A new reaction system to determine nonlinear chemical fingerprint(NCF)and its use in identification method based on double reaction system was researched.Panax ginsengs,such as ginseng,American ginseng and notoginseng...A new reaction system to determine nonlinear chemical fingerprint(NCF)and its use in identification method based on double reaction system was researched.Panax ginsengs,such as ginseng,American ginseng and notoginseng were identified by the method.The NCFs of the three samples of Panax ginsengs were determined through two nonlinear chemical systems,namely system 1 consisting of sample components,H2SO4,MnSO4,NaBrO3,acetone and the new system,system 2 consisting of sample components,H2SO4,(NH4)4Ce(SO4)2,NaBrO3 and citric acid.The comparison between the results determined through systems 1 and 2 shows that the speed to determine NCF through system 2 is much faster than that through system 1;for systems 1 and 2,the system similarities of the same kind of samples are≥98.09%and 99.78%,respectively,while those of different kinds of samples are≤63.04%and 86.34%,respectively.The results to identify the kinds of some samples by system similarity pattern show that both the accuracies of identification methods based on single system 1 and 2 are≥95.6%,and the average values are 97.1%and 96.3%,respectively;the accuracy of the method based on double system is≥97.8%,and the average accuracy is 99.3%.The accuracy of the method based on double system is higher than that based on any single system.展开更多
Camouflage is one of the most widespread and powerful strategies that animals use to make detection/recognition more difficult. Many orb-web spiders of the genus Cyclosa add prey remains, plant debris, moults, and/or ...Camouflage is one of the most widespread and powerful strategies that animals use to make detection/recognition more difficult. Many orb-web spiders of the genus Cyclosa add prey remains, plant debris, moults, and/or eggsacs to their webs called web decorations. Web decorations resembling spider body colour pattern have been considered to camouflage the spider from predators. While this camouflage is obvious from a human＇s perspective, it has rarely been investigated from a predator＇s perspective. In this study, we tested the visibility of web decorations by calculating chromatic and achromatic contrasts of detritus and eggsae decorations built by Cyclosa octotubereulata, against four different backgrounds viewed by both bird （e.g., blue tits） and hymenopteran （e.g. wasps） predators. We showed that both juvenile and adult spiders on webs with detritus or egg-sac deco- rations were undetectable by both hymenopteran and bird predators over short and long distances. Our results thus suggest that decorating webs with detritus or eggsacs by C octotuberculata may camouflage the spiders from both hymenopteran and bird predators in their common habitats [Current Zoology 56 （3）： 379-387, 2010].展开更多
A creating technology of the part forming was discussed and finite volume method(FVM)was used to simulate the forming process of the non-symmetrical axostyle spring core-bar.The results show that the no-even radial fl...A creating technology of the part forming was discussed and finite volume method(FVM)was used to simulate the forming process of the non-symmetrical axostyle spring core-bar.The results show that the no-even radial flange on the top part of the eccentric peachy surface can remarkably block the metal flow and the eccentric peachy can be filled contentedly.Increasing the radius of punch near the inner pocket,the head bulge also can be filled contentedly.The temperature distribution in the part and the forming force,which helps to decide the forming temperature and to select the equipment,was also analyzed.The comparison between the simulation and the experiment result shows that they are accordant.展开更多
This article is the written version of a lecture given at the Festkolloquium on the occasion of Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dr.techn. E.h. Jtirgen Zierep＇s 80th birthday held at the Universitat Karlsruhe, 21 January 2009. It deal...This article is the written version of a lecture given at the Festkolloquium on the occasion of Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dr.techn. E.h. Jtirgen Zierep＇s 80th birthday held at the Universitat Karlsruhe, 21 January 2009. It deals with laminar viscous inviscid interactions in transonic narrow channel flows. Special emphasis is placed on the internal structure of pseudo-shocks and properties of nozzle flows. Also, it is shown that the theory, first formulated for perfect gases, can easily be extended to the case of general single phase fluids.展开更多
High performance force sensors often encounter the conflicting requirements of high resolution and large measurement range.To address this problem,this paper presents a conceptual design of a novel uniaxial force sens...High performance force sensors often encounter the conflicting requirements of high resolution and large measurement range.To address this problem,this paper presents a conceptual design of a novel uniaxial force sensor with large range and dual-stage force resolutions which enables us to measure forces within a wide range with satisfied resolutions.The newly developed force sensor features an aluminum alloy body with a probe to transfer external forces into the sensing element.It employs an optical linear encoder to detect the displacement of the sensing body.This sensing scheme may immunize outside electromagnetic noises and therefore enhance the performance of the sensor thanks to its digital signal output.In this paper,an accurate,analytical model for calculating the static stiffness and dynamics of the system was developed by using pseudo-rigid-body-model(PRBM)methodology.To optimize the design,finite element simulations were conducted.After a prototype sensor was fabricated,preliminary characterization tests were carried out to verify the accuracy of the theoretical model and demonstrate the effectiveness of the design.The experiment results indicate that the structure of the new sensor is compact,and it has the ability to measure both micro range and macro range forces within one setup,meanwhile keeps very fine resolutions.展开更多
