朱熹之前“体用一源”说的历史演变

"体用"范畴作为中国哲学中出现较早的哲学概念,从《论语》到《周易程氏传》,再到学术集大成者朱熹的思想理论中,都有涉及。而且也经历了"体""用"分说到"体用"共说,乃至程颐"体用一源,显微无间"理论的提出。从历史角度分析"体用一源"的产生演变过程,有利于从整体框架上把握这一思想的发展脉络。

自然秩序与体用:《太极图说》的法哲学思想

太极是用来统一阴阳、五行观念的最高范畴,它既是自然秩序的本体,又是万物生成的逻辑。作为混沌与有序的统一体,太极既是自然本体混沌的样式,也是自然秩序的样式。从这个意义上来说,《太极图说》以"无极而太极""太极本无极"的哲学命题证成所谓"太极"是宇宙世界的本体,并明确人在道德秩序原则中的主体地位。同时,《太极图说解》还将"太极"与"二气五行"归结为"体"与"用"的关系,沿着"体用一源""体立而后用行"的逻辑顺序,不难发现"太极"既是自然秩序的源头,又是"二气五行"所推衍出的万物的各自法则。世界万物既蕴含着太极之"理",也蕴含了"二气五行"之"用",是中国传统自然法的最高准则。

“显微无间”视域下的中国近现代思潮

在今天,“显体”即“本体”的现象学方法日益引起中国哲学研究者的关注,并被广泛而深入地引入中国哲学思想实质的分析里。实际上,用中国哲学术语来表述,这种现象学方法也即中国哲学“显微无间”的方法。人们看到,这种“显微无间”的方法不仅贯彻于整个中国哲学思想里,一以贯之地成为我们进入中国哲学史的不二法门,而且还以不变应万变,其在中国近现代哲学思想变革中同样存在,并表现得尤为突显。具体而言,它体现在中国近现代启蒙思想的“用晦而明”之中,体现在中国近现代道器关系的“体用一源”之中,体现在中国近现代思想资源的内源性与外源性统一之中,并且还体现在中国近现代治国理念的德法并举之中。无疑,认识到这一点,不仅可以使我们从一种哲学方法论的高度出发,对中国近现代思想得以领悟,而且亦有助于我们以一种“返本开新”的方式,在中国近现代思想的解读中走出“以西释中”的理论误区。

从“体阴用阳”谈脾之阴阳

"体用"属于古代哲学范畴,"体用"运用于医学主要是与阴阳理论相结合,以体阴用阳的概念出现,体阴用阳主要用于阐述脏腑生理特点,叶天士在《临证指南医案·卷一》中用肝体阴用阳以描述肝的生理特性,历代医家对脾的论述,侧重脾阳的多,重视脾阴的较少。脾体阴用阳,此文从"体阴用阳"来谈脾之阴阳。

Effects of Different Water Stresses on Eco-physiological Characteristics of Hippophae rhamnoides Seedlings

In order to examine the effects of the decrease of future precipitation on the eco-physiological characteristics of sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides Linn.) in Huangfuchuan Watershed in Nei Mongol, a water gradient experiment was conducted based on the four specially designed water supply levels, including normal precipitation, slight drought, drought and extreme drought. Results of ANOVE showed that different water gradients had a significant effect on (1) microhabitat factors, such as soil water content and soil temperature; (2) gas exchange, such as net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate; (3) resource use efficiency; and (4) leaf water potential. Water use efficiency of H rhamnoides could increase under moderate water stress, i.e. drought condition, while its net photosynthetic rate and transpiration rate decreased. All kinds of eco-physiological characteristics proved H. rhamnoides seedlings under all water supplies were affected by water stress more or less and that mechanism of intrinsic physiological regulation in seedlings under the extreme drought conditions had the appearance of turbulence to a certain extent. Therefore, H rhamnoides seedlings in Huangfuchuan Watershed could not acclimate to extreme drought conditions.

