唐代文人与隐士交游的动因

隐逸风尚的盛行 ,使唐代文人与隐士的交游十分密切 ,这一独特的文化现象在唐诗中得到集中的反映。这一现象的产生 ,主要是基于对隐士学识修养的敬服、道德人格的敬慕。

Analysis of the Carbon Footprint and Its Environmental Impact Factors for Living and Travel in Shijiazhuang City

By using methods of carbon footprint analysis, and impacts of population, affluence and technology （IPAT）, this article analyzes the carbon footprints of residence and travel, and their influential factors for different urban residential incomes, using 1,500 household questionnaires in Shijiazhuang city, Hebei province. The results show that the process of urban residents improving their living standards is also a driving factor in the increase of their carbon footprints; at the same time, the progress in technology has a positive impact on reducing the carbon footprints of urban residence. This article suggests that some measures, such as promoting energy-saving buildings and central heating supply, and establishing the convenient and comfortable public transport system, should be taken to reduce the carbon footprints of residence and travel in Shijiazhuang city.

Behaviour of rainbow trout(Oncorhynchus mykiss) under defensible and indefensible patterns of food delivery

The goal of this study was to investigate the behaviour of rainbow trout(n=30),Oncorhynchus mykiss,in small raceways when either self-feeders(T2) or hand-feeding(t2) were used.The method of food delivery in T2 was defensible while that of t2 was indefensible.Fish in both raceways were subjected to restricted feeding(RF) for 25 days.Food was available in the morning(09:00-10:00) in the downstream area and in the afternoon(16:00-17:00) in the upstream area of the raceways.The results showed that the behaviour of rainbow trout was significantly different under interference competition(T2) for food compared with that under scramble competition(t2).RF in T2 fish limited food availability to meal times when feeding rewards were available while t2 fish only responded to the location of food delivery.The aggressive fish in T2 were dominant,and t2 fish at high densities showed intense social interactions under the indefensible pattern of food distribution;these interactions did not dampen to a minimum level to suppress the development of dominance hierarchies.Further,the stocking density did not break down the dominance hierarchies between the T2 fish.This suggests that decreased efficiency in the search for food or inefficient foraging,induced by interference competition at high densities,affected the behaviour of rainbow trout.

The Influence of British and American Cultural Differences on English and American Literature Review

In an era of globalization, cross-cultural communication is not strange to us with studyingand travelling abroad, and even immigration becoming a part of our lives. In such an era of international communication being increasingly frequent, learning the culture of other countries will help usto do well in international communication. The paperis going to study,from the British and American history and culture, the differences of all kinds of their present acts in the world and impacts of the historical reasons on their own citizens, to not only let the reader understand the cultural differences between these two countries, but also to get the cause of the difference to better understand their cultures.

Sediment Delivered in the Upper Part of Mosul Using Physical Model

Mosul dam is the biggest hydraulic structure in Iraq located on the River Tigris 60 km northwest of Mosul city. Its storage capacity is 11. 11 × 109 m3 and it had been in operation since 1986. A physical distorted model with movable bed having a vertical scale 1： 100 and a horizontal scale 1：1000 was used to conduct the experiments relating the water level at the reservoir and water discharge upstream the reservoir with the bed load transport rate. The model represents the first 15 km of most northern part of Mosul dam reservoir. The construction of the model was based on bathymetric survey conducted in 2009. Twenty-four experiments were executed using four different discharges （0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 L/s） which represent the average discharges in the flood period of River Tigris. At each individual discharge six operations were assumed where the reservoir＇s water level was 305, 307, 309, 310, 312, 315 meters above sea level respectively. In all the experiments conducted, bedload transport was measured in the physical model at section representing the River Tigris 1 km upstream the reservoir. The results showed that the bedload rate was decreasing when the water level within the reservoir was increasing. It was also evident that bedload transport rate dramatically decreased at level 310 meters above sea level onward. This is due to the fact that at this level represent the effect of backwater which was noticeable on the river cross section

Grasping AI in Videogames Distinguishing Human-Computer-Interaction from Human-Human-Interaction

