话说"家园"

我习惯把'住区环境'称作'家园',这样感到更亲切些. 说到'家园',自然首先便想起儿时的家园,那是我童年的梦,它让我终生难忘.上海弄堂里的石库门,杭州那一边是巷、一边是河的宅院,夏日夜晚宅院与小巷里纳凉的嬉笑声.四、五十年的邻里情,……我深深悟到了'家园'的真缔,那是心与心的真切交流,那是真我的流露、心灵的归属.尽管那时家园的物质并不丰裕,然精神是充实的,人情是真切的.每想到此,总有无限眷恋之情.

Empirical Research on Carrying Capacity of Human Settlement System in Dalian City, Liaoning Province, China

Using the theories of population carrying capacity and ecological elasticity in other fields for reference, the connotation of regional human settlement system was defined from the viewpoint of the complex relationship among the factors such as regional population, resources, environment and economic and social development in the context of China′s rapid urbanization. Then the concept and characterization methods of the regional human settlement carrying capacity were proposed by means of population scale. Furthermore, a model of carrying capacity-pressure-state-response(CPSR) on regional human settlement system was established by referencing pressure-state-response(PSR) model, and the Catastrophe Theory was introduced to determine the corresponding standards of multi-criteria programming and evaluation. Taking Dalian City, Liaoning Province, China as an example, an empirical analysis on evaluation of human settlement system from 2000 to 2012 was carried out. The results showed that the carrying capacity of human settlement system in Dalian was fluctuating between 9.6 × 106 to 10 × 106 persons with a quantitative stage of the dynamic regulation. During the research period the load index of human settlement system in Dalian dropped from 0.96 to 0.84 with a lower pressure of human settlement system than the national average level. And the emergency response grades of human settlement system in Dalian were kept in grade Ⅱ(orange warning) or grade Ⅲ(yellow warning). Human settlement system of Dalian was in slight security state as a whole, but the load had a tendency of increase in recent years. The related departments should pay close attention to regional human settlement system and take active measures to improve human settlement by both intensity control and total quantity control. By comparison, analysis and discussion, it was considered that the results were basically accordded with the current situations of human settlement in Dalian, and the evaluation results were more reliable, visualized and easily applied in practice. Therefore, the above-mentioned concepts, characterization and evaluation methods of the regional human settlement system and carrying capacity could provide a new thought and method for quantitative evaluation of human settlement.

A comparison of landscaping plant utilization in some residential quarters in Beijing

A dwelling district is the most direct space of people’s living environment. The environmental construction should take the improvement and maintenance of the ecologically balance in housing estate as its aim and the coexistence between man and nature as its goal. By making an analysis of the current situation of afforestation, landscape, functional requirements and humanistic environment of the six residential quarters of Huilongguan Fengyayuan, Sainaweila,Xinxinjiayuan of the Asian Games, and others in Beijing, this paper presents an arrangement mode of plants in dwelling districts.

Pesticide Contamination in Land Reform Settlements in Brazil： Empirical Evidences from Caiaponia, Goias State

Brazil is the largest consumer of pesticides worldwide. Public health studies in Brazil show that inadequate use of pesticides increases the incidence of accidents and contamination of poor rural communities. This study sought to identify factors that determine the occurrence of problems with pesticides in a typical Brazilian land reform settlement. The study was carried out in Caiaponia, Goias state. In the empirical analysis, the econometric model pro bit was used. The dependent variable was the existence of health problems in the family setting that are caused by pesticides. The independent variables were the family size; the attendance to any church, whether Catholic or Protestant; if farmers received any technical assistance; the current health condition of the family, and if there are exacerbated erosion problems on the farm. Data from 28 farmers were collected through a structured questionnaire. Among the main findings, larger families have a higher probability of accidents involving pesticides. The current healthy conditions of family and the problems of soiled gradation in the farm imply are duction in the likelihood of contamination with pesticides. These two results indicate that rural households that have good health condition and have experienced environmental degradation on their farm have higher environmental awareness.

