“人法地”:《老子》政治哲学的核心及现代价值刍议——以钱锺书关于《老子》的“两副哲学”观点为中心

《老子》"人法地,地法天,天法道,道法自然"中的"人"应该划分为两种人:"大人"(圣人)和"众人"(凡人)。前者属于政治的统治者,他们不仅可以法地,同时也应该法天、道、自然;后者则为被统治者,他们只能法地。政治的对象和基础是凡人,基于天、道和自然的品质特性与人有着巨大的质的差异,如人效法之,将使人抽象化,丧失人之"属地"特性,从而抽调了政治的基础,使政治走上"非政治"的道路。所以,"人法地"成为《老子》政治哲学的核心和基础。由此派生出《老子》政治哲学的清醒冷静的现实感。这样的特质使之在中国传统政治生活中发挥了至关重要的底色作用。现代政治要避免所造成的政治困难,借鉴和反思"人法地"的思想不失为一良好途径。

“依法治校”与“以人为本”关系之解读

“依法治校”与“以人为本”是两种办学理念,“依法治校”的“法”应是一个从工具到信仰的进路,“以人为本”的实现则是一个从次位到依归的过程,二者在高校管理中具有同等重要的地位,“人法双馨”是当下学校管理的现实出路。

论官僚制“人法之辩”的困境及出路

本文分析了韦伯组织形态理论的缺陷,指出官僚制的实质在于人治与法治之辩,具体体现在“人法之辩”的传统误解——人法对立和自律与他律的矛盾。提出官僚制内在两难冲突的解决出路在于自律与他律的兼用,组织价值、人格理性价值的重新认识,具体途径在于“教主刑辅”。

Application of constructed wetlands treatment technique for stormwater runoff pollution control

In order to improve the pollution control effect of nitrogen phosphorus and heavy metals in stormwater runoff by using the constructed wetlands factors such as medium plants pretreatments etc.that may influence the removal efficiency are discussed based on the current studies. The pollution control effect can be enhanced by the improvement of the design methods the components and management of constructed wetlands.The design methods aimed at controlling the stormwater runoff should be based on the hydrological data accumulated for years.The development of novel medium and the selection of plants i.e. flood-tolerant and economical should be considered in advance. The management of constructed wetlands should be enhanced and the database of the stormwater in wetlands should be built.The discussion above should be effective in improving the pollution control effect in stormwater runoff by applying constructed wetlands.

Study on the Degradation Trend of Ryegrass-White Clover Artificial Grassland

[Objective] The study aimed to explore the degradation law and trend of artificial grassland. [Method] Taking the ryegrass （Lolium perenne） - white clover （ Trifolium repens） artificial grassland in Maiping Township, Guizhou Province as the research object, the grassland vegetation of 40 quadrate from different areas （area around the sheep shed, hilltop, hillside, flatland at the foot of the hill） were analyzed by comparing the dominance and richness index. [ Result] Degradation of different degrees appeared in various areas of this artificial grassland. To be specific, the degradation of grassland around the sheep shed was not serious for less consumption by the sheep; however, the areas on the hilltop and hillside degenerated to the grassland types of dallis grass （ Paspalum dilatatum Poir. ） -Indian lovegrass （ Eragrostis pilosa） and dallis grass - cogongrass [ Imperata cylindrica （ Linn. ） Beauv. ], respectively, and the area at the foot of the hill degenerated to the grassland type dominated by garland chrysanthetnum （ Chrysanthemum coronarium L. ） and knotgrass （ Paspalum distichum L. ）. [ Conclusion ] This study provided a basis for grassland improvement as well as the efficient and sustainable utilization of grazing-type artificial grassland in South China.

Key Technology in Multi UAV Conflict Detection and Resolution Strategy

Based on ADS-B surveillance data,this paper proposes a multi-unmanned aerial vehicle(multi-UAV)collision detection method based on linear extrapolation for ground-based UAV collision detection and resolution,thus to provide early warning of possible conflicts.To address the problem of multi-UAV conflict,the basic ant colony algorithm is introduced.The conflict simplification model of the traditional basic ant colony algorithm is optimized by adding a speed regulation strategy.A multi-UAV conflict resolution scheme is presented based on speed regulation and heading strategies.The ant colony algorithm is improved by adding angle information and a queuing system.The results show that the improved ant colony algorithm can provide multi-UAV joint escape routes for a multi-UAV conflict situation in airspace.Unlike the traditional ant colony algorithm,our approach converges to the optimization target.The time required for the calculation is reduced by 43.9%,and the total delay distance caused by conflict resolution is reduced by 58.4%.

