficient of family size squared shows the increase in the probability of being foodinsecure with the increase in family size.In addition,an increase in irrigation availability can contribute significantly to reduce food insecurity.A significant proportion of male-headed households and households residing in Tarai are food-secure.This justifies the need to target female-headed households and households residing in Mountain and Hill in any program aimed at resolving food insecurity.A negative and significant association of household's participation in community organizations and food insecurity fortifies the need for inclusion of vulnerable groups such as occupational caste,female-headed households,households with illiterate heads,small landholding farm category or landless,and households residing in Mountain and Hill (including some target communities in Tarai) in community organizations.Furthermore,making these communities a target of food security programs can help significantly to reduce the incidence of food insecurity.
基金supported by the youth program of the National Natural Sciences Fund “Effects of embeddedness in GVC on the performance of China local manufacturing”(Grant No.71203105)the youth program of the Cultural and Social Sciences Fund of the Ministry of Education(Grant No.12YJC790123)
文摘This paper develops a framework for the assessment of global value chain embeddedness based on the dual structure of product embeddedness and functional embeddedness and provides a theoretical demonstration of the dual effects of the level, structure and the value sources of global value chain embeddedness on export technology sophistication. From there, the paper carries out an estimation of non-competitive input- output table using quadratic optimized algorithm with differentiation between processing trade and general trade to arrive at various indicators of foreign value-added ratio that reflect the level of global value chain embeddedness. On this basis, the panel econometric model for 27 manufacturing sectors of China between 2001 and 2010 is employed to test the effect of foreign value-added ratio on the technology sophistication of manufacturing export. Our research indicates that by taking part in division of labor in the global value chain and acquiring foreign intermediate inputs, China＇s manufacturing sector has increased its export technology sophistication. It also indicates that, compared with such inputs as raw materials and parts and components, service input has great contributions to technology improvement. With the direct contributions of foreign value-added under control, the foreign value-added from developed countries has a restrictive effect on the R＆D activities of export manufacturing, which gives rise to the one-way technology reliance on dominant enterprises of the value chain and the ＂low-end lock-up＂ effect; meanwhile, the method of embeddedness that takes advantage of the foreign value-added of other countries is more dependent on the indigenous R＆D capacity of export enterprises and thus more favorable to the improvement of export technology sophistication.
文摘China＇s unequal income distribution is to a large extent expressed in unequal functional income distribution, that is, as China＇s economy develops, the share of wage income in national income falls. The unlimited supply of labor under China＇s current dual economic structure is the major reason for this. In a disequilibrium dynamic model framework with Keynesian features, empirical analysis shows that the unlimited supply of labor not only prevents wages from responding to supply and demand situation in the labor market, but also makes them insensitive to labor productivity and price changes. This suggests that when there is a rise in labor productivity or prices following economic growth, the rise in wages may not be sufficiently marked. The benefits derived from economic growth or labor productivity increases have been, to a very large extent, converted into profits and not wages. Therefore, if we are to reverse China＇s worsening income distribution, our fundamental path should remain the maintenance of high-speed growth and the acceleration of urbanization and industrialization so that surplus rural labor can be absorbed as soon as possible.