This paper is concerned with the global existence and pointwise estimates of solutions to the generalized Benjamin-Bona-Mahony equations in all space dimensions.By using the energy method, Fourier analysis and pseudo-...This paper is concerned with the global existence and pointwise estimates of solutions to the generalized Benjamin-Bona-Mahony equations in all space dimensions.By using the energy method, Fourier analysis and pseudo-differential operators, the global existence and pointwise convergence rates of the solution are obtained. The decay rate is the same as that of the heat equation and one can see that the solution propagates along the characteristic line.展开更多
Aggressive mimicry occurs when an organism resembles some aspect of another organism （the model） in order to obtain prey through its deceptive resemblance. This may function either through the overt response of the ...Aggressive mimicry occurs when an organism resembles some aspect of another organism （the model） in order to obtain prey through its deceptive resemblance. This may function either through the overt response of the receiver or through the lack of response of the receiver. Reviewing selected examples, I discuss some of the difficulties in ascribing a model for the mimic. I also discuss how a single animal can have multiple ploys in its armoury of deceptive signals, thus belonging within two or more categories of deceptive signalling. In addition to aggressive mimicry, these may include crypsis or camouflage, mas- querade （mimicry of inanimate objects）, and Batesian or protective mimicry. Each of these examples of deception has multiple evolutionary pathways, and some deceptive signals may be more costly to receivers than others, but no single organism is subject to a single selection pressure, leading to the reality that many evolutionary pathways contribute to the diversity we see around us. New technologies are opening new channels of investigation into deceptive signaling in many different sensory modalities, and this is reflected in the recent increase in studies investigating the structure and function of deceptive signals. In turn, these studies are beginning to expose the fascinating complexity of deceptive signaling systems, allowing us to discover the myriad, non-mutually exclusive, solutions that can be selected for to obtain prey展开更多
Ionic skins that demonstrate great advantages in the mechanical properties and multiple sensory capabilities are regarded as an attractive candidate to mimic functions of human skin.However,human skin is vulnerable to...Ionic skins that demonstrate great advantages in the mechanical properties and multiple sensory capabilities are regarded as an attractive candidate to mimic functions of human skin.However,human skin is vulnerable to be damaged under long-time sunlight irradiation,and most of the current ionic skins also lack a protection against harmful ultraviolet and infrared lights.Herein,this work develops a multifunctional ionic skin based on ionic conductive and light-managing hydrogels via a facile one-step locally confined polymerization.It is mechanically adaptable,able to modulate light in the broadband solar spectrum,and protect human skin from the harmful ultraviolet and infrared lights.Moreover,without complicated processing,the ionic skin enables human-machine interactions via wireless and optical camouflaged Morse codes.We believe this work will promote the development of smart wearable devices with multiple customizable functions.展开更多
Camouflage is ubiquitous in the natural world and benefits both predators and prey. Amongst the range of conceal- ment strategies, disruptive coloration is thought to visually fragment an animal＇s＇ outline, thereby ...Camouflage is ubiquitous in the natural world and benefits both predators and prey. Amongst the range of conceal- ment strategies, disruptive coloration is thought to visually fragment an animal＇s＇ outline, thereby reducing its rate of discovery. Here, I propose two non-mutually exclusive hypotheses for how disruptive camouflage functions, and describe the visual me- chanisms that might underlie them. （1） The local edge disruption hypothesis states that camouflage is achieved by breaking up edge information. （2） The global feature disruption hypothesis states camouflage is achieved by breaking up the characteristic features of an animal （e.g., overall shape or facial features）. Research clearly shows that putatively disruptive edge markings do increase concealment; however, few tests have been undertaken to determine whether this survival advantage is attributable to the distortion of features, so the global feature disruption hypothesis is under studied. In this review the evidence for global feature disruption is evaluated. Further, I address if object recognition processing provides a feasible mechanism for animals＇ features to influence concealment. This review concludes that additional studies are needed to test if disruptive camouflage operates through the global feature disruption and proposes future research directions [Current Zoology 61 （4）： 708-717, 2015].展开更多
OBJECTIVE: To analyze the transdermal profile of pseudoephedrine and amygdalin in the Traditional Chinese Medicine majiepingchuan in rat skin and to reveal their interaction.METHODS: A Franz diffusion cell was used in...OBJECTIVE: To analyze the transdermal profile of pseudoephedrine and amygdalin in the Traditional Chinese Medicine majiepingchuan in rat skin and to reveal their interaction.METHODS: A Franz diffusion cell was used in vitro to evaluate the transdermal parameters of cumulative transdermal flux(Q_(tot)), cumulative transmission(T_(tot)), and mean penetration rate(Kp) of pseudoephedrine and amygdalin in majiepingchuan. Linear regression analyses of Q_(tot)over time of pseudoephedrine vs amygdalin and their ratios was adopted for correlation evaluation.RESULTS: At 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8 h, the Q_(tot),T_(tot)and Kp of pseudoephedrine showed a good correlation with that of amygdalin.CONCLUSION: There was a small difference in theratios of Q_(tot), T_(tot)and Kp between pseudoephedrine and amygdalin, and a correlation between them.展开更多
