转述传信标记“据说”“听说”“传说”的性质研究

“据说”“听说”“传说”为现代汉语高频词,以往多从插入语的角度进行考察,其传信功能尚未引起足够重视。本文以传信范畴与传信标记的性质界定为出发点,发现“插入语说”过于简化,“全动词说”不够全面,“话语标记”说有失客观。从共时平面上看,“据说”“听说”“传说”在韵律特征上语音可识别度低,在句法功能上句法独立性差,在语义特征上尚具有真值条件语义。因此,“据说”“听说”“传说”不仅仅是插入语,不全为动词,在传递信息来源与获得途径的同时,兼具表达言者立场与言者态度的功能,尚未完全语法化为只具有元话语功能的话语标记,而是表明所言信息来源于言者转述不确定信息来源的转述传信标记。

“神奇其说”:建文传说的神秘性探析

建文帝出亡传说,几百年来盛传不衰。在建文传说的演进过程中,一个十分突出而不太为人重视的特点,即是神秘符号及神秘性阐释的全面渗入。建文叙事的神秘化特性显示,当一个历史事件进入大众舆论的场域,其话语结构将变得极其复杂,人们普遍的世界观、特定的心理程式以及独特的利益诉求,均将不断地介入并改变人们对历史的解释策略,并影响"历史"的发展方向。"神奇"的建文传说,是明清世俗化社会"传说历史"的典型案例,它既是历史,也是传奇,兼具史料、传说与舆论的三重性质。

李贺“白玉楼”传说研究

李贺白玉楼临终传说 ,是其独特人生遭际、鲜明个性特征的集中体现 ,是其诗作喜好言鬼写神的题材内容 ,多幻想虚构的浪漫主义艺术风格的形象概括 ,是其怀才不遇及追求生命价值之情结的写照折射 ,并由此构成两者间的鲜明因果、渊源、对应关系 ,同时也反映了传说创作者、传播者、记录者对李贺及其诗作的理解与评价 ,故具有重要价值。

《水浒传》对《说岳全传》的影响

《水浒传》对《说岳全传》的创作产生了巨大的影响。在编创方式、思想主题、人物形象、故事情节等方面,《水浒传》都全面深刻地影响了《说岳全传》。《说岳全传》所采用的虚实结合的创作模式来源于《水浒传》,并继承了其歌颂忠义的思想主题,在故事情节和人物形象方面《说岳全传》对《水浒传》也多有借鉴,两书存在着很深的渊源关系。

《马氏文通》引书分析指瑕五则

本文指出了《马氏文通》中五则引书分析方面的错误。它们是:一、“地”“日”等“假为外动字”并非“《公羊传》之特笔”。二、《公羊传》中“问句煞以‘也’者”,并非“未之见也”。三、《孟子》之后,连词“斯”在结果分句中并非“用之者仅矣”。四、先秦文献中并非没有“为”“所”连用构成的被动句。五、《说文》并非“无无解之字”。

徐锴反切研究

徐锴反切是《说文系传》徐锴解说中的反切注音,以“臣锴按”或“臣锴曰”为标识。《说文系传》以文字训诂见长,其中的徐锴反切是学术界以前不大注意的。徐锴反切注音的数量不多,一些注音用来别义,但也存在字头混淆、字形讹误的问题;前代经师音和字韵书是徐锴反切的主要来源,在延续旧音的同时,徐锴反切还体现出浊音清化,疑母和影母、庄母和章母合流,从母邪母不分以及韵部合流等语音现象。

杨维桢与元末明初文言小说的嬗变

元明之际是文言小说发展的徘徊阶段。元末文坛领袖杨维桢重视通俗小说,他既强调小说的"补史性"特征又突出文学性本体。受他的影响,一方面形成了元末松江笔记小说的兴盛,另一方面又直接导致明初传奇小说的复苏,最终使小说走向文学化的正轨。

