群星璀璨 代不绝人——读《折江省新闻志》的启示

由于对浙江新闻事业的喜爱，使我前前后后、断断续续，大致读完了《浙江省新闻志》全书160余万字，从中得益颇多，启示不少：

Impacts of flexible obstructive working environment on dynamic performances of inspection robot for power transmission line

The rigid-flexible coupling dynamic modeling and simulation of an inspection robot were conducted to study the influences of the flexible obstructive working environment i.e. overhead transmission line on the robot＇s dynamic performance. First, considering the structure of the obstacles and symmetrical mechanism of the robot prototype, four basic subactions were abstracted to fulfill full-path kinematic tasks. Then, a multi-rigid-body dynamic model of the robot was built with Lagrange equation, whil^e a multi-flexible-body dynamic model of a span of lin~ was obtained by combining finite element method （FEM）, modal synthesis method and Lagrange equation. The two subsystem models were coupled under rolling along no-obstacle segment and overcoming obstacle poses, and these simulations of three subactions along different spans of line were performed in ADMAS. The simulation results, including the coupling vibration parameters and driving moment of joint motors, show the dynamic performances of the robot along ftexibile obstructive working path： in flexible obstructive working environment, the robot can fulfill the preset motion goals; it responses slower in more flexible path; the fluctuation of robot as well as driving moment of the corresponding joint in startup and brake region is greater than that in rigid environment; the fluctuation amplitude increases with increasing working environment flexibility.

The love of a beloved hapatologist,Dr. Rudi Schmid

Dr. Schmid was a former dean of the University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine and a liver specialist whose early studies of porphyrins led to several significant fundamental discoveries. He was the first to demonstrate that there were different forms of porphyria. He also developed the first experimental model for hepatic porphyria, a model that for many years was used for most of the work in this field and cited in hundreds of papers. His contributions were recognized when he was awarded the 1990 Friedenwald Medal by the American Gastroenterological Association, its most coveted award for lifetime achievement.

Ambiguous Goods, Ambiguous Societies： On the Precariousness of Meanings

The producers-especially industrial-of artifacts view them as conveying distinct meanings, and they surround them with discourses to support their representation （marketing, packaging, and advertising）. Yet, these superimposed meanings say nothing about what the objects signify for their users. How are the objects manipulated by those who use them？ Only when both the meanings assigned by the manufacturers and those attributed by the users are known is it possible to determine the difference or similarity between the meanings imposed on objects from above and those produced by their users. We, thus, shift from an economic conception of consumption to one which emphasizes the cultural and communicative roles essential for granting material objects their social protagonism, freeing them from subordination to their producers without imprisoning them passively in the network of meanings constructed by consumers. Emphasizing that things have biographies, which can be more or less fully reconstructed and recounted, is useful not only for understanding the role that material objects perform in determining social phenomena independently from the intentions of their producers, but also for demonstrating the mutable character of their social presence. Objects, therefore, should be considered, not as commodities, but as materials for the social construction of reality, as provisional and negotiable meanings. It is precisely the provisional and negotiable nature of objects that makes them ontologically ambiguous things which communicate their own values, points of view, and so on.

DNA barcoding discriminates Pampus minor(Liu et al.,1998) from Pampus species

Although Pampus minor has been classified as a new species, it still remains controversial. Was used a DNA barcoding technique based on homologous sequence analysis of the16S and CO1 genes to clarify the confusion over the identification of this species. Among 12 individuals whose genetic distance was 0.002, two haplotypes were found. According to the 16S sequences, the genetic distances ranged from 0.121 to 0.133 between P. minor and other Pampus species. Although the same the genetic distance between the two P minor haplotypes was generated using CO1 sequences, the haplotype of Pm22-23, Pm28, and Pm32-33 was the same as that of Pci EF607462 and EF607466, while the haplotype of Pm24-27 and Pm29-31 was the same as that of Pci EF607461 and EF607463-65. In addition, the genetic distance ranged only from 0.002 to 0.005 between P minor and Pa EF607460 and EF607458. Apart from this, the interspecies genetic distances varied from 0.135 to 0.143 between P minor and other t＇ampus species according to the C01 sequences. Phylogenetic trees, using combined 16S and CO1 data, strongly support the viewpoint that all the P. minor individuals form one clade that is in a sister position to Pampus sp. individuals （EU357803, FJ434342-FJ434343, and FJ652423-FJ652427）.