基金Project(61533021)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(R201706)supported by Hunan Food Pharmaceutical,China
文摘A new reaction system to determine nonlinear chemical fingerprint(NCF)and its use in identification method based on double reaction system was researched.Panax ginsengs,such as ginseng,American ginseng and notoginseng were identified by the method.The NCFs of the three samples of Panax ginsengs were determined through two nonlinear chemical systems,namely system 1 consisting of sample components,H2SO4,MnSO4,NaBrO3,acetone and the new system,system 2 consisting of sample components,H2SO4,(NH4)4Ce(SO4)2,NaBrO3 and citric acid.The comparison between the results determined through systems 1 and 2 shows that the speed to determine NCF through system 2 is much faster than that through system 1;for systems 1 and 2,the system similarities of the same kind of samples are≥98.09%and 99.78%,respectively,while those of different kinds of samples are≤63.04%and 86.34%,respectively.The results to identify the kinds of some samples by system similarity pattern show that both the accuracies of identification methods based on single system 1 and 2 are≥95.6%,and the average values are 97.1%and 96.3%,respectively;the accuracy of the method based on double system is≥97.8%,and the average accuracy is 99.3%.The accuracy of the method based on double system is higher than that based on any single system.
基金supported by a grant from NSFC (30770332)The Ministry of Education (MOE) Academic Research Fund (AcRF)(R-154-000-335-112)
文摘Camouflage is one of the most widespread and powerful strategies that animals use to make detection/recognition more difficult. Many orb-web spiders of the genus Cyclosa add prey remains, plant debris, moults, and/or eggsacs to their webs called web decorations. Web decorations resembling spider body colour pattern have been considered to camouflage the spider from predators. While this camouflage is obvious from a human＇s perspective, it has rarely been investigated from a predator＇s perspective. In this study, we tested the visibility of web decorations by calculating chromatic and achromatic contrasts of detritus and eggsae decorations built by Cyclosa octotubereulata, against four different backgrounds viewed by both bird （e.g., blue tits） and hymenopteran （e.g. wasps） predators. We showed that both juvenile and adult spiders on webs with detritus or egg-sac deco- rations were undetectable by both hymenopteran and bird predators over short and long distances. Our results thus suggest that decorating webs with detritus or eggsacs by C octotuberculata may camouflage the spiders from both hymenopteran and bird predators in their common habitats [Current Zoology 56 （3）： 379-387, 2010].
基金Project of Science and Technology Foundation of Shanghai Committee,China(No.04NB14)
文摘A creating technology of the part forming was discussed and finite volume method(FVM)was used to simulate the forming process of the non-symmetrical axostyle spring core-bar.The results show that the no-even radial flange on the top part of the eccentric peachy surface can remarkably block the metal flow and the eccentric peachy can be filled contentedly.Increasing the radius of punch near the inner pocket,the head bulge also can be filled contentedly.The temperature distribution in the part and the forming force,which helps to decide the forming temperature and to select the equipment,was also analyzed.The comparison between the simulation and the experiment result shows that they are accordant.
文摘This article is the written version of a lecture given at the Festkolloquium on the occasion of Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dr.techn. E.h. Jtirgen Zierep＇s 80th birthday held at the Universitat Karlsruhe, 21 January 2009. It deals with laminar viscous inviscid interactions in transonic narrow channel flows. Special emphasis is placed on the internal structure of pseudo-shocks and properties of nozzle flows. Also, it is shown that the theory, first formulated for perfect gases, can easily be extended to the case of general single phase fluids.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 91023036 and 51275018)
文摘High performance force sensors often encounter the conflicting requirements of high resolution and large measurement range.To address this problem,this paper presents a conceptual design of a novel uniaxial force sensor with large range and dual-stage force resolutions which enables us to measure forces within a wide range with satisfied resolutions.The newly developed force sensor features an aluminum alloy body with a probe to transfer external forces into the sensing element.It employs an optical linear encoder to detect the displacement of the sensing body.This sensing scheme may immunize outside electromagnetic noises and therefore enhance the performance of the sensor thanks to its digital signal output.In this paper,an accurate,analytical model for calculating the static stiffness and dynamics of the system was developed by using pseudo-rigid-body-model(PRBM)methodology.To optimize the design,finite element simulations were conducted.After a prototype sensor was fabricated,preliminary characterization tests were carried out to verify the accuracy of the theoretical model and demonstrate the effectiveness of the design.The experiment results indicate that the structure of the new sensor is compact,and it has the ability to measure both micro range and macro range forces within one setup,meanwhile keeps very fine resolutions.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.11101121)
文摘This paper is concerned with the global existence and pointwise estimates of solutions to the generalized Benjamin-Bona-Mahony equations in all space dimensions.By using the energy method, Fourier analysis and pseudo-differential operators, the global existence and pointwise convergence rates of the solution are obtained. The decay rate is the same as that of the heat equation and one can see that the solution propagates along the characteristic line.