Present-Day Needs of the Small Town Residents

This paper presents the results of research and analysis on the quality of the living environment in the heart of small urban centers. These cities are regarded as an attractive area of residence, among others, due to the fulfillment of human needs concerning the contact with nature （green） and living with a sense of intimacy, security and peace. Presented results concern the center of Jarostaw and Laficut. Although both cities are located in an underdeveloped region of south-eastern Poland, they have an opportunity to create a positive image of the city center, where not only attractive architectural objects can be found, but also small-town atmosphere, and natural values forming positive relationships between human and the elements of environment.

Comparison of Residential Energy Consumption in Different Geographical Areas and Relevance for Environmental Policy

Residential energy consumption is varying considerably worldwide. In order to understand these variations, and thus design effective policies for energy reductions, one needs a better understanding of the different drivers behind these variations. A comparison of geographical areas with similar climate and socio-economic conditions has shown significant variations in residential energy consumption across otherwise comparable case studies. This research paper aims to identify cultural and historical parameters that contribute to these significant variations, including economic, environmental and social traditions related to local availability of natural resources. Furthermore, the transferability of these parameters is evaluated, taking into consideration local legislation and planning documents, and historic and socio-economic accessibility of resources. It is evaluated to which degree these parameters can be transferred and included into building assessment tools and policy documents for planning and transformation of sustainable urban neighborhoods.

Incorporating the Built Environment Interactions into Spatial Pattern Models to Understand Urban Metabolism in Tokyo＇s Residential Area

In Tokyo, as residential areas exist in the urban areas and are composed of areas owned by individual land owners, basically spatial changes are brought by redevelopments of each sites conducted by individual circumstances and motivations. Continuous redevelopments and spatial changes can be found dispersedly in areas. Once the spatial change in a certain site occurred in an area as a building, it will be contained in the built environment of the residential area which is defined by residents, planners and designers who will take part in the following spatial changes. In Tokyo, public transportation facilities are well developed, and residents＇ daily life involves activities such as a slow walking and bicycle, etc. around the place of residence near the public transportation hubs, each living territories are formed in this kind of manner. Considering the maintenance of spatial value in residential areas while understanding transformation of visual local environment in residential areas which focuses on appearance of each spatial change in an area of street will be of significant importance. In this paper, the authors try to describe interactions of spatial changes in existing urban residential areas focusing on utility of players who might take part in the following spatial changes and the method of discrete choice model.

Modelling of Baku Residential Structures on a Complex of Climatic Factors

Growth of an anthropogenic load on an environment in the second halfofXXth centuries has led to an exacerbation of many ecological problems. Today ecological risk scales cover territories of large regions. In this respect the territory of Azerbaijan is not exception, within which Baku is noted by very adverse ecological conditions. Complex natural conditions （presence of strong winds, high air temperature and solar radiation） complicate the city ecological situation even greater. In modem conditions a construction boom relates to the factors aggravating the ecological situation of Baku. Last 10 years the city is rapidly built on by multistoried buildings which deform it, hinder visual contacts to the environment and obstruct the natural aeration of Baku amphitheater. The modem multistoried buildings erected ignoring town-planning norms do not correspond with regional climatic conditions, essentially modify the territory wind regime, hamper in surrounding buildings insolation, neglect a territory temperature-humidity conditions. As a result, it is necessary to use energy overly for their adaptation to Baku conditions and creation comfortable microclimate in them that leads to the city environmental pollution. The planning decisions and construction materials applied in these buildings are also alien to Baku climatic conditions. For qualitative transformation of Baku environment and improvement of ecological characteristics of the residential areas the author has carried out the estimation of the city territory on a complex of climatic factors （aeration, insolation and thermal-humidity regimes）. For these purposes the multidimensional statistical method is used. As a result the investigated territory of Baku is divided into 5 typological areas on climatic conditions. The brief characteristic and the general recommendations on transformation are worked out by the author for each of these typological units. Results of the research can be a basis for revealing of methods and principles of town-planning and architectural-planning organization of Baku residential areas.