Retaining Truth, Seeking Goodness and Preserving Beauty： Principles of Translating Tsangyang Gyatso＇s Poems Into English

Tsangyang Gyatso＇s poems were widely circulated and still enjoy popularity. He was an influential living Buddha （Renpoche） in Tibetan Buddhism and a talented and legendary historical figure. Nowadays, more and more scholars, poets and translators have devoted to the study of his works. Here we will focus on discussing the English translation of his poems and their value. We analyze texts of the Tsangyang Gyatso＇s Poems （Chinese-English） and seek to further study the translation principles such as ＂retaining truth, seeking goodness and preserving beauty＂. By doing this, we strive to improve the quality of translation, give consideration to the construction of the four elements such as poetic meaning, emotion, tone and intention, to enable the reader to achieve the senses and the acquisition of images, to provide more perfect translation in the ＂Tsangyang Gyatso Vogue＂, to promote the dissemination and sharing of Tibetan culture and to inject new vitality.

Biology and Culture

Human beings do not live in nature, they live in culture. Contrary to biological evolution, which is based on genetic inheritance, cultural change is transmitted by instruction. Simple beginnings of culture have been observed in various animals. However, the much advanced human culture became possible by its transmission by language, and by its being cumulative. The concept of cultural change as a progressive process, popular by 18th and 19th centuries thinkers, is nowadays rejected, and the uniqueness of each culture stressed. Although, there are some similarities between biological evolution and cultural change, important differences between these processes are emphasized. The rapid rate of cultural change （especially its technological aspect）, as compared to the rate of biological evolution, is noted. In addition, some cultural changes led to new phenomena, which in a time of crisis can be annulled. The possible consequences of the different rate of these two processes for humans as individuals, and for their societies are discussed.

Genomics and world health: hopes and realities

Due to lack of appreciation of the complexities of the interactions between nature and nurture, claims for the rapid improvements in medical care following the human genome project have been exaggerated. Although some progress has been made in certain fields, the full scope of genomic medicine may not be realised for many years.

Estimation of an Object＇s Physical Parameter by Force Sensors of a Dual-arm Robot

We are developing a nursing-care robot for physical care tasks. The concept of this robot is to promote the cared persons by the robot to activate their own motion ability as long as possible. This may lead to the improvement of the cared person＇s movement volition and movement abilities. In order to realize safe and human friendly robot care tasks, full body manipulation is an important technology, for which it is necessary to estimate the subject＇s center of gravity from the contact positions and forces with the robot＇s two arms. In this paper, we estimate the center of gravity of object based on the contact point and the contact force estimated by force sensor on both robot arms. The position of gravity center is important to realize care tasks stably. We performed experiments and simulations for the single point contact and dual points contact cases using a cylindrical object. As a result, it is found that although some errors were recognized in the experiments compared with the simulations, the relations between the contact positions and such errors were observed. Such experimental error mainly comes from the difference of shape between the real robot and the model of the robot in simulation.

Construction and Expression of β-galactosidase Genetically Engineered Lactococcus lactis

Our objective is to solve the lactose malabsorption and intolerance of human beings by combining micro-ecology path with genetic engineering technique. Plasmid pMG36e was used to clone and express a β-galactosidase gene from L. delbrueckü bulgaricus strain 1.1480 in the Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris MG1363 and Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis IL1403. The recombinant plasmid was preserved and proliferated in Escherichia coli ( E. coli) JM109, and transformed into MG1363 and IL1403 by electroporation. The protein expression was studied. ( 1 ) The bifidobacterium culture medium ( BBL) was suitable for the growth of the strain 1.1480. (2) With 13 amino acids at the N-terminus from the vector, β-gal- actosidase fusion protein (which retained the enzyme activity) could be successfully expressed in E. coli JM109, MG1363 and IL1403, but the expression quantity was larger in the former than in the latter two. (3) The SD sequence designed could be successfully recognized by both the E. coli and the Lactococcus lactis, but the expression level of the non-fusion β-galac- tosidase protein was lower than that of the fusion protein in the same host. The β-galactosidase genetically engineered E. coli JM109 is a useful tool to produce this enzyme in vitro . The signal peptide of the usp45 protein from the Lactococcus lac- tis can be added before the promoter sequence to promote β-galactosidase secretion from Lactococcus lactis . The potential ap- plication of the β-galactosidase genetically engineered MG1363 and IL1403 to cure the lactose malabsorption and lactose in- tolerance in both health food and medicine is promising.

大数据视阈中的明清进士家族研究——以CBDB、中华寻根网为例

作为关系型数据库,"中国历代人物传记数据库M ( China Biographical Database Project,简称CBDB)因拥有42万多条中国历代人物传记数据而成为从大数据视角整体关照明清进士家族的首选。它的“亲属关系”査询,能够呈现亲属关系网络,方便进行进士家族的梳理。同时,也应承认CBDB存在着匹配不准确、字段多重复等问题,这些问题可以借助家谱等文献得以解决。现阶段,中华寻根网提供了 2392种家谱影像全文,便于我们利用爬虫程序提取家谱目录中的相关信息,进而自动判断进士家族,这是对CBDB的有益补充。在此基础上,借助社会网络分析,可以直观呈现以血缘、姻亲为核心的进士家族世系图谱。姻亲关系能够将多个进士家族之间联系起来,可以使视角由单个进士家族向有关联的多个进士家族转移,例如可以考察这些姻亲家族在治经、传经等方面是否存在影响等。依赖家谱留存下来的家族成员的文学作品,既是考察家族文学发展流变的基础,又是建构更加广泛的社会网络分析图谱的基石。

