研究型课堂教学初探

讨论研究型课堂教学目的是由教师设计讨论的问题，学生在通过问题的讨论的过程中不断地尝试和体验未知知识的探求过程。教学重心转移到教会学生“学”，培养学生持续学习、终身学习的能力。本文旨在探讨研究型课堂教学的特点、流程、操作程序及相关因素。通过教学实践实例表明，这种教学模式切实可行，效果较好，学生从中学会了认知，学会了学习，学会了合作，提升了学生的“学力”水平。

“全球南方”视角下的东南亚知识生产: 以新加坡史为重点

从20世纪50年代开始,作为殖民地的“第三世界”纷纷喊出反帝反殖民呼声,亚洲、非洲、拉丁美洲的独立运动蓬勃发展。随之而来的是学者纷纷在去殖民化背景下批判自省现有的知识体系。随着冷战的落幕,“全球南方”的概念取代“第三世界”,将反帝反殖民的精神和内涵进一步发展补充。这一概念强调前殖民地国家在独立后仍深受欧洲殖民主义在政治、文化和知识领域残余影响,试图通过建立跨国和区域的联系,来抵抗“北方”主导的世界政治经济秩序中的不公正和压迫。以“全球南方”的视角对现有东南亚知识生产、权力和话语的建构进行解剖,以新加坡史作为东南亚知识生产重要的一部分,为我们进一步理解民族国家建构、殖民记忆重构和全球化之间的关系提供了具体生动的案例。

Effects of Copper on the Mobility and Regeneration of Planarian (Dugesia japonica)

[Objective] A mobility measurement and a regeneration assay were conducted to explore the behavioral effects of Cu2＋ on planarian Dugesia japonica. [Method] Dugesia japonica was respectively treated with different concentrations of copper solution for 4 and 6 d, and the blank control group was set. The mobility measurement and a regeneration assay of copper ions were determined by mIC50 and rIC50 . [Result] The mobility IC 50 for adult D. japonica at 24, 48, 72 and 96 h were 86, 3.73, 3.47 and 2.61 mg Cu2＋ /L, respectively. The mobility IC50s for newborns was 2.22, 1.64, 0.87 and 0.93 mg Cu2＋ /L, respectively. Although there was no significant difference between 24 and 48 h, and between 72 and 96 h of copper exposure, Cu2＋ decreased newborns locomotor behavior in a concentration-dependent manner at sub-toxic concentrations. The regeneration IC50 of eyespots and auricles for adult D. japonica at 6 d were calculated as 0.76, 0.78 mg Cu2＋ /L, respectively. The number of eyespots and auricles regeneration in planarian D. japonica showed a concentration-dependent manner. Results showed that newborns mobility and adult regeneration assay for D. japonica in a concentration-dependent manner. [Conclusion] The results of the present study suggest that planarians can be regarded as a useful bioindicator species for toxicological studies in the future.

A Study of the Genus Podagricomela Heikertinger (Coleoptera:Chrysomelidae:Alticinae) from China

Ten species of Podagricomela Heikertinger from China are studied. They are Podagricomela apicipennis (Jacoby), P. cupera Wang, P. cyanea Chen, P. flavitibialis Wang, P. geminata Chen et Zia, P. nigricollis Chen, P. nigripes Medvedev, P. parva Chen et Zia, P. shirahatai (Ch?j?), and P. weisei Heikertinger. Among them, P. nigripes Medvedev is recorded for the first time from China. A key to species from China is given. Illustrations of the male aedeagus and female spermatheca of each species are also given. The geographical distribution in China is analyzed briefly. The result indicates that Podagricomela mainly occurs in southern China, southwestern China, central China and north China, and the distribution center of this genus is in China. They always feed on Rutaceae.