Genetic Analysis of Monosomic Alien Addition Line MAAL8 of O. officinalis(CC)-O. sativa(AA)

[Objective] By carrying out the anther culture on the monosomic alien addition line MAAL8 of O.officinalis-O.sativa and the back crossing with O.sativa H1493,the genetic characteristics of monosomic alien addition line were studied.[Method] The phenotype analysis was used to study the separation proportion of progeny.Moreover,SSR and the methylation analysis were used to study the transmission behavior of nonhomologous chromosome.[Result] 78 plants of 145 backcross progenies preserved the rolled leaf mark trait of MAAL8.In 32 anther culture plants,five plants had the normal rolled leaves,and two plants had the extremely rolled leaves.The rest had the flat leaves.14 couples of SSR markers were used to analyze,and it indicated that all the rolled-leaf plants could obtain the characteristic band type of O.officinalis,but the flat-leaf plants showed none of them.11 polymorphic RFLP markers were used to carry out Methylation-Sensitive Southern analysis.It showed that the methylation variation manners of eight markers between AA and CC genomes were different.[Conclusion] The nonhomologous chromosome of MAAL8 could pass to the progenies independently and integrally via the meiosis,and the phenotype characteristics didn＇t change.Moreover,the methylation manner of O.officinalis could inherit stably in the hybrid progeny as the addition of single chromosome.The stability of methylation might have the certain effect on the relatively independent inheritance of nonhomologous chromosome in the genome environment of O.sativa.

Study on Sustainable Utilization of Resources of the Damp-heat Karst Mountainous Areas in China

Damp-heat karst mountainous areas are unique areas in terms of socialeconomic development, resource endowment and eco-environment in China, where natural resources are abundant,unique and diverse. However, fragile eco-environment, undeveloped economy and culture, and conflict of human and environment should not be ignored. In the research, a framework of integration of resource-development and environment-protection in damp-heat karst was designed on basis of resource and environment integration, which was applied to Daxin County in Guangxi Province. Furthermore, some integration models were proposed, including integration of development of characteristic agricultural resources and protection of eco-environment, integration of development of manganese ore resources and protection of eco-environment, integration of development of tourism resources and protection of ecoenvironment and integration of development of clean energy and protection of eco-environment.

Resource Allocation and User Association for HTTP Adaptive Streaming in Heterogeneous Cellular Networks with Small Cells

Video streaming,especially hypertext transfer protocol based(HTTP) adaptive streaming(HAS) of video,has been expected to be a dominant application over mobile networks in the near future,which brings huge challenge for the mobile networks.Although some works have been done for video streaming delivery in heterogeneous cellular networks,most of them focus on the video streaming scheduling or the caching strategy design.The problem of joint user association and rate allocation to maximize the system utility while satisfying the requirement of the quality of experience of users is largely ignored.In this paper,the problem of joint user association and rate allocation for HTTP adaptive streaming in heterogeneous cellular networks is studied,we model the optimization problem as a mixed integer programming problem.And to reduce the computational complexity,an optimal rate allocation using the Lagrangian dual method under the assumption of knowing user association for BSs is first solved.Then we use the many-to-one matching model to analyze the user association problem,and the joint user association and rate allocation based on the distributed greedy matching algorithm is proposed.Finally,extensive simulation results are illustrated to demonstrate the performance of the proposed scheme.

Combustion and energy balance of aluminum holding furnace with bottom porous brick purging system

For acquiring the details in aluminum holding furnace with bottom porous brick purging system,efforts were performed to try to find out the potential optimal operation schemes.By adopting transient analysis scheme and constant boundary temperature,combustion in the furnace was investigated numerically using computational fluid dynamics(CFD).The predicted gas temperature shows good agreement with the measured results,and the predicted energy distribution of the furnace is consistent with that obtained from energy balance experiment,which confirms the reliability of the numerical solution.The results show that as the fuel-air mixture temperature rises up from 300 K to 500 K,the energy utilization of the furnace could increase from 34.55% to 37.14%.However,as the excess air coefficient increases from 1.0 to 1.4,energy utilization drops from 34.55% to 29.56%.Increasing the combustion temperature is the most effective way to improve the energy efficiency of the furnace.High reactant temperature and medium excess air coefficient are recommended for high operation performance,and keeping the furnace jamb sealed well for avoiding leakage has to be emphasized.