Ecosystem Health Assessment of Honghu Lake Wetland of China Using Artificial Neural Network Approach

Honghu Lake,located in the southeast of Hubei Province,China,has suffered a severe disturbance during the past few decades.To restore the ecosystem,the Honghu Lake Wetland Protection and Restoration Demonstration Project(HLWPRDP) has been implemented since 2004.A back propagation(BP) artificial neural network(ANN) approach was applied to evaluatinig the ecosystem health of the Honghu Lake wetland.And the effectiveness of the HLWPRDP was also assessed by comparing the ecosystem health before and after the project.Particularly,12 ecosystem health indices were used as evaluation parameters to establish a set of three-layer BP ANNs.The output is one layer of ecosystem health index.After training and testing the BP ANNs,an optimal model of BP ANNs was selected to assess the ecosystem health of the Honghu Lake wetland.The result indicates that four stages can be identified based on the change of the ecosystem health from 1990 to 2008 and the ecosystem health index ranges from morbidity before the implementation of HLWPRDP(in 2002) to middle health after the implementation of the HLWPRDP(in 2005).It demonstrates that the HLWPRDP is effective and the BP ANN could be used as a tool for the assessment of ecosystem health.

An improved artificial bee colony algorithm for steelmaking–refining–continuous casting scheduling problem

Steelmaking–refining–Continuous Casting(SCC) scheduling is a worldwide problem, which is NP-hard. Effective SCC scheduling algorithms can help to enhance productivity, and thus make significant monetary savings. This paper develops an Improved Artificial Bee Colony(IABC) algorithm for the SCC scheduling. In the proposed IABC, charge permutation is employed to represent the solutions. In the population initialization, several solutions with certain quality are produced by a heuristic while others are generated randomly. Two variable neighborhood search neighborhood operators are devised to generate new high-quality solutions for the employed bee and onlooker bee phases, respectively. Meanwhile, in order to enhance the exploitation ability, a control parameter is introduced to conduct the search of onlooker bee phase. Moreover, to enhance the exploration ability,the new generated solutions are accepted with a control acceptance criterion. In the scout bee phase, the solution corresponding to a scout bee is updated by performing three swap operators and three insert operators with equal probability. Computational comparisons against several recent algorithms and a state-of-the-art SCC scheduling algorithm have demonstrated the strength and superiority of the IABC.

Relief Degree of Land Surface and Population Distribution of Mountainous Areas in China

Evaluation on the population pressure in the mountainous areas is a necessary condition for the protection and good governance. The evaluation depends on accurate population density assessment. Traditional methods used to calculate population density often adopt the administrative region as a scale for statistical analysis. These methods did not consider the effects of the relief degree of land surface(RDLS) on the population distribution. Therefore they cannot accurately reflect the degree of population aggregation, especially in mountainous areas. To explore this issue further, we took the mountainous areas of China as the research area. China has A total area of 666 km2 can be classified as mountainous area,accounting for 69.4% of the country's total landmass. The data used in this research included the digital elevation model(DEM) of China at a scale of 1:1,000,000, National population density raster data, the DEM and the national population density raster data. First, we determined the relief degree of land surface(RDLS). Next, we conducted a correlation analysis between the population distribution and the RDLS using the Statistical Package for Social Science(SPSS). Based on the correlation analysis results and population distribution, this new method was used to revise the provincial population density of themountainous areas. The revised results were used to determine the population pressure of different mountainous areas. Overall, the following results were obtained:(1) The RDLS was low in most mountainous areas(with a value between 0 and 3.5) and exhibited a spatial pattern that followed the physiognomy of China;(2) The relationship between the RDLS and population density were logarithmic, with an R2 value up to 0.798(p<0.05), and the correlation decreased from east to west;(3) The difference between the revised population density(RPD) and the traditional population density(PD) was larger in the southeastern region of China than in the northwestern region;(4) In addition, compared with traditional results, the revised result indicated that the population pressure was larger. Based on these results, the following conclusions were made:(1) the revised method for estimating population density that incorporates the RDLS is reasonable and practical,(2) the potential population pressure in the southeastern mountainous areas is substantial,(3) the characteristics of the terrain in the high mountainous areas are important for the scattered distribution of the population, and(4) the population distribution of mountainous areas in China should be guided by local conditions, such as social, economic, and topographic conditions.