The Linguistic Means of Representing Women in the Doukhobor Russian Psalms

This paper analyzes the language employed in the representations of women in Doukhobor Russian ritual texts called ＂ncanMbf＇ （psalms） from the viewpoint of linguistic text analysis performed in the Russian tradition of folklore stylistics. While addressing the representations of Biblical female characters, such as the Holy Virgin Mary Magdalene, the Heavenly Bride, and the Whore of Babylon, along with the portrayals of Doukhobor and other women, the paper identifies stylistic features in their textual descriptions. The study establishes connections between Doukhobor texts and Russian folklore and liturgical tradition. The paper strives to identify the place of Doukhobor psalms as an integral part of the Russian literary and folklore heritage

The Hind as the Ancestress, Ergo Virgin Mary-- Comparative Study About the Common Origin Myth of the Hun and Hungarian People

Numerous legends are known in Eurasia, in which one or more hunters are trying to get a stag, and then the hunters will find a new homeland, or establish a new cathedral at the location where the deer appeared earlier. According to the structure of the legend, the Eastern legend type is more ancient. In its most archaic version the sole hero spots a doe, who later turns out to be the daughter of a king, later marrying the hero and then they found a new homeland where his people may reproduce. This totemic tradition of the origins can he seen in the Hungarian myths of origin, as well as in the oral ritual texts related to wedding ceremonies which connect Central Eurasia with Europe through the Hun origin myths. The doe appearing in the Eastern Legends is the symbol of the Sun and the ancestress of the culture hero＇s nation. And this symbolic role descends to the cultural heritage of the Christian era later in the person of Virgin Mary. The aim of the paper is to find whether there are any correspondences between the two branches and if there are, the sort is to be determined; furthermore, the purposes of the Hungarian legends are to be sought out about the Miracle Stag in possible relation to the deer legends on the two continents linked together by the Eurasian steppes.

The Case for Presupposition： On Kripke＇s Anaphoric Account

According to Kripke, traditional approaches to presupposition and anaphora do not work in some compound sentences because traditionally, they have been thought to assign presuppositions to each clause in isolation. I agree with this criticism, but also think that context is required in order to determine the presupposition included in a complex sentence. To show the context role in fixing the utterance truth-conditions in those cases, this paper introduces the Kripkean anaphoric account on presuppositions （section 2）, and then criticizes this approach because it is very restrictive （section 3）. The paper concludes that to solve those difficulties, one should appeal to a two-dimensional framework, including a new parameter that focuses on the sentence according to the concrete features of the context： the speaker＇s point of view （section 4）.

简帛《五行》述略

“Wu Xing”(五行). an epistemological literature,written on bamboo slips and Silk, is fully configurated and carefully designed. The oringin of its thought may trace back to Confucius and Zi You(子游). Its content directly affected the theory of Xin (,心mind) and Xing (性 nature) which appeared in late Warring States. In the course of writing the article, Zi Si’ s(子思) theory affected the part Explanation of ’Wu Xing’, and the part Commentaries on ’Wu Xing’ were finished by the students of Shi Zi (世子) no later thgn the period of Mencius (孟子). It has been spent a long period finishing the literature which is a whole system consistes of Scripture (经), Explain on Classics (说) and Commentaries on Classics (传). ’Wu Xing’ had been lost after Han dynasty (206 BC-220 AD), and the reason for which attributed mainly to the thought despotism.

From Swift to Mr. Ed： Comedic Representations of the Noble Horse in High and Low Culture

Few would deny the nobility of an animal which has played a significant role, historically, in the lives of humankind： the fabled unicorn, the Trojan Horse, and Pegasus, together with the Houyhnhnms of Jonathan Swift are testaments to the nobility of horses. In a modern context, Seabiscuit, Black Beauty, Silver, steed of the iconic Lone Ranger, and Tir na nog, from Irish folk tale history, have maintained the tradition of nobility. High comedic elements such as TV＇s Mr. Ed, Aspercel, from The Horse in the Gray Flannel Suit （1968）, Ollie, of Laurel and Hardy fame, reincarnated as a horse, and Tir na nog, hiding in an elevator to avoid being apprehended by the law, help to complete the comedic portrait of equine nobility

