孙子“五间”的含义拓展及层次结构研究

孙子《用间篇》中提出的“五间”似不是同层次并列的关系。通过案例分析、文献研究,可探讨“五间”之间一种动态的可转化的关系。随着军事技术的发展,战争规模和形态的变化,“五间”的内涵也更为丰富。历史上“五间”的含义随战争形态的变化是有过发展的,在现代军事上仍有这种空间。“五间”不仅指人,而且指五种用间方法,可扩展为五种情报手段、活动或路径,被赋予更多含义。“反间”不止于逆用敌方间谍“,死间”和“生间”可扩展为能否持续发挥作用“,五间”围绕“反间”可形成一个具有层次性的有机整体结构。

“一带一路”沿线国家间政府审计协同问题研究

本文从“一带一路”战略下带路国家“五通”合作的现实需求出发,在明确“一带一路”战略中国家间政府审计协同的任务要求和重点实施领域的基础上,分析了“一带一路”战略给国家间政府审计协同带来的巨大挑战,主要体现在缺乏统一的协同机制、实施能力较低和合作监管乏力等三方面。最后,结合“一带一路”战略国家合作现实要求,从重要抓手和能力提升路径两个方面较为系统地提出了完善国家间政府审计协同体系的实施路径。

Phylogenetic Relationship of an Extremely Endangered Species, Pinus squamata (Pinaceae) Inferred from Four Sequences of the Chloroplast Genome and ITS of the Nuclear Ribosomal DNA

Pinus squamata X. W. Li, a recently-described species of the Pinaceae, is an extremely endangered pine with only 32 individuals in the wild. This species was thought to be intermediate between P. bungeana Zuec. ex Endl. of subgen. Strobus and P. yunnanensis Franch. of subgen. Pinus by the original author. We made an effort to address the question of the phylogenetic relationship of this peculiar and important species in the context of the major groups of the genus Pinus by using sequences of the rbcL, matK,genes, rpl20-rps18 spacer, trnV intron of the chloroplast genome and the nuclear ribosomal ITS region. The results of the separated analysis and the combined analysis of the four cpDNA sequences and ITS sequence indicated that P. squamata was a stable member of subsect. Gerardianae and P. gerardiana Wall. was the closest species of P. squamata phylogenetically. As a result, the causes of the distribution pattern of subsect. Gerardianae were also discussed.

China Earns More from Tourism in January-May Period

China received 21.53 million visitors from overseas in the first five moths of this year.up 10.1% on the same period last year according to the country＇s tourism chief.

Dechlorination of pentachlorophenol by grinding at low rotation speed in short time

In order to apply grinding method for degradation of pentachlorophenol(PCP) to an industrial scale,the proportion of different materials[CaO,SiO_2 and CO(NH_2)_2]and the size of grinding balls were examined.For saving energy and increasing dechlorination efficiency,the rotation speed and grinding time were maintained at relatively low values.At a mass ratio of grinding balls to materials(40:1),PCP was added into a big steel jar(300 ml) with other materials to grind at 300 r ·min^(-1)for 5 h.The results indicated that when PCP was mixed with CaO and SiO_2in a molar ratio of 1:60:60,the best dechlorination of 58.4%was achieved.CO(NH_2)_2 could not be used as hydrogen donor in the dehalogenation by mechanochemical reaction,since it restrained the dechlorination process.The size of grinding balls has significant effect on the reaction.The experiment with 5 mm steel balls indicates that the weight is too light to provide appropriate energy for the reaction,while steel balls of 10 and 15 mm could give better dechlorination reaction.It indicates that dechlorination depends on the mass of balls and fill rate.

Application of Huangqi Guizhi Wuwu Decoction in Orthopaedics and Traumatology

The Huangqi Guizhi Wuwu Decoction(HQGZWWT)is composed of Huangqi(Astragali Radix),Shaoyao(Paeoniae Radix Alba),Guizhi(Cinnamomi Ramulus),Shengjiang(Zingiberis Rhizoma Recens),and Dazao(Jujubae Fructus)which has various pharmacological anti-inflammatory,analgesic,antioxidant,antitumor,lipid-lowering,and immunity-regulating activities.It has certain advantages in the treatment of orthopaedic diseases,such as cervical spondylosis,scapulohumeral periarthritis,lumbar disc herniation,knee osteoarthritis,rheumatoid arthritis,myofascial pain syndrome,etc.,with outstanding clinical efficacy,few adverse reactions,and high patient compliance.However,modern pharmacological researches on the whole prescription of HQGZWWT are insufficient and the therapeutic targets are not clear which needs further exploration.Besides,this prescription cannot treat ll orthopaedic diseases,so we should adhere to the thinking of four diagnostics in traditional Chinese medicine(TCM),select prescriptions based on syndrome differentiation,closely follow the pathogenesis,innovate and expand its scope of application,reflect the application advantages of this prescription in orthopaedics and traumatology and improve the total clinical efficiency.

