“人—业—地”综合减贫分析框架下的精准扶贫政策评价——两个典型贫困村的对比分析

基于"人—业—地"综合减贫分析框架,构建了"人—业—地"综合减贫的精准扶贫政策评价指标体系,以两个集中连片特困区典型贫困村为个案进行了对比分析。结果表明:不同贫困村在"人、业、地"各维度扶贫政策实施差异会导致扶贫政策实施成效差异;贫困村村民对扶贫政策实施整体认同度较好,且感知面向"人、地"的政策好于面向"业"的政策,符合精准扶贫"以人为本"的理念;扶贫政策实施成效方面,贫困户的生计资本、产业包容性、社会排斥等方面得到了实质性改善,而在可行能力、产业脆弱性方面改善较小。根据研究结果,提出了今后扶贫政策制定与实施中的优化建议。

丹寨万达小镇模式下乡村非遗资源的保护利用实践

特色小镇是中国当代乡村振兴战略的现实课题,丹寨万达小镇作为一个以非物质文化遗产资源保护利用为主题的特色小镇,是研究非遗资源和非遗资源保护利用实践的一个典范。本文通过对“丹寨万达小镇模式”的解读,剖析其发展过程及模式构建对乡村非遗资源的保护利用实践与乡村振兴的作用及影响,试图为特色小镇建设和区域尺度下的乡村非遗实践提供依据和参考。研究发现:(1)丹寨万达小镇模式以乡村非遗资源为核心,构成稳定的“人—业—地”实践模式,产生城乡互动效应,实现了特色小镇可持续发展;(2)该模式激活了区域内乡村非遗资源保护利用实践的积极性,持续深化了文旅融合,逐步实现了非遗复兴和乡村振兴。

Spatial and Temporal Variability of Farm Size in China in Context of Rapid Urbanization

During the last 30 years, China has witnessed rapid economic growth and dramatic urbanization, with about 1.2 x 107 rural people migrating annually into urban areas. Meanwhile, especially since 1995, the rural population has been declining, which is closely linked to land circulation and the increase in farm size in many villages. Increasing scale of farming operations is often regarded as a key to avoiding the abandonment of farmland and to increasing the income of rural farmers. However, until now, there has been little research on the spatial and temporal variability of farm size at the national level in China. Using data from the national agricultural cen- sus and rural household surveys, this study examines the characteristics of land use circulation and the consequent changes in the area of farmland per household. The results show that： 1） 12.2% of rural households were involved in land circulation at the national level. The highest amounts of land circulation have occurred in those provinces where the farmland per capita is more than 0.2 ha or less than 0.1 ha; 2） over 80% of households operate less than 0.6 ha of farmland; 3） the proportion of mid-sized farms （between 0.2 ha and 0.6 ha per household） has decreased while the smallest and the largest farms have increased. This bears some similarity with the phenomenon known as the ＇disappearing middle＇, referring to the changes in farm size. This study establishes a framework for interpreting the factors affecting the changes in farm size in China, which include two promoting factors （urbanization and agriculture） and four hindering fac- tors （agricultual land system, household registration, stable clan system, and farmland loss）.

Efforts for Revitalization of Northeast China

Recently,China Europe Nusiness School has signed a partnership agreement with Jilin government,starting the

Geographical Patterns of Cultural Values, Entrepreneurship and Economic Development

Globalization and information technologies are new realities that have brought profound changes in lifestyles worldwide. This is reshaping the overall pattern of life custom, cultural production, consumption and trade in a world increasingly filled with changes and economic diversity. In an age of globalization, often ask questions and discussions concerning about successes and vitalities of nations. Globalization and technological revolutions race ahead and transform the world, and how to traces the real business to success. There are thousands of good examples where any nations have shown entrepreneurial talents and have succeeded. It is culture that principally explains, in many cases, or geographical pattern where some countries are developing more rapidly and more successfully than others. How to explain economic success of this nation＇s miracles or simple the secret is creative entrepreneurships？ This paper explores the complex interactions between the geographic pattern from one side and cultural, technological and social aspects of entrepreneurship from other side which generates the dynamic processes of the world economy. In this era of transformation, creativity and knowledge entrepreneurship are powerful tools of fostering economic progress and development.

Water Resource Management in the Intermountain Izeh Plain,Southwest of Iran

Ever growing demand for water for agricultural activities in the Izeh Plain has enhanced the use of groundwater. Due to enormous groundwater abstraction since 1985, the overall static water level has receded by more than 5 meters reflecting that the aquifer is under stress condition. As a result, interest is focused on application of artificial recharge as an option for groundwater management to augment water supply in this area. Therefore, in the present investigations, suitable sites for artificial recharge were selected by an integrated surface and sub-surface assessment of the area. On the basis of the data collected from four target points, it was realized that the selected sites for artificial recharge could not meet water demand of the area. In this study attention was also paid to utilization of the existing Miangran Lake water as an alternative to combat water shortage for irrigation. The study further indicated that the available Miangran Lake water could be used for irrigation of the reclaimed agricultural land and enabling to convert 20o0 hectares of rain-fed land into irrigation. The total cost to utilize lake water is US$ 2,756,729 and it was estimated that the project could recoup the investment within 5 years which is quite reasonable in this water scarcity prone area.