Generation of isogenic single and multiplex gene knockout mice by base editing-induced STOP

Although CRISPR/Cas9 has been widely used to generate knockout mice, two major limitations remain:the founders usually carry a mixture of genotypes, and mosaicism harboring multiple genotypes.Therefore, it takes a long time to get homozygous mutants. Recently developed base editing(BE) system,which introduces C-to-T conversion without double strand DNA cleavage, has been used to introduce artificial stop codons(i-STOP) to prematurely terminate translation, providing a cleaner strategy for genome engineering. Using this strategy, we generated CD160 KO and VISTA/CD160 double KO mice by microinjection of a single sg RNA targeting CD160 and a mixture of sg RNAs targeting VISTA and CD160,respectively. The BE system induced STOP efficiently in mouse embryos and consequently in founder mice without detectable off-target. Most interestingly, the majority of the mutants harbor same genetic modifications, indicating we generated isogenic single and multiplex gene mutant mice by BE-induced STOP. We also obtained homozygous mutant mouse in F1 mice, demonstrating the accelerated strategy in generating animal models.

Characteristics of dental morphology in the Xinjiang Uyghurs and correlation with the EDARV370A variant

Teeth are one of the most important materials for anthropological studies because they are likely to be preserved in ancient remains.While the frequencies of dental characteristics can provide clues to the phylogeny of populations,genetic studies at the individual level can further reveal the biological mechanisms and evolutionary context of dental characteristics.In this study,by analyzing 38 dental characteristics of 242 Xinjiang Uyghur individuals,we found that(i)the dental characteristics of the Uyghurs showed evidence of admixture between European and East Asian populations.The admixture proportions were in line with those previously reported in population genetic studies;(ii)the Xinjiang Uyghur dental characteristics formed three clusters in pairwise correlation analysis.One of the main clusters consisted of characteristics including incisor shoveling,double shoveling and mesial ridge;and(iii)all the characteristics in this cluster were significantly correlated with the genetic variant EDARV370A.The extracted composite phenotypic factor was also significantly associated with EDARV370A,which explained 18%of the total phenotypic variance.This indicated a pleiotropic effect,i.e.,the same genetic factor affects a number of dental characteristics at the same time.Our results confirmed that EDARV370A,a genetic variant that first originated in East Asia about 30000 years ago,played an important role in incisor shoveling in East Asia.This finding suggested that incisor shoveling in modern humans in East Asia is likely to have appeared after the late Pleistocene.

Finding misplaced items using a mobile robot in a smart home environment

Smart homes can provide complementary information to assist home service robots.We present a robotic misplaced item finding(MIF)system,which uses human historical trajectory data obtained in a smart home environment.First,a multi-sensor fusion method is developed to localize and track a resident.Second,a path-planning method is developed to generate the robot movement plan,which considers the knowledge of the human historical trajectory.Third,a real-time object detector based on a convolutional neural network is applied to detect the misplaced item.We present MIF experiments in a smart home testbed and the experimental results verify the accuracy and efficiency of our solution.

Reducing the loss of genetic diversity associated with assisted colonization-like introductions of animals

Translocations, especially assisted colonizations, of animals are increasingly used as a conservation management tool. In many cases, however, limited funding and other logistic challenges limit the number of individuals available for transloeation. In conservation genetics, small populations are predicted to rapidly lose genetic diversity which can deteriorate population survival. Thus, how worried should we be about the loss of genetic diversity when introducing small, isolated populations？ Historical species introductions provide a means to assess these issues. Here we review 13 studies of ＂assisted colonization-like＂ introductions of animals, where only a small known number of founders established an isolated population without secondary contact to the source population. We test which factors could be important in retaining genetic diversity in these cases. In many cases, loss in heterozygosity （-12.1%） was detected, and more seriously the loss in allelic richness （-27.8 %）. Number of founders seemed to have an effect but it also indicated that high population growth rate could help to retain genetic diversity, i.e. future management actions could be effective even with a limited number of founders if population growth would be enhanced. On the contrary, translocated organisms with longer generation times did not seem to retain more genetic diversity. We advocate that, where possible, future studies on translocated animals should report the loss of genetic diversity （both heterozygosity and allelic richness）, which is essential for meta-analyses like this one for deepening our understanding of the genetic consequences of assisted colonization, and justifying management decisions [Current Zoology 61 （5）： 827-834, 2015].