Contentious Discourses： Signifying on the Law in African American Writing

African American narratives are peopled with subjectivities struggling to retrieve and reconstruct themselves as persons--and thus citizens--through and against American legal narratives, where personhood and citizenship are concerned. Thus, there was the problematic for blacks of how to apply citizenship to their corporeal existence when they were labeled as property. The historical legal narrative of America was constructed on the power of the dominant white elite to prevent the emergence of a narrative of African American life other than that which they authorize, legislate, and narrate. To this end, it has been argued, that narratives in African American literature treat the question of the legal status of African Americans or have it as a fundamental trope of struggle in the narrative. This idea suggests that the law＇s ability as a shaper and determinant of African American social identity, presets the narrative base for African American narrative. This paper examines the relationship between ＂＇laws of separations＂, and African American narrative through a rereading of works of two contemporary novelists, Toni Morrison and Gloria Naylor. Their works, the author argue, are counter-positioned narratives that create contentious dialogue and elaborate the way in which segregationist codes and Jim Crow laws are grounded in the very nature of citizenship for African Americans.

Legal Status of Biobanks in the Contexts of Privacy Perception of Islamic Law

Development of Biotechnology has brought a feasibility of the scientific analysis on this biological data and the processing of personal data content within human biological materials. In this sense, it has been recognized as the main principle to protect the privacy of biological data belonging to individual since it can determine genetic makeup of an individual processing of personal data in the biological materials of human origin. Speaking of this context, Islam accepts human as the most dignified creation. This dignity given to human makes biological materials of human origin and human private. Privacy brings immunity. The responsibility to protect the human body has been given to mankind in order not to lose this dignity. This responsibility is not bounded by human＇s own body. It must protect the body privacy of next generation which is the heir of genetic heritage. This study will focus on the reflection of the privacy perception of the Islamic law towards body on the legality of human biological materials usage for research purposes.

Approaches to Census Mapping:Chinese Solution in 2010 Rounded Census

China still use sketch maps as control devices that guarantees consistency and accuracy of population counting in previous census.Although the rapid advancement of geospatial technologies provides many possible solutions of digital census mapping,existing researches do not answer which solution is suitable to China.Subject to many constraints originated from characteristics of China,a practical solution of census mapping based on remote sensing imagery and auxiliary geographic information was proposed and proved to be feasible through evaluation analysis and a three-stage pilot study.Imagery with 2.5 meters and higher resolution,innovative workflow of census areas delineation,easy-to-use census mapping software packages and training organization all together provide the all-around supports for the 2010 rounded census (the 6th census) mapping activities.A digital census geographic framework detailed at the level of enumeration area was established in the 2010 rounded census which fills in the gaps in the field of modern geospatial census in China.The spatially referenced digital census database,especially the detailed census units,is of great value in successive census,sampling survey and many other census-related fields.Future work including quality evaluation of census areas,census mapping solution in the Tibet Autonomous Region are also discussed.

The Oral Language as the Primary Medium Among Men

Nowadays, language has gained great importance due to mass media which allows men to interact with other people anytime and anywhere. Some issues arise： Do media change the way we communicate？ Are there any means in particular that can help people to communicate better？ This paper finds the route for individuals to communicate better, understand each other, and promote values of both our society and culture demand. Three main issues are presented to reach this goal： Firstly, the platonic theory about names, if things are called by convention or by its nature. Secondly, three methods by which these names are used： the grammar, the rhetoric, and the dialectics. Lastly, how orality is a fundamental means for human communication. Each of these subjects will become arguments to support that dialogue is the most suitable and human way for men to communicate, because it gives the necessary tools to man to build himself according to his nature, that is to say, the search for the good and the rational perfection.

Hybridizing artificial bee colony with biogeography-based optimization for constrained mechanical design problems

A novel hybrid algorithm named ABC-BBO, which integrates artificial bee colony(ABC) algorithm with biogeography-based optimization(BBO) algorithm, is proposed to solve constrained mechanical design problems. ABC-BBO combined the exploration of ABC algorithm with the exploitation of BBO algorithm effectively, and hence it can generate the promising candidate individuals. The proposed hybrid algorithm speeds up the convergence and improves the algorithm's performance. Several benchmark test functions and mechanical design problems are applied to verifying the effects of these improvements and it is demonstrated that the performance of this proposed ABC-BBO is superior to or at least highly competitive with other population-based optimization approaches.