Videogames feature non-player-characters. Such ingame entities are controlled by artificial intelligence that is sought to match the user＇s skill. Defining and understanding the given human-computer-interaction videogame genres can be differentiated in either competitive matches or coherent plays. While artificial intelligence answers in responsive patterns only, natural intelligence holds creative qualities. A match is a game that creates suspense over the question of who is going to prevail. It can thus only be a game that features competing human players, since a computerized opponent is unaware of the game＇s significance. The nature of the match lies within the interactive trial. In a play, however, there is no battle but only cooperation. The aesthetics of such a play unfold to the audience, its purpose is showing rather than experiencing and/or competitively interacting. Artificial intelligence is then a surrogate that is often used in videogames to create an illusion of competition or battle. Its actual purpose is not to feature a worthy opponent, but to be a programmatic loser. In narrative and linear videogames, such as AI takes the role of a supporting actor whose function in the plot is, to signalize the player＇s dominance.

Tasting Beijing,Approaching Olympic Games

Sponsored by Beijing Tour Administration,co-organized by Singapore Conference and Exhibition Administration Service Co.,Ltd.and Beijing Relation Exhibition Co.,Ltd.,“2007 Beijing International Tour Expo”was held in Beijing in June.Commissioner Du Jiang gave a presentation with the opening ceremmony,and pointed out that with the theme of“Tasting Beijing,Approaching Olympic Games”,the expo was a platform of promoting the communication and cooperation between the Chinese and foreign tourism industries.

Mixed Feelings about Chinese Tourists

INTERNATIONAL travel is becoming fashionable in China and more people are beginning to explore the outside world.Many countries are trying to attract Chinese tourists.Many foreigners,however,have a somewhat love-hate relationship with Chinese visitors.They love Chinese tourists’high level of consumption,and the economic benefits it brings.

Context Sensitive Solutions： A Case Study of Jamestown Corridor Improvements in Virginia

This paper deals with a case study of a context-sensitive solution of the Jamestown Corridor, located along James City County and the City of Williamsburg in Virginia. The corridor is an important passageway to many tourist attractions in the Historic Triangle of Hampton Roads. During the improvement process, the project should minimize the congestions impacts, maximize convenience, safety and reliability of the surrounding transportation systems, minimize social impact to the local community and address long-term capacity issues. Through the project, the agencies involved learned that projects near any of the historic resources must be context-sensitive and should include all stakeholders early and often to make sure that a comprehensive schedule was developed. They also learned that time should be considered for review and input from key regional stakeholders for a variety of issues.

Ancient Canal Town——Tai’erzhuang

IN June 2014,the 2,500-year-old Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal,running a length of 1,797 kilometers,made the World Cultural Heritage list.The 42.5-kilometer-long stretch at Tai’erzhuang（now a district of Zaozhuang City,Shandong Province）,at the junction of the upper and middle sections,is widely known as the sole east-west waterway of the Grand Canal.

Boost Cruise Development by Improving the Personnel Training Level

With the frequent international communication, cruise tourism is no longer a strange way of entertainment for visitors in our country. Especially in recent years, Chinese outbound tourism continues to increase. Last year, the number has reached nearly one hundred million. The cruise tourism as an important way of outbound tourism has also been favored by a number of people of all ages. At the same time, in our country Shanghai, Tianjin, Xiamen and Sanya had built facilities and relatively complete cruise home port, which receive visitors from all over the world and large international passenger liner. However, because Chinese cruise industry started relatively late, talent cultivation is relatively backward, which results in cruise talent gap. This paper is based on the current situation of the development of the cruise industry in our country, comprehensively and objectively analysis the demand of talents on the cruise, and aims to put forward some suggestions for the training of the cruise personnel in our country.

Biodiesel Production from Crude Jatropha curcas L.Oil with Trace Acid Catalyst

Biodiesel produced from crude Jatropha curcas L.oil with trace sulfuric acid catalyst(0.02%-0.08% oil) was investigated at 135-184 ℃.Both esterification and transesterification can be well carried out simultane-ously.Factors affecting the process were investigated,which included the reaction temperature,reaction time,the molar ratio of alcohol to oil,catalyst amount,water content,free fatty acid(FFA) and fatty acid methyl ester(FAME) content.Under the conditions at 165 ℃,0.06%(by mass) H2SO4 of the oil mass,1.6 MPa and 20:1 methanol/oil ratio,the yield of glycerol reached 84.8% in 2 hours.FFA and FAME showed positive effect on the transesterification in certain extent.The water mass content below 1.0% did not show a noticeable effect on trans-esterification.Reaction kinetics in the range of 155 ℃ to 175 ℃ was also measured.