Effect of Oral Traditions, Folklores and History on the Development of Education in Nigeria, 1977 Till Date

Nigerian literatures contain history in the oral tradition and folklore like satire, proverbs, chants, symbolism etc. in the pre-literate period, Nigeria enjoyed high level of verbal art civilization which traditional rulers and the generality of the populace patronized. The oral tradition served as medium of preservation of culture and history of the ancient past and experiences. Though, most Nigerians can still remember their family history, folklore, tradition and genealogy, only few oral artists and youths of nowadays possess the skill and ability needed to chant the lengthy oral literature. It is in the light of the above that this study examined the effect of oral tradition, folklore, and history on the development of education in Nigeria, 1977 till date. The study adopted historical research method using primary and secondary sources of information to analyze data. Primary sources include, like archive materials, oral interviews and secondary sources include, like textbooks, speeches, journals, and internet materials and images. The outlines of the paper are： the definition of concepts, historical background of Nigerian oral tradition, and folklore in the educational system, the place of oral tradition, folklore and history in the education policy in Nigeria since 1977, the effect of oral tradition, folklore and history on the development of education in Nigeria since 1977, the prospects of oral traditions, folklore and history on the development of education in Nigeria, conclusion and a few recommendations for future improvement. The findings of the study revealed that oral traditions, folklore and history were the bed-rock for the development of education and society in the pre-colonial period, but these were dropped gradually with the advent of the colonial masters and gradually deteriorate both in the educational curriculum and general conduct of the society and these have adverse effect on the nation＇s economy. It is recommended that the beauty of Nigerian history, oral and written traditions, culture, folklore like proverbs, chants, satire and symbolism, be brought back into the school system, politics and every sector of the Nigerian economy for proper advancement to take place in the education sector and for overall national development.

The Symbols of the Fire in Georgian Folklore in Comparison With Global Experience

Fire is the world meaning symbol of wisdom, purification. Elements of place symbolism associated with fire are day time and specifically noon when the sun＇s light and heat is the greatest. The association with the sun makes fire an above space phenomena rather than a below or within space phenomena. The fireplaces have the same meaning for the houses like the sun for the earth. This paper is divided in several topics to show how the fire changes its meaning and how do peoples attitude to fire can be changed. Fire can represents in wedding ceremony, fire out of control makes chaos, destroying around everything from which arise the new life, and fire make the soul to be free from the sin. Fire, the eternal flame is the symbol of strong emotional feelings. The purpose of the paper is to give the interesting examples of fire symbols in Georgian folklore and make some similarities with world experiences. Georgian people as a part of ancient world make their own culture and in order to integrate Georgian materials in world cultural fund paper aims to make comparative work to achieve the main goal.

Classic of Mountains and Seas and the Origin of White Jade Worship： On the Myths of the Yellow Emperor＇s Eating Jade and Queen Mother of the West＇s Presenting the White Jade Ring

The white jade worship, born in the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, brought about a ＂Protestant Revolution＂ in the development history of Chinese jade mythology, which had deep influence on the nation＇s ideology and material production in the following 3,000 years. The myths of the Yellow Emperor＇s eating the white jade cream and the Queen Mother of the West living in Kunlun Jade Mountain, as recorded in Classic of Mountains and Seas, are mythological imaginations of the historical reality that the jades were spread from the West to the East and recreated by people living in the early state of the Central Plains. All such motifs, no matter the white jade cream that produced black jades, the Yellow Emperor＇s planting the jade flowers, the Kunlun Jade Mountains （the Mountain of Jades） where the Queen Mother of the West lives or the Jade Lake, clearly show Chinese indigenous worship for the white jades. Scholars like Su Xuelin and Ling Chunsheng think that Queen Mother of the West is the goddess of the moon that originated from the old West Asian civilization. However, such idea is full of contradictions and flaws after the discovery of Chinese unique worship for white jades and the holy mountain of Kunlun. The book Classic of Mountains and Seas, with records of 140 mountains that produce jades and 16 mountains that produce white jades, can be the white jade worshippers＇ bible to explore the holy material resources.