Upper trophic structure in the Atlantic Patagonian shelf break as inferred from stable isotope analysis

The Patagonian Shelf is a very productive region with dif ferent ecosystem structures. A long history of fishing in the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean combined with a complex hydrographic structure, with a permanent front over the shelf-break and dif ferent coastal frontal regions, and a wide non-frontal area in between have made the food web in this area more complex and have resulted in changes to the spatialtemporal scale. Stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen were used to determine the trophic structure of the Patagonian shelf break which was previously poorly understood. The results indicated that the average δ^(15)N value of pelagic guild(I llex argentinus) was remarkable lower than those of the other guilds. The δ^(13)C values of almost all species ranged from-17‰ to-18‰, but S tromateus brasiliensis had a significant lower δ^(13)C value. Compared with the southern Patagonian shelf, short food chain length also occurred. The impact of complex oceanographic structures has resulted in food web structure change to the temporal-spatial scale on the Patagonian shelf. The Patagonian shelf break can be considered as a separated ecosystem structure with lower δ^(15)N values.

A hydrochemical study of the Hammam Righa geothermal waters in north-central Algeria

This study focuses on the hydrochemical characteristics of 47 water samples collected from thermal and cold springs that emerge from the Hammam Righa geothermal field, located in north-central Algeria. The aquifer that feeds these springs is mainly situated in the deeply fractured Jurassic limestone and dolomite of the Zaccar Mount. Measured discharge temperatures of the cold waters range from 16.0 to 26.5 ℃ and the hot waters from 32.1 to 68.2 ℃. All waters exhibited a near-neutral pH of 6.0-7.6. The thermal waters had a high total dis- solved solids （TDS） content of up to 2527 mg/l, while the TDS for cold waters was 659.0-852.0 mg/l. Chemical analyses suggest that two main types of water exist： hot waters in the upflow area of the Ca-Na-SO4 type （Ham- mam Righa） and cold waters in the recharge zone of the Ca-Na-HCO3 type （Zaccar Mount）. Reservoir tempera- tures were estimated using silica geothermometers and fluid/mineral equilibria at 78, 92, and 95℃ for HR4, HR2, and HRI, respectively. Stable isotopic analyses of the δ18O and δD composition of the waters suggest that the thermal waters of Hammam Righa are of meteoric origin. We conclude that meteoric recharge infiltrates through the fractured dolomitic limestones of the Zaccar Mount and is conductively heated at a depth of 2.1-2.2 km. The hotwaters then interact at depth with Triassic evaporites located in the hydrothermal conduit （fault）, giving rise to the Ca-Na-SO4 water type. As they ascend to the surface, the thermal waters mix with shallower Mg-rich ground- water, resulting in waters that plot in the immature water field in the Na-K-Mg diagram. The mixing trend between cold groundwaters from the recharge zone area （Zaccar Mount） and hot waters in the upflow area （Hammam Righa） is apparent via a chloride-enthalpy diagram that shows a mixing ratio of 22.6 〈 R 〈 29.2 %. We summa- rize these results with a geothermal conceptual model of the Hammam Righa geothermal field.

Some Observations on the Appraisal of Kδbra Nagast

The Zagwe period is believed to be the richest and most artistic period of Ethiopian civilization since the conversion of Ezana though its achievements have been virtually consigned to obscurity. One of the ideological weapons which aggravated its obscurity is arguably the deep-rooted allegiance of the Kδbra Nagast to the Solomonic Dynasty. Contemporary researchers on Kδbra Nagast seem to have underestimated the ideological onslaught of the Kδbra Nagast on the Zagwe period that Agaw contribution to the medieval Ethiopian civilization has been virtually shrouded in mystery. Thus, expatriate and compatriot authorities on the medieval Ethiopian cultural history are called upon to demystify the obscurity of the Zagwe period, thereby, to reconstruct the unsung contributions of Agaw civilization with intellectual profundity and inquiry.

Who Are the Tsanars？

The present paper is an attempt to identify the terms ＂Tsanars＂ and ＂Sanars＂. The issue remains one of the controversial issues in the scholarly literature. Due to different interpretations of the same sources, scholars come to different conclusions concerning the proper derivation of the terms, the ethnic affinity of Tsanars, their location or migration, and the priority of the evidence in the sources. Since the divergence in conclusions is caused by differing interpretations of the information preserved in Greek, Georgian, Armenian, and Arabic sources, the author of the present paper traces all the relative evidence of existing sources as well as the comments made by their publishers and researchers. The supposition about the Chechen origin of Tsanars, as well as their migration from western or southern Georgia eastward, is critically examined. The author comes to a conclusion concerning the derivation of the terms from the Greek language and submits arguments for priority of the Georgian sources. Proceeding from the sources, the author thinks that the term Tsanars designated a conterminous population, settled along the northern border of Georgia named by the Greeks in the early centuries.