Calculation on the pitch angle of rocker of a rocker lunar rover in uneven terrain and path planning

For the concerted motion of rocker lunar rover, the pitch angle of rocker of a rocker lunar rover in uneven terrain must be calculated. According to the character of passive shape-shifting adaptive suspension of rocker lunar rover, the model of rocker lunar rover and the model of terrain were both simplified. The pitch angle of rocker was calculated using forward solving, reverse solving and the method of offsetting the curve of terrain respectively. Because of the banishment of the nonlinearity of equation sets of calculation by reverse solving, the calculation of the pitch angle based on reverse solving was programmed by means of MATLAB. Simulations were carried out by means of ADAMS. The result verified the validity of the calculation based on reverse solving. It provides the theoretical foundation for motion planning and path planning of rocker lunar rover. As applications of the calculation of pitch angle of rocker, the multi-attribute decision making of path based on the concerted motion planning and the predictive control on lunar rover based on the Markov prediction model were introduced.

A control structure for the autonomous locomotion on rough terrain with a hexapod robot

A motion control structure used for autonomous walking on uneven terrain with a hexapod biomimetic robot is proposed based on function-behavior-integration. In the gait planning level, a set of local rules operating between adjacent legs were put forward and the theory of finite state machine was employed to model them; further, a distributed network of local rules was constructed to adaptively adjust the fluctuation of inter-leg phase sequence. While in the leg-end trajectory planning level, combined polynomial curve was adopted to generate foot trajectory, which could realize real-time control of robot posture and accommodation to terrain conditions. In the simulation experiments, adaptive regulation of inter-leg phase sequence, omnidirectional locomotion and ground accommodation were realized, moreover, statically stable free gait was obtained simultaneously, which provided hexapod robot with the capability of walking on slightly irregular terrain reliably and expeditiously.

A practical self-localization scheme for mobile robots using sonar sensors

A practical serf-localization scheme for mobile robots is proposed and implemented by utilizing sonar sensors. Specifically, the localization problem is solved by employing Monte Carlo method with a new mechanism proposed to calculate the samples＇ weights; the convergence and veracity of the sample set are guaranteed by the designed resampling and scattering process. The proposed serf-localization algorithm is fully implemented on a specific mobile robot system, and experimental results illustrate that it provides an efficient solution for the kidnapped problem.

Analysis of the concept of the negligence abettor

In Germany, Japan and in the Taiwan Region of our country, there is the long-standing debate about the joint negligence crime, and in the mainland of China, there are many scholars having discussed, but because the provisions on the joint crimes in the criminal law of our country exclude the joint negligence, the relevant discussions are not very sufficient. This paper talks about the views on the relevant issues of the joint negligence crimes, with the provisions on the traffic accident accomplice in the ＂Explanation of several issues concerning the specific application of law in the trial of criminal cases of traffic accidents＂ by the Supreme People＇s Court in 2000 as the starting point, in recognition of the negligent offender, the author further analyzes the constitution of the concept, in order to more clearly define the instigator of the negligent offender.

Comparison of Artificial Neural Networks,Geographically Weighted Regression and Cokriging Methods for Predicting the Spatial Distribution of Soil Macronutrients(N,P,and K)

Soil macronutrients(i.e. nitrogen(N), phosphorus(P), and potassium(K)) are important soils components and knowing the spatial distribution of these parameters are necessary at precision agriculture. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of different methods such as artificial neural networks(ANN) and two geostatistical methods(geographically weighted regression(GWR) and cokriging(CK)) to estimate N, P and K contents. For this purpose, soil samples were taken from topsoil(0–30 cm) at 106 points and analyzed for their chemical and physical parameters. These data were divided into calibration(n = 84) and validation(n = 22). Chemical and physical variables including clay, p H and organic carbon(OC) were used as auxiliary soil variables to estimate the N, P and K contents. Results showed that the ANN model(with coefficient of determination R^2 = 0.922 and root mean square error RMSE = 0.0079%) was more accurate compared to the CK model(with R^2 = 0.612 and RMSE = 0.0094%), and the GWR model(with R^2 = 0.872 and RMSE = 0.0089%) to estimate the N variable. The ANN model estimated the P with the RMSE of 3.630 ppm, which was respectively 28.93% and 20.00% less than the RMSE of 4.680 ppm and 4.357 ppm from the CK and GWR models. The estimated K by CK, GWR and ANN models have the RMSE of 76.794 ppm, 75.790 ppm and 52.484 ppm. Results indicated that the performance of the CK model for estimation of macro nutrients(N, P and K) was slightly lower than the GWR model. Also, the accuracy of the ANN model was higher than CK and GWR models, which proved to be more effective and reliable methods for estimating macro nutrients.