The Influence of Transportation Revolution on Local Tourism Development--An Example of Puli Area of Taiwan

The purpose of this research is to explore the influence of transportation revolution on local tourism development. The study area--Pull area--is a place to stop along the way to the two most popular international destinations--Sun Moon Lake and Qing-Jing Farm of Central Taiwan. Pull area once was the tourism community providing dining and accommodation facilities for the travelers heading to the two international destinations, but since the availability of National Highway 6 more efficiently connects to National Highway 1 to the public, travelers get to the two international destinations becoming easier. Pull area definitely transformed its nodal function of tourism, and further reconstructed the new spatial relationships among the travel nodes of destinations after the transportation revolution. In this research, the author termed this phenomenon of travel nodes of secondary nodes or primary nodes emerging on rapidly in tourism development after transportation revolution to ＂vine effect＂.

Travelling Solitary Wave Solutions for Generalized Time-delayed Burgers-Fisher Equation

In this paper,travelling wave solutions for the generalized time-delayed Burgers-Fisher equation arestudied.By using the first-integral method,which is based on the ring theory of commutative algebra,we obtain aclass of travelling solitary wave solutions for the generalized time-delayed Burgers-Fisher equation.A minor error in theprevious article is clarified.

Reading Course and Cross-Cultural Communication of Tourism English

Tourism English reading is the course with the largest amount of information that students know and understand professional knowledge background of tourism, development history of tourism industry and classification and development status of tourism industry; which is also a course that students learn with relative difficulty. In tourism English reading teaching, introducing the cross-cultural communication knowledge and enhancing cross-cultural communication ability will help students to overcome the obstacles in reading, so as to make this course play its role.

Factors Influencing the Energy Efficiency of Tourism Transport in China

Transport is a major component of energy consumption and 002 emissions in travelling. Understanding changes in the energy efficiency of tourism transport （EETT） and factors affecting this is important to the promotion of low-carbon tourism. This paper established a new method following the top to bottom principle and analyzed EETT variation characteristics and influencing factors from 1994 to 2013 in China. We found that the energy consumption of tourism transport （ECTT） increased from 178.21 PJ in 1994 to 565.82 PJ in 2013 at an average annual growth rate of 6.27%; CO2 emissions of tourism transport （CETT） went up from 14.96×10^6t to 47.94×10^6 t due to person-trip and trip distance growth. EETT went from 3.22×10^6 person-trips PJ^-1 in 1994 to 5.99×10^6 person-trips PJ^-1 in 2013 at an average annual growth rate of 4.90%, and the CO2 emissions of tourism transport unit person-trips （CETTU） shifted from 26.07 kg person-trips^-1 in 1994 to 14.01 kg person-trips^-1 in 2013. Energy intensity decline, scale effects and policy promotion were key factors that enhanced EETT. Meanwhile, trip mode changes and enjoyment-oriented transport hindered EETT. Based on our analysis, we suggest methods to decrease ECTT and CETT. and enhance EETT.

On Estimating Transportation Energy Consumption and Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Off-shore Island Tourism——A Case Study of Haikou City, China

In the tourism industry, transportation is the greatest consumer of energy and contributes the largest amount of CO2 emissions （ECCE）. Airplane flights make up between 60% and 70% of all forms of tourism transport. Since airplane travel is the main way for tourists to access islands, airplane travel receives considerable attention in the study of the relationship between island tourism transportation, environment and economy. However, the pa- rameters adopted to estimate ECCE in the literature are usually either out-of-date or taken from papers not written in China. To improve the accuracy of estimates, all the parameters used in this paper are current and were obtained locally. Based on these parameters and a bottom-up approach, a more accurate estimation of ECCE for the off-shore island city of Haikou was obtained in 2012. The results indicate that 24.30% of the city＇s energy con- sumption, 33.89 P J, was due to tourism transportation, while CO2 emissions were 2.54 Mt. It is incorrect to assume that tourism is ＂an industry with no pollution＂. In Haikou, for example, tourism turns out to be the major form of en- ergy consumption in the city. This paper makes several suggestions intended to minimize the negative environ- mental impact from tourism transportation. These include recommending longer stays, a decrease in the number of flights, taxation of airplane emissions, and the setting up an environmental recovery fund.

