索绪尔语言理论的哲学解读--从分析哲学的视角

索绪尔是现代语言学的奠基人,结构主义的鼻祖。他所提出的语言理论,是语言学史上“哥白尼式的革命”,不仅对整个20世纪语言研究,而且对人文和社会科学都产生了深刻影响。将索绪尔的语言理论思想放到分析哲学的背景下,从言语活动、语言符号、语言的价值和语言的系统性等方面,去审视它、研究它,才能清楚地认识索绪尔语言理论的价值,正确地把握它深邃的哲学思想。

Effect of Correlation of Two Dichotomous Noises on Stochastic Resonance

The effect of the correlation of two dichotomous noises on stochastic resonance is investigated for a linear stochastic system subject to a periodic oscillatory signal. It is found that, the correlation between the two dichotomous noises can not only affect the appearance of the stochastic resonance phenomenon, but also the distinctness of the stochastic resonance phenomenon. There is an optimal value of the correlation, at which the stochastic resonance phenomenon is most distinct. In addition, the correlation between the two dichotomous noises can also cause the movement of the peak of stochastic resonance. Finally, two stochastic resonances caused by two correlated multiplicative dichotomous noises can be found in this system.

The Properties of the Hyper Relation R_i

In this paper we discuss the basic properti es of hyper relationR i, which is upgraded from the base re lation R. The relationship between R i and R is con sidered.

Study on the Organic Correlation of Prana Energy

Since India＇s philosophical discussion on the correlation between the mind and the body, the goal achieved through practice has been imbued with much meaning under the influences of yoga. Self-transcendence can be reached through self-discipline that is founded upon the fundamental change and potential for existential practice. The mind and the body do not comprise a binary relationship but instead maintain an intimate relationship bound by the medium of organic energy of breathing, breath, and pr^0a. Of these medium that form the relationship, the pr^-0a has a natural healing tendency, which has been well documented within classics such as Upani.sads and Bhagavad G^ta. Classic yoga explains that pr^0a imbues within it a vivacious passion and energy that will connect the human body with the human mind. Thus, the pr^0a functions as bio-energy. From ancient Indian philosophy to Buddhism, yoga therapy actively utilizes practice as a main element. In particular, the Patafijali yoga＇s methodology details the organic correlation within its eight limbs （支） yoga practices. The prana is breath. This is the only sense in which Patafijali has used this word. Breath is called prana because it moves on continuously throughout the body and reaches the basic circle of the individual self. It pervades mouth, nostrils, heart, navel region and toes. As a result, it is a healing method that achieves far more than the scientific healing methods common in society.

Conversing in Spanish at a Seniors Center： A Brief Experience of Community-Based and Foreign-Language Learning

This pilot study explored the linguistic gains of intermediate level Spanish learners who completed community-based learning at a Spanish-speaking seniors center. Leamers had the opportunity, rare in foreign-language instruction, to discuss topics from their textbook in authentic native/non-native dyads. The interactions also allowed the seniors to fulfill an identified community needed by socializing in Spanish. Analyses of a post-service survey revealed that learners assessed the experience positively, because they spoke Spanish creatively. Seniors were described as cooperative and fun interlocutors, suggesting that age difference minimally affected the interactions. Direct observation revealed that learners managed to produce L2 Spanish output in connected speech for an extended period of time. Likewise, the seniors enjoyed a moment of socialization and first language use while sharing their views on the topics of discussion with the young visitors. Seniors＇ active participation likely encouraged learners to cope with sudden switches of topics that required negotiating for meaning and pushing the still limited interlanguages. A new service leaming study proposes to investigate the use of native/non-native dyads in Spanish in fulfilling a dual function： socialization and first language maintenance for the seniors at the center and language learning for the students.

Determination of Causal Effect in Observational Studies： Analysis of Correlated Data with Binary End-Points

Identifying the causal impact of＇ some intervention challenging when one is faced with correlated binary end-points in observational studies is a challenging task, and it is even more The statistical literature on analyzing such data is well documented. Dependence between observations from the same study subject in correlated data renders invalid the usual chi-square tests of independence and inflates the variance ofparameter estimates. Disaggregated approaches such as hierarchical linear models which are able to adjust for individual level covariate：s are favoured in the analysis of such data, thereby gaining power over aggregated and individual-level analyses. In this article the authors, therefore, address the issue of analyzing correlated data with dichotomous end-points by using hierarchical logistic regression, a generalization of the standard logistic regression model for independent outcomes.

Dispersion Relations in Binary Gas Mixtures From a Kinetic Theory

Sound propagation and the initial value problems in gas mixtures of two components are investigated. By using the eigen theory of linearized Boltzmann equations, a model equations is formed, with the use of the Fourier-Laplace transform for model equations derived, the dispersion relations for both components are obtained.