文摘Aggressive mimicry occurs when an organism resembles some aspect of another organism （the model） in order to obtain prey through its deceptive resemblance. This may function either through the overt response of the receiver or through the lack of response of the receiver. Reviewing selected examples, I discuss some of the difficulties in ascribing a model for the mimic. I also discuss how a single animal can have multiple ploys in its armoury of deceptive signals, thus belonging within two or more categories of deceptive signalling. In addition to aggressive mimicry, these may include crypsis or camouflage, mas- querade （mimicry of inanimate objects）, and Batesian or protective mimicry. Each of these examples of deception has multiple evolutionary pathways, and some deceptive signals may be more costly to receivers than others, but no single organism is subject to a single selection pressure, leading to the reality that many evolutionary pathways contribute to the diversity we see around us. New technologies are opening new channels of investigation into deceptive signaling in many different sensory modalities, and this is reflected in the recent increase in studies investigating the structure and function of deceptive signals. In turn, these studies are beginning to expose the fascinating complexity of deceptive signaling systems, allowing us to discover the myriad, non-mutually exclusive, solutions that can be selected for to obtain prey
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51973035 and 51733003)。
文摘Ionic skins that demonstrate great advantages in the mechanical properties and multiple sensory capabilities are regarded as an attractive candidate to mimic functions of human skin.However,human skin is vulnerable to be damaged under long-time sunlight irradiation,and most of the current ionic skins also lack a protection against harmful ultraviolet and infrared lights.Herein,this work develops a multifunctional ionic skin based on ionic conductive and light-managing hydrogels via a facile one-step locally confined polymerization.It is mechanically adaptable,able to modulate light in the broadband solar spectrum,and protect human skin from the harmful ultraviolet and infrared lights.Moreover,without complicated processing,the ionic skin enables human-machine interactions via wireless and optical camouflaged Morse codes.We believe this work will promote the development of smart wearable devices with multiple customizable functions.
文摘Camouflage is ubiquitous in the natural world and benefits both predators and prey. Amongst the range of conceal- ment strategies, disruptive coloration is thought to visually fragment an animal＇s＇ outline, thereby reducing its rate of discovery. Here, I propose two non-mutually exclusive hypotheses for how disruptive camouflage functions, and describe the visual me- chanisms that might underlie them. （1） The local edge disruption hypothesis states that camouflage is achieved by breaking up edge information. （2） The global feature disruption hypothesis states camouflage is achieved by breaking up the characteristic features of an animal （e.g., overall shape or facial features）. Research clearly shows that putatively disruptive edge markings do increase concealment; however, few tests have been undertaken to determine whether this survival advantage is attributable to the distortion of features, so the global feature disruption hypothesis is under studied. In this review the evidence for global feature disruption is evaluated. Further, I address if object recognition processing provides a feasible mechanism for animals＇ features to influence concealment. This review concludes that additional studies are needed to test if disruptive camouflage operates through the global feature disruption and proposes future research directions [Current Zoology 61 （4）： 708-717, 2015].
基金Supported by the Science and Technology Major Projects for Major New Drugs(Research on innovation of Majiepingchuan effective components cataplasm of transdermal drug delivery system),No.2012ZX09103201-007
文摘OBJECTIVE: To analyze the transdermal profile of pseudoephedrine and amygdalin in the Traditional Chinese Medicine majiepingchuan in rat skin and to reveal their interaction.METHODS: A Franz diffusion cell was used in vitro to evaluate the transdermal parameters of cumulative transdermal flux(Q_(tot)), cumulative transmission(T_(tot)), and mean penetration rate(Kp) of pseudoephedrine and amygdalin in majiepingchuan. Linear regression analyses of Q_(tot)over time of pseudoephedrine vs amygdalin and their ratios was adopted for correlation evaluation.RESULTS: At 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8 h, the Q_(tot),T_(tot)and Kp of pseudoephedrine showed a good correlation with that of amygdalin.CONCLUSION: There was a small difference in theratios of Q_(tot), T_(tot)and Kp between pseudoephedrine and amygdalin, and a correlation between them.