Bloodletting at Jing-well points decreases interstitial fluid flow in the thalamus of rats

OBJECTIVE：To investigate the changes in the neuronal microenvironment of the middle cerebral artery （MCA） territory induced by Jing-well points bloodletting acupuncture （WPBA） and to explore the neuroprotective mechanism of WPBA in stroke. METHODS： Adult male Sprague Dawley （n = 32） rats were randomly divided into four groups of eight animals each： WPBA-thalamus group （WT）, WPBA-caudate nucleus group （WC）, sham-control thalamus group （ST） and sham-control caudate nucleus group （SC）. Animals in the WT and WC groups received 2 I-μL of the extracellular tracer gadolinium-diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid （Gd-DTPA） injected into the thalamus or caudate nucleus, respectively, and 12 Jing-well points in the distal ends of the rats＇ digits were used for WPBA. Although 2 μL of Gd-DTPA was injected into the thalamus or caudate nucleus, respectively, for animals in the two sham groups （ST and SC）, no acupuncture or bloodletting was performed. Brain extracellular space and interstitial fluid flow parameters were measured using Gd-DTPA-enhanced magnetic reso- nance imaging. RESULTS： The brain interstitial fluid flow speed was decreased in the thalamus after WPBA, with a significantly lower Gd-DTPA clearance rate and longer half-life of Gd-DTPA in the thalamus of treated rats than those in sham-control rats [WPBA-treated rats＇clearance rate, （7.47 ± 3.15） x 10^-5/s （P = 0.009）; half-life, （1.52 ± 0.13） h, P = 0.000]. By contrast, no significant changes in brain extracellular space and interstitial fluid flow parameters were detected in the caudate nucleus after WPBA （P = 0.649）. In addi- tion, no differences in the morphology of the brain extracellular space or the final distribution of the traced brain interstitial fluid were demonstrated be- tween theWT and WC groups （P = 0.631, P = 0.970, respectively）. CONCLUSION： The WPBA decreased the speed of the local thalamic ISF flow in rats, which is assumed to be a beneficial protection by down-modulated the metabolic rate of the attacked neurons under stroke.

A Global Existence Theorem for Semilinear Wave Equations in Five Space Dimension

This paper concerns the global existence of solutions to the semi-linear wave equation utt-△u = G(u) in five space dimensions, where G(u) -|u|p with p > 3+17^(1/17). We used the classical iteration method and technique estimates to show that a classical global solution exists for the radially symmetric equations with small and compact supported initial data.

Exact Solutions of the Two-Dimensional Cubic-Quintic Nonlinear Schrdinger Equation with Spatially Modulated Nonlinearities

Applying the similarity transformation, we construct the exact vortex solutions for topological charge S≥1 and the approximate fundamental soliton solutions for S = 0 of the two-dimensional cubic-quintic nonlinear Schrodinger equation with spatially modulated nonlinearities and harmonic potential. The linear stability analysis and numerical simulation are used to exam the stability of these solutions. In different profiles of cubic-quintic nonlinearities, some stable solutions for S 〉 0 and the lowest radial quantum number n = 1 are found. However, the solutions for n ≥ 2 are all unstable.

Literature review and application experience of needling the Belt Vessel for low back pain

Objective:To explore the feasibility of needling the Belt Vessel(BV)for low back pain.Methods:The relevant literature was systematically reviewed;the relationship between the BV and low back pain was illustrated;the clinical features of BV-related low back pain as well as the key points of acupoint selection in treatment were summarized,and the efficacy of needling the BV for treating low back pain was observed.Results:The BV is closely related to low back pain.The main clinical manifestations of BV-related low back pain include sagging distension in the low back,enlarged abdomen,and pain radiating to the groin.The main acupoints for treating low back pain via needling the BV include Mingmen(GV4),Wushu(GB27)and Ashi points near the transverse process of the third lumbar spine.Needling the BV can swiftly and effectively relieve both the low back pain and associated symptoms.Conclusion:Needling the BV can effectively alleviate the typical BV-related low back pain.

Time-Dependent Zinc Desorption in Some Calcareous Soils of Iran

Desorption of zinc （Zn） from soil is an important factor governing Zn concentration in the soil solution and Zn availability to plants. Batch experiments were performed to study the kinetics of Zn desorption by diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid （DTPA） from 15 calcareous soil samples taken from Golestan Province in northern Iran. Soils were equilibrated with 0.005 mol L-1 DTPA solutions for 0.25 to 192 h. The results showed that the extraction process consisted of rapid extraction in the first 2 h followed by much slower extraction for the remainder of the experiment. Desorption kinetic data was fitted to pseudo-first-order kinetic model. The experimental data were found to deviate from the straight line of the pseudo-first-order plots after 2 h. The model of two first-order reactions was fitted to the kinetic data and allowed to distinguish two pools for Zn： a labile fraction （Q1）, quickly extracted with a rate constant kl, and a slowly labile fraction （Q2）, more slowly extracted with a rate constant k2. The applicability of pseudo-second-order model in describing the kinetic data of Zn desorntion was also evaluated.

Lax Pairs and Integrability Conditions of Higher-Order Nonlinear Schrdinger Equations

We derive the Lax pairs and integrability conditions of the nonlinear Schrdinger equation with higher-order terms, complex potentials, and time-dependent coefficients. Cubic and quintic nonlinearities together with derivative terms are considered. The Lax pairs and integrability conditions for some of the well-known nonlinear Schrdinger equations, including a new equation which was not considered previously in the literature, are then derived as special cases. We show most clearly with a similarity transformation that the higher-order terms restrict the integrability to linear potential in contrast with quadratic potential for the standard nonlinear Schrdinger equation.