Resource Utilization Pattern and Development in Hills——A Case for the Pindar Basin of Garhwal Himalaya, India

Agrarian system is well adapted in Himalayan eco-system. Hence, the people have adopted the traditional subsistence cereal farming and it becomes the main stay of Himalayan people. About 80 percent of the workable force is attached with agriculture and its allied practices, according to the census of 1991. Although, horticultural farming runs parallel with agriculture, its proportion in terms of land is quite less, resulted in a negligible place in the economy of the region. Human resources, mainly men are attached with national security after recruitment in Army. While, women play a vital and integrated role in maintaining the workable potential in the field of agriculture and are known as backbone of economy. An animal resource implies foremost and wider part in agricultural system and economy as well. Water resources are unutilized yet, while almost all the major rivers of our country are originated from and flowing through this region. Increasing population causes forest resources depletion. The economy of the region is rested either on 憈raditional cereal farming?or 憁oney order based?development, which could not take place due to its remoteness from the main streams of the country. The impact of modern technology with innovation in agricultural system remains impracticable due to unwillingness of people in one hand and on the other hand, adverse geographical conditions like topography, climate etc. which could not permit the uses of modern innovation in the field of agriculture. As for infra-structurally,this region is lacked behind, due to its inaccessibility. While, this region is bestowed with numerous rivers, many places for tourists and pilgrims, and huge forest resources. They might be used evenly in the development processes. The practice of tourism will help for the further development, particularly, in the wake of the newly born state, Uttaranchal. The present paper aims to evaluate the present potentiality of resources and their balanced utilization in the Pindar Basin. A precise study has been done on resource utilization, ecology and environment with keeping view in mind that more or less exploitation of resources could not influence the environment and the economy of the region.

Technical efficiency and its determinants of the various cropping systems in the purple-soiled,hilly region of southwestern China

This study examines the technical efficiency(TE) differences among typical cropping systems of smallholder farmers in the purple-soiled hilly region of southwestern China.Household-,plot-,and crop-level data and community surveys were conducted to explore TE levels and determinants of typical cropping systems by using a translog stochastic frontier production function.Results indicate significant difference in TE and its determinants among cropping systems.The mean TEs of the rice cropping system(R),the rice-rape cropping system(RR),the rice-rape-potato cropping system(RRP),and the oil cropping system(O) are0.86,0.90,0.84,and 0.85,respectively,which are over 1.17 times higher than those of the maize-sweet potato-other crop cropping system(MSO) and the maize-sweet potato-wheat cropping system(MSW) at0.78 and 0.69,respectively.Moreover,Technical inefficiency(TIE) of different cropping systems is significantly affected by characteristics of the household as well as plot.However,the impact of land quality,mechanical cultivation conditions,crop structure,farming system,farm radius,household type,cultivated land area per capita,and annual household income per capitalon TIE vary by cropping system.Additionally,output elasticity of land,labor,and capital,as a group,is greater than the one of agricultural machinery and irrigation.Finally,when household-owned effective agricultural labor is at full farming capacity,optimal plot sizes for the R,RR,RRP,MSO,MSW,and 0 cropping systems are 1.12hm^2,0.35 hm^2,0.25 hm^2,2.82 hm^2,1.87 hm^2,and 1.17hm^2,respectively.

LAND RECLAMATION PROCESS IN NORTHEAST CHINA SINCE 1900

Northeast China is an important agricultural region in China. The NortheastPlain is the largest plain in the country and one of the three famous black soil zones in the world.Despite of fertility of the soil, however, large-scale agricultural development mainly took placesince 1900. The land exploitation and utilization has been fast and intensive in this region sincethen and change in the land-cover process has been remarkable. Both national and internationalresearchers on land use and land cover are paying more attention to these processes in this regionand their implication for local ecological environment. This article discusses the land reclamationprocesses and their main driving forces in Northeast China since 1900. According to the research,the 20th century was the most important period for land reclamation in Northeast China. In theseyears the rate, intensity and quantity of land reclamation have been staggering, and more than 100000km^2 of land was converted into farmland. This magnitude of land reclamation inland is unique inthe world. Research on the land reclamation of Northeast China can provide some data on the effectof human activity on environment. As in many other places in the world, the primary driving force ofreclamation in Northeast China was the increasing pressure of population. In the 20th century thepopulation increased from 10 x 10~6 to 110 x 10~6 in Northeast China and from 400 x 10~6 to 1. 3 x10^9 in China. Population pressure is thus the most important driving force for land reclamation.