Language as a Key to Global Research and Challenges in the 21 st Century： Insights From Nigeria

The main purpose of this research is to draw insights from Nigeria to find out how language serves as the key to global research and challenges in the 21 st century. This research is necessitated by the fact that apart from the point that globalization will be very difficult if not impossible without language, language is also a major tool to fix every challenge of life since solution to problems of life arises through thought. The researcher draws her data from bill boards, television, posters, and other secondary sources of data like textbooks, journals, internet, etc. and adopts a descriptive framework for the analysis of data. The investigation portrays the fact that language is an indispensable tool not only for global research but for resolving all the challenges facing Nigerians in the 21 st century. The study shows that there are challenges in the health, security, educational, social, economic, and political sectors in Nigeria. It equally reveals that through language, solution to the health, security, educational, social, economic, and political challenges in Nigeria is provided.

Academic Study of Religion in Universities, Southwest Nigeria： In Search of Social Identity/Relevance

Social theorists have engaged religion as a social agent and submitted that it has the capacity to foster positive and negative changes in the society. Milton Yinger, Emile Durkheim, and Karl Marx lead the pack among other sociologists. The need to therefore interrogate religion as an agent of social engineering cannot be overemphasized normatively and functionally. One of the implications of such engagement is that religion; study and practice need to respond to issues in the society. Basic challenges facing the Nigerian nation are issues of poverty, diseases, corruption, and illiteracy. However, in Nigerian universities, the situation posits that religion is studied with theological intentions based on the curriculum bequeathed by the missionaries that laid the foundation for the academic study of religion in Nigeria leading to exclusive and reductionist approaches to its study. There is also government policy that placed emphasis on science and management courses for development. The situation has led to reduction in students＇ enrolments for the study of religion in Nigerian universities. Therefore, this paper seeks explanations for the non-functional design（s） of the curriculum for the academic study of religion in universities, southwest of Nigeria. Descriptive and analytic methods were adopted in the study to pursue the thesis that the academic study of religion in Nigeria should be rebranded and repackaged to respond and interrogate social challenges/problems, such as the scourge of HIV/AIDS plaguing the society thereby recreating a new social identity and relevance for its study.

Port Service Quality Study of Nigerian Sea Ports

This study is focused on service quality assessment in the Nigerian ports with Westem and Eastern port zones as study areas. It discovered the level of satisfaction derived by port users by evaluating expectations and perceptions at the ports using some selected analysis tools to test raised hypothesis. This evaluation was based on the service quality model as developed by Parasuraman within the core dimensions of Empathy, Responsiveness, Tangibles, Reliability and Assurance. The attributes of expectations and perceptions raised within these dimensions were addressed with two hypotheses. H1 （Hypothesis one） and H2 （Hypothesis two） were addressed with the results of Factor Analysis which identified the significance port users attach to service quality dimensions and their respective attributes.

Preschool Child＇s Researching Interests and Role of Visual Art＇s Expressing Media

Genuine interest, research zeal, and visual art expressiveness which are typical of the pre-school period can pose a challenge to every teacher, at the same time, guide them when planning different contents for children to explore and discover. As one of the primary expressing media and an important support when forming concepts, visual art plays an indispensable role in the pre-school period. The following thesis is based on an action research whose key tendencies were focused on establishing children＇s interests in different useful materials and tools while enabling them an autonomous visual art use of these tools and didactical possibilities of the teacher involved. The activities included in the research were fully in line with the Slovenian National Kindergarten Curriculum and the project was carried out in the form of several successive meetings intended for visual art creative activities. All activities in the research were photo-documented while the analysis of the research＇s data was performed based on observation and written notes referring to individual child＇s responses, his or her questions, ideas, and incentives, the course of cognitive and creative process, communication with the peers and teachers and other potential particularities.