Secondary Text： Author＇s Conception and Translator＇s Individuality

Translation, or interpretive and language code conversion of the text, is considered as an independent complex type of speech activity which consists of such stages as perception, understanding and interpretation of the foreign-language text and actual translation, that is selection of language means for the expression of the interpretive version of the original. Considerable attention is paid nowadays to the translations of works of such literary genre as literary fairy tale. Fairy tale is a type of prosaic folklore, which is met in the folklore of various peoples. Not only have literary fairy tales grown on the basis of folklore, but they also inherited its genre characteristics, developing and transforming them. Translation as an interpretive conversion of the text is considered within the concept ＂secondary text＂. The conspicuous feature of secondary texts is the double reference of the word： to its own culture referent and to a foreign culture referent. The secondary text cannot be completely understood and appreciated without its reference to ＂the second plane＂. Subjected to analysis are the problems of preserving original pragrnatics in secondary texts. The challenge of national fairy tales translation lies in the discrepancy of cultural concepts of the two nations and in considerable distinctions between the characters of Russian and British national fairy tales. The traditions of Russian national culture and the consistency of grammatical gender expression in the Russian language lead to gender shifts in the translation of English literary fairy tales.

Tea Culture in the Land of Confucianism——Sightseeing in the Wuyl Mountains,Fujian province

Walking through the Wuyi Mountains,Fujian province in summer,you can smell the fragrant aroma of Shanshui Tea everywhere.Within the 70 square kilometers of the park,most people are drawn to a slogan stating there have been“A Thousand years of Confucianism,but 10,000 years of Shanshui Tea”,

Comparison on Cultural Connotation of Plant in Treasure Island and The Swordsman

In the development of human civilization, plant has been closely attached to human beings, and also been endowed with rich cultural imagery. However, ascribed to the differences between Chinese and English cultures, plant of the same kind exhibits similar, distinct or vacant characteristics. This paper adopts comparison method so as to compare and to analyze the differences and similarities of cultural connotation contained in plant emerging in Treasure Island （a representative of western adventure literature） and The Swordsman （a representative of Chinese martial arts literature） and roles plant plays in a certain chapter, or the whole story. The literature study presents a general knowledge of research theories in this field and cultural background. Moreover, the induction method integrates and summarizes the prior analyses and researches. Reasons underlying those cultural differences are also expounded, including legend and folklore, literature works and convention and custom. The conclusion is that analyzing the cultural connotation of plant is of significance for understanding the corresponding cultural differences as well as appreciating adventure and martial arts literature.

Ethnic Stereotypes in Kazakh Folklore

Ethnic stereotypes of Kazakh people were not specially studied. At war times, ethnic stereotypes arouse ethnic defense. Kazakh people＇s mind of ethnic unicity and ethnic defence influenced a lot defending such a great land, in spite of the fact that Kazakhs＇ zhuz and tribal structure was kept well and people were differentiated by kins. This mind of ethnic unicity and defence became a guarantee of saving Kazakhs as ethnic subject in the complicated political, economical, social, and cultural processes with neighbouring nations like Kalmyk, Kyrgyz, Uzbek, Turukpen, Chinese, and Russian. That is why in this paper, the authors＇ aim is to show stereotypes about the Kalmyk tribes using Kazakh proverbs, heroic eposes, and legends. Writing this paper, the authors set the following objectives： to consider hetero stereotypes and auto stereotypes in Kazakh proverbs; to distinguish a legend as an image of Kazakh people＇s historical memory; to prove the peculiarities of the Kalmyks character description in Kazakh mythological folklore mind with the help of examples; to show the development of Kazakh ethnic stereotypes in two opposite directions （enmity, alien opinion, and tolerance）; to prove that the stereotypes of tolerance prevail over the stereotypes of＂enmity＂ in Kazakh legends; and to show their historical reasons.