Non-agricultural Population, Employment and Land:An Econometric Study in an Integrated Framework

Abstract： his paper explored the relationships among nonagricultural population, employment and land in an integrated framework, taking account of rural-urban land conversion into Carlino-Mills＇s model on the regional growth. Two-stage-leastsquares and ordinary-least-squares were employed. Recent data for district （grade） cities in China （from 1999 to 2005） were used. Our results showed that： first, urban population influenced non-agricultural employment, and vice versa, but the evidence that non-agricultural employment influenced urban population was stronger than the evidence that urban population influenced non-agricultural employment; second, urban population and non-agricultural employment both influenced ruralurban land conversion, but the evidence that urban population influenced rural urban land conversion was more stronger than the evidence that non-agricultural employment did. We also found that： first, the employment from the secondary industry influenced urban population in a positive way, and vice versa, but the employment from the tertiary industry influenced urban population in a negative way, and vice versa; second, the employment from the secondary industry influenced rural-urban land conversion in a positive way, but the employment from the tertiary industry influenced rural-urban land conversion in a negative way. We can conclude that the key of urbanization is to speed up the process of non-agricultural employment, especially the employment from the tertiary industry, which might promote non-agricultural population, employment and land harmoniously.

A simple and inexpensive method for muddy shore profiling

There are several well-established methods for obtaining beach profiles, and more accurate and precise high-tech methods are emerging. Traditional low-cost methods requiring minimal user skill or training are still popular among professionals, scientists, and coastal zone management practitioners. Simple methods are being developed with a primary focus on sand and gravel beaches. This paper describes a simple, low-cost, manual field method for measuring profiles of beaches, which is particularly suitable for muddy shores. The equipment is a type of flexible U-tube manometer that uses liquid columns in vertical tubes to measure differences in elevation; the supporting frame is constructed from wooden poles with base disks, which hold measuring scales and a PVC tube. The structure was trialed on a mudflat characterized by a 20~0-cm-thick surface layer of silt and clay, located at the Kutubdia Island, Bangladesh. The study results are discussed with notes on the method＇s applicability, advantages and limitations, and several optional modifications for different scenarios for routine profiling of muddy shores. The equipment can be used by one person or two people, and the accuracy of the method is comparable to those in other methods. The equipment can also be used on sandy or gravel beaches.

The Changing Landscape of Higher Education in Libya

The development of Higher Education has expanded greatly across the Arab world and this is certainly evident in Libya, where 24 new universities have been established in a four-year period. By 2025, there will be half a million university students, double the current numbers. To cope with this rapid expansion, a huge building programme has been implemented, resulting in modern, purpose-built structures dominating the sky line and bringing a new dimension to the traditional environment. Interviews with students, staff, and management from two universities show that, apart from the impact this expansion has had on the physical landscape, there have also been cultural and political changes. Libyan university staff have been sent on scholarships to English speaking countries to improve their language skills as all teaching is carried out through the medium of English. There has consequently been an acute shortage of teaching staff resulting in foreign workers being recruited from Asia and the Middle East. The curriculum has been modified and traditional Libyan society is resistant to new methodology. None of this has been helped by political changes and developments. Possible solutions for the future of quality Higher Education provision in Libya include continuing professional development programmes for staff, quality assurance, improvement of resources, training in modern technology and an approach to education to help break down the barriers between generations

Research on the Tourism talents training mechanism of Poyang Lake Ecological Economic Zone

In order to promote the tourism development of Poyang Lake Ecological Economic Zone, to attract more customers, to build an effective personnel training mechanism, training professionals is very necessary. The advantages of Poyang Lake Ecological Economic Zone tourism development are introduced in this paper, and pointed out that the tourism talent training needs analysis of talent training status and improvement measures are proposed, including the integration of the region education resources, pay attention to the skilled personnel training, improve the teaching curriculum setting, improve the quality of Teachers, strengthen the construction of training base.

Research on the coordination of the urbanization level and the economic development in China

At present, part of the local government officials who like to do grandiose things to impress people blindly promote the development of the real estate, resulting in the gap with the population migration, so many ghost towns are born. In addition, while building the local infrastructure of some of the districts, they also ignore the problem of the rational allocation of their own financial funds. Visibly, the implementation of the coordination between the two will help make China＇s urbanization level advancing in the health and right directions.

Cultivated Grassland Development on the Tibetan Plateau:Current Status,Challenges,Suggestions

The Tibetan Plateau is vital for animal husbandry in China,and relies heavily on its natural grasslands.However,grassland degradation,increasing livestock numbers,and uneven grazing practices are exacerbating the grass-livestock imbalance.Cultivated grasslands are a key strategy to address this issue.In this review,we evaluate the current status,challenges,and suggestions for developing and managing Tibetan Plateau cultivated grasslands.While discernible advancements have been made in the cultivated grasslands in this region,persistent challenges exist.These challenges stem from issues like low awareness and enthusiasm among farmers and herders,uneven cultivated grassland distribution,and limited scientific and technological contributions.Based on these challenges,we propose strengthening the promotion of artificial forage,implementing a rationalized grassland layout,and improving the scientific and technological contributions to forage species selection,sowing,management,and storage.In summary,cultivated grasslands in the Tibetan Plateau offer promising prospects but still face significant challenges.Overcoming these obstacles will require innovative approaches to unlock the full potential of cultivated grasslands in this unique ecological niche.