Research as a Deliberate Chess Activity Software Testing Platform for Professional Dynamic Development of the Education Sector

Current paper presents the influence of academic chess activity in Armenian schools. Nowadays, people face many obstacles connected with the high quality education. This sphere forces them to implement new methods and approaches in everyday learning process. The following academic research done on research as a deliberate chess activity software testing platform for professional dynamic development of the education sector showed that the implementation of academic chess with low grade students may have positive effect. The experiment done in this paper is closely related to the inclusive education as well. Mainly this experiment showed that collaborative training or learning can be very positive when children with disabilities are integrated in the learning process.

Randomized Controlled Trials and Ph.D. Level Training in Educational Research

This invited paper reviews recent initiatives in teaching about randomized field trials at the graduate level in education research. Reports in a book on randomized trials by Mosteller and Boruch are used as a benchmark. The initiatives have been driven heavily by recent governmental emphasis on ＂evidence based policy＂ in education, criminology, welfare and other sectors. This policy has been backed, in the US at least, by substantial investments in mounting randomized controlled trials to evaluate curriculum packages and programs in grades K-12, crime prevention programs, welfare, and other work. Accelerated growth in randomized trials has entailed cross discipline pre-doctoral and post-doctoral institutes and graduate education programs aimed at enhancing the quality in trial design, execution, and analysis of results. Specific illustrations of graduate education in this area of statistics are taken mainly from experience at the University of Pennsylvania＇s Graduate School of Education and selected other institutions.

Reexamine Cookie Jar and Big Bath Accounting Using the Backing-Out Method

Prior research documents income-decreasing earnings management in the situation when true earnings exceed the targets by a substantial amount and in the situation when true earnings fall far below the targets and accounting reserves are not sufficient to reach the targets. These two situations are well-known as cookie jar and big bath earnings management. True earnings are defined as pre-managed earnings （PMEs） and are measured as reported earnings minus adjusted discretionary accruals （DAs）. However, the use of PMEs can induce a spurious association between earnings management and PMEs above or below the benchmarks, which are known as the backing-out problem （Lim ＆ Lustgarten, 2002）. This study reexamines the cookie jar and big bath type of earnings management and addresses in particular the issue of backing-out problem. By using an Australian sample of 3,326 observations covering all listed firms in the Australian Securities Exchange （ASX） for a period from 1999 to 2006, this study suggests that the finding of cookie jar accounting is not simply a consequence of the backing-out problem. The results show that an income-decreasing earnings management occurs when PMEs are well above the targets. This is consistent with the first argument of cookie jar accounting--Finns reduce current earnings in order to save some income for the future. However, the results do not support the big bath accounting theory.

Position and Perspective of Statistics in Sociology

The paper first gives a brief overview of the use of statistical methods in sociology in order to show the continuity and importance of these methods in the development of sociology as a science. Therefore, education of sociologists requires, among other things, training in statistical methods applicable in data processing and analysis in sociological research. Then the research continues with a comparative analysis of the curricula of undergraduate academic studies of sociology, and especially the presence of statistics teaching in them, in the Republic of Serbia and the neighbouring countries. Different programs of the Department of Sociology of the Faculty of Philosophy in Novi Sad are analyzed together with the results of the students＇ evaluations for the academic years 2007/2008 and 2009/2010.

Selection of Maize Genotypes Resistant to Pink Stem Borer and Sugarcane Borer

Maize is an important economic crop grown in Nigeria. Its production is dramatically affect by the pink stem borer--Sesamia caIamistis （Hampson, Noctuidae） and sugarcane borer--Eldana saccharina （Walker, Pyralidae） that are endemic in Southeastern Nigeria. In areas of stress, existing genotypes may marginally do well due to their inherent capabilities. Therefore, it is possible to find useful genes in such areas of stress, since such genes have been responsible for the survival of host crops over the years. Evaluation study was conducted for a range of agronomic characteristics and resistance attributes for 209 local maize collections from Southeastern Nigeria along with three improved check varieties. Field trials were conducted at three locations in a total of four environments in 2001. Highly significant genotypic variances as were noted in all the traits, are indicative of the magnitude of variation that exists among the genotypes, thus providing the opportunity of selection for desirable traits. Furthermore, four traits, namely, leaf feeding, ear damage, stalk lodging and yield were used from across the environments to construct a rank summation index （RSI）, which was used to rank the entries for resistance to stem borers. This RSI led to the identification of 11 genotypes which represents the best 5% of the 212 genotypes in resistance ability. Genotype AMA TZBR-WC1 （from International Institute of Tropical Agriculture （IITA）, Ibadan） had the best overall resistance levels, followed by genotypes SE NG-77 and SE NG-67 （from Umuahia North）, SE NG-62 （from Ikwuano）, SE NG-148 （from Ukwa West）, SE NG-106 （from Bende）, SE NG-119 （from Isiala Ngwa）, SE NG-33 （from Ikwuano） and SE NG-65 （from Umuahia North）.