Green Tourism in Japan: Opportunities for a GIAHS Pilot Site

Numerous studies have looked at sustainable tourism as the key to balancing environmental conservation and development in agricultural heritage sites.A microcosm of the traditional rural productive landscape,the Noto Satoyama Satoumi landscape has been designated as a pilot site for the Globally Important Agricultural Heritage System （GIAHS） in Japan.This paper discusses the challenges and opportunities of green tourism,focusing on the GIAHS program.The secondary objective is to explore the features of green tourism in Japan.First,the historic development and current state of green tourism in Japan is reviewed.The case in study is a typical green tourism project concerning an organization of farmers in the Noto Peninsula-the Shunran-no-Sato group.The question of how to develop green tourism in the context of the GIAHS project and considering the sustainable development of rural society and its farming systems by increasing incomes of rural households,is investigated.The study combined literature review and in-depth interviews with farm inn owners to investigate tourism development in the depopulated rural areas of Japan,examine its challenges,and present this information to international readers.

SIZE MATTERS:PITCH DIMENSIONS CONSTRAIN INTERACTIVE TEAM BEHAVIOUR IN SOCCER

Pitch size varies in official soccer matches and differently sized pitches are adopted for tactical purposes in small-sided training games. Since interactive team behaviour emerges under constraints, the authors evaluate the effect of pitch size （task） manipulations on interactive team behaviour in small-sided soccer games. Four 4-a-side （plus goalkeepers） small-sided games were played： a reference game （30×20 m）, length manipulation （24×20 m）, width manipulation （30×16 m）, and a combina- tion （2× 16 m）. Using position data （100Hz）, three measures quantifying the teams＇ interaction were calculated： longitudinal inter-team distance, laterM inter-team distance, and surface area difference. Means and standard deviations, correlations and coupling values were calculated. Running correlations were calculated over a 3-s window to evaluate interaction patterns. As expected, a shorter pitch results in smaller longitudinal inter-team distance, lateral inter-team distance decreased for narrow pitches, and smaller total playing area resulted in decreased surface area. Unanticipated, a crossover effect was present; length and width manipulations also triggered changes in lateral and longitudinal direction respectively. Inter-team distances and surface area difference differed significantly across conditions. Interaction patterns differed across conditions for all measures. So, highly tactically relevant, soccer teams seem to adapt their interactive behaviour according to pitch size in small-sided gaines.

Application of orthogonal design to the extraction and HPLC analysis of sedimentary pigments from lakes of the Tibetan Plateau

Sedimentary pigments are useful proxy indicators of phytoplankton biomass, community structure, primary productivity and human influence in lacustrine and oceanic ecosystems. Pigments are relatively labile due to their complex chemical structures, which makes the extraction and analysis of sedimentary pigments challenging. In addition, it is important to select appropriate methods to study sedimentary pigments in regions which lack previous investigations. In this study, we adopted the L9（34） orthogonal design to develop methods of extraction and HPLC （high performance liquid chromatography） analysis of sedimentary pigments at two lakes on the Tibetan Plateau： meromictic lake-Dagze Co and dimictic lake-Jiang Co. The orthogonal design comprises 9 combinations of various parameters for extraction and HPLC analysis. The results show that the type and volume of solvent are the most important factors for pigment extraction, and the mobile phase and column selection are the most important for HPLC analysis. For the study sites, we found that the best methods to extract sedimentary pigments are as follows： the use of a mixture of acetone：methanol：water （80： 15：5, v：v：v） as the extraction solvent; sol- vent/sample ratio of 10 mL/g; sonication for 30 s and standing extraction for 6 h. The best methods for HPLC analysis are as follows： Zorbax Eclipse plus C8 column with mobile phase A, methanol：acetonitrile：0.25 M aqueous pyridine （50： 25：25, v ： v ： v） and mobile phase B, methanol： acetonitrile： acetone （20： 60： 20, v： v： v）; pH of mobile phase A adjusted to 6 with acetic acid; and HPLC column temperature maintained at 40~C. The study provides an experimental basis for future investigations of past changes in primary productivity and the response of lake ecosystems to climate change and human activities on the Tibetan Plateau.