Electron Dispersion in Liquid Alkali and Their Alloys

Ashcroft＇s local empty core （EMC） model pseudopotential in the second-order perturbation theory is used to study the electron dispersion relation, the Fermi energy, and deviation in the Fermi energy from free electron value for the liquid alkali metals and their equiatomic binary alloys for the first time. In the present computation, the use of pseudo-alloy-atom model （PAA） is proposed and found successful. The influence of the six different forms of the local field correction functions proposed by Hartree （H）, Vashishta Singwi （VS）, Taylor （T）, lehimaru-Utsumi （IU）, Farid et al. （F）, and Sarkar et al. （S） on the aforesaid electronic properties is examined explicitly, which reflects the varying effects of screening. The depth of the negative hump in the electron dispersion of liquid alkalis decreases in the order Li --→ K, except for Rb and Cs, it increases. The results of alloys are in predictive nature.

The Habitus Made Me Do It： Bourdieu＇s Key Concept as a Substruction of the Monad

My claim is that Bourdieu＇s concept of habitus is not consistent and its ambiguities conceal an imprecision concerning the subject of social action. Indeed, Bourdieu defines habitus in three different ways： as a capacity, as a set of dispositions, and as a scheme for practice. That is why he cannot solve the problem of the duality of agent and habitus and produces a problem offundamentation, as we can see in his troubles to determine which is the substratum of social actions. Though Bourdieu claims he borrows the concept of habitus from Husserl and other phenomenologists, many divergences can be stated in the way they conceive it. Unlike Bourdieu, phenomenology can establish precise relations of fundamentation between agent, habitus, and the ego because it avoids the fallacy of the wrong level involved in the attribution of systemic properties to personal eogic structures. Accordingly, it provides a consistent and precise concept of the habitus,

Social cliques in male northern muriquis Brachyteles hypoxanthus

Analyses of spatial relationships and social interactions provide insights into the social structure of animal societies and the ways in which social preferences among and between dyads affect higher order social relationships. In this paper we de- scribe the patterns of spatial associations and social interactions among adult male northern muriquis in order to evaluate the dy- namics of their social networks above the dyadic levels. Systematic observations were made on the 17 adult males present in a multi-male/multi-female group from April 2004 through February 2005, and in July 2005. Analyses of their spatial relationships identified two distinct male cliques; some adult males （called ＂N＂ males） were more connected to the females and immatures than other adult males （＂MU＂ males）, which were more connected to one another. Affiliative interactions were significantly higher among dyads belonging to the same clique than to different cliques. Although frequencies of dyadic agonistic interactions were similarly low among individuals within and between cliques, MU males appeared to be subordinate to N males. Nonetheless, there were no significant differences in the copulation rates estimated for MU males and N males. Mutual benefits of cooperation between MU and N cliques in intergroup encounters might explain their ongoing associations in the same mixed-sex group

OPTIMAL ALLOCATION FOR ESTIMATING THE CORRELATION COEFFICIENT OF MORGENSTERN TYPE BIVARIATE EXPONENTIAL DISTRIBUTION BY RANKED SET SAMPLING WITH CONCOMITANT VARIABLE

Ranked set sample is applicable whenever ranking of a set of sample units can be done easily by a judgement method of the study variable or of the auxiliary variable. This paper considers ranked set sample based on the auxiliary variable X which is correlated with the study variable Y, where （X, Y） follows Morgenstern type bivariate exponential distribution. The authors discuss the optional allocation for unbiased estimators of the correlation coefficient p of the random variables X and Y when the auxiliary variable X is used for ranking the sample units and the study variable Y is measured for estimating the correlation coefficient. This paper first gives a class of unbiased estimators of p when the mean 0 of the study variable Y is known and obtains an essentially complete subclass of this class. Further, the optimal allocation of the unbiased estimators is found in this subclass and is proved to be Bayes, admissible, and minimax. Finally, the unbiased estimator of p under the optimal allocation in the case of known θ is reformed for estimating p in the case of unknown θ, and the reformed estimator is shown to be strongly consistent.

Bivariate Gonarov polynomials and integer sequences

Univariate Gonarov polynomials arose from the Goncarov interpolation problem in numerical analysis.They provide a natural basis of polynomials for working with u-parking functions,which are integer sequences whose order statistics are bounded by a given sequence u.In this paper,we study multivariate Goncarov polynomials,which form a basis of solutions for multivariate Goncarov interpolation problem.We present algebraic and analytic properties of multivariate Gonarov polynomials and establish a combinatorial relation with integer sequences.Explicitly,we prove that multivariate Goncarov polynomials enumerate k-tuples of integers sequences whose order statistics are bounded by certain weights along lattice paths in Nk.It leads to a higher-dimensional generalization of parking functions,for which many enumerative results can be derived from the theory of multivariate Goncarov polynomials.