Determinants Analysis on Adolescents

Determinants analysis is a pretty recent approach in social research and policy reviews, so that one cannot speak about generally/largely agreed definition of concepts yet. The paper endeavors to propose a framework for analyzing the factors that, at structural, proximity, and individual levels, impede the realization of adolescents＇ rights to education, health, and protection. This framework was first conceived for the purpose of being used within a study on the state of adolescents in Romania, commissioned by the United Nations International Children＇s Emergency Fund （UNICEF） Romania and carried out by the Centre for Urban and Regional Sociology and Institute for Educational Sciences, which fmally used a slightly different approach, in a view to observe the determinants＇ framework already in use by UNICEF. The proposed framework is based on the structure-agency approach embraced by several international youth researches, which argue that individual actions and behaviors are in most cases the results of an interplay between structural constraints （institutional settings and rules） and individual agency. This approach is important for a determinants＇ analysis because it requires due consideration of individual features as well while discussing the role of social determinants in setting choice constraints and shaping pathways for adolescents＇ achievement of their rights. It is also important when approaching vulnerable adolescents, since vulnerability is often associated not only with structural and/or proximity determinants, but also with individual features.

A Study of the Styles of Early Taiwan Residents Bamboo Chairs According to the Methodology of Style

Handicrafts and furniture of bamboo once flourished in Taiwan during the 1970s and 80s but have since gradually declined after that period of time. The viability of the handicrafts industry was greatly threatened along with there being a real possibility of losing this traditional heritage. Nowadays, green products are a growing trend in the fashion industry, and thus some Asian countries have realized the importance of using green products and its development of cultural creative assets. The literature/study of the styles of traditional Taiwan bamboo arts are rare but they are worth exploring. Therefore, the purposes of this study are as follows： （1） to explore the category of traditional Taiwan Residents bamboo column furniture; and （2） to explore the backgrounds, forms, and contents of traditional Taiwan Residents bamboo column furniture. The results show that： （1） traditional Taiwan Residents bamboo chairs can be divided into eight categories： stool, side chair, slant-back reclining chair, tai-shi armchair, pair of gong-po chairs, two-seat chairs, ＂mother ＆ child＂ chairs, and other styles of chairs; and （2） traditional Taiwan Residents bamboo column chairs styles originate from early Chinese Fujian and Guangdong provinces, and these bamboo chairs＇ forms have imitated the wood furniture of the Ming and Qing dynasty furniture. However, the technology of the enclosed-pipe structure is a special handicraft skill that reflects the early Taiwan Residents＇ resourcefulness in farming and fishing. We hope this paper can promote relevant and practical foundation research and studies.

The Impact of Nationalisation on CSR Policy in Citadele Bank and CR Study of the Latvian Retail Banking Sector

The present research paper is dedicated to the analysis of the impact of nationalisation on Corporate Social Responsibility （CSR） Policy in Citadele bank （formerly Parex） and Corporate Responsibility （CR） study of the Latvian banking sector. The goal is to analyse the notion of nationalisation, the history of Citadele bank, and to scrutinise CSR policy and its aspects. Research aim is to explore the impact of CSR activities implemented by Citadele on customers＇ views after the nationalisation of the bank. The research methodology involves the analysis of the existing theoretical literature and a quantitative research method-survey conducted by an international research agency. The article also explores CSR activities of commercial banks in Latvia by applying the comparative method of research.