Parallel Open Source CFD-DEM for Resolved Particle-Fluid Interaction

A parallelized resolved method for the simulation of the dynamics of immersed bodies within fluids is presented. The algorithm uses a FDM （fictitious domain method） and combines the Lagrangian DEM （discrete element method） for tracking the bodies with a CFD （computational fluid dynamics） method for calculating the dynamics of the fluid phase. First the CFD-calculation is carried out, disregarding the solid bodies. Afterwards, the velocity information from the bodies is included and the force, the fluid imposes onto the bodies, is computed. The last step consists of a correction-operation which ensures the fulfillment of the conservation equation. Dynamic local mesh refinement is used for minimizing the number of fluid cells. The CFD-DEM coupling is realized within the Open Source framework CFDEMcoupling （www.cfdem.com）, where the DEM software LIGGGHTS （www.liggghts.com） is linked against an OpenFOAM^-based CFD solver. While both LIGGGHTS and the CFD solver were already parallelized, only a recent improvement of the algorithm permits the fully parallel computation of resolved problems. This parallelization permits the treatment of large-scale problems. The enclosed validation and application examples show the dynamics of the flow around settling and rotating spheres as well as an investigation of the settling of spheres regarding the Boycott effect.

Preparation of solid medium for use in separation with gas-solid fluidized beds

The highly-efficient dry separation technique using a gas-solid fluidized bed is very beneficial for increasing coal grade and optimizing the utilization of coal resources.The size distribution of the solid medium(e.g.,magnetite powder) used in this technique is one of key factors that influences fluidization and separation performance.It is,therefore,urgent to prepare medium in a way that operates at low cost and high efficiency.Grinding experiments were performed using a planetary ball mill equipped with a frequency converter.The effect of fed mass,rotation frequency of the mill,grinding time and the ball-size ratio on grinding performance was investigated.The grinding parameters were optimized by numerical calculations using Artificial Neural Network(ANN) in Matlab.A regression equation for predicting the yield of the desired product(i.e.,0.3～0.15 mm magnetite powder) is proposed.The maximum yield of 0.3～0.15 mm particles was 47.24%.This lays a foundation for the industrial-scale production of the solid medium required for separation with a magnetite-powder fluidized bed.

Research on the Development of Energy Management System Standards System

Energy Management System （EnMS）, benefiting enterprises with energy conservation through the PDCA cycle, has been widely valued and applied by domestic and overseas enterprises. Based on the experience on the construction and implementation of energy management system, the paper systematically analyzes the construction ideas and development requirements of EnMS standards system, aiming to broaden/he coverage of EnMS and its technical indicator system, strengthen the systematicness and comprehensiveness and provide standardized tools and methods for all users.

The green fuel from carbon waste： optimization and product selectivity model studies

Increase in greenhouse gases, has made scientists to substitute alternative fuels for fossil fuels. Nowadays, converting biomass into liquid by Fischer-Tropsch synthesis is a major concern for alternative fuels （gasoline, diesel etc.）. Selectivity of Fischer-Tropsch hydrocarbon product （green fuel） is an important issue. In this study, the experimental data has been obtained from three factors; temperature, H2/CO ratio and pressure in the fixed bed micro reactor. T = 543-618 （K）, P = 3-10 （bar）, H2/CO = 1-2 and space velocity = 4500 （l/h） were the reactor conditions. The results of product modeling for methane （CH4）, ethane （C2H6）, ethylene （C2H4） and CO conversion with experimental data were compared. The effective parameters and the interaction between them were investigated in the model. H2/CO ratio and pressure and interaction between pressure and H2/CO in ethane selectivity model and CO conversion and interaction between temperature and H2/CO ratio in methane selectivity model and ethylene gave the best results. To determine the optimal conditions for light hydrocarbons, ANOVA and RSM were employed. Finally, products optimization was done and results were concluded.

The Development and Application of Low Temperature Plasma Technology

The development and applications of low temperature plasma technology used in surface modification of materials are presented in this paper. Based on plasma sources and ion sources technology, multi-functions ion implantation and deposition technologies were developed and the related processes are also used to treat different products. The related technologies were translated into industrial productions supported by national research projects. Following the last development of international plasma researches, the standardization and internationalization processes of plasma technologies are executed in our center.

Application Study on Outdoor Teaching Practice in Physical Education

As outdoor sports are loved by more and more people, the introduction of outdoor sports to the EE. teaching practice plays a positive role in enriching the contents of student sports activities. In this paper, the meanings and characteristics of outdoor sports are introduced, the necessities for the outdoor RE. teaching practice are analyzed, and finally several suggestions on the construction of the outdoor teaching practice in physical education are proposed.

Current Resource-using Situation and Countermeasure Research of the Coliseum in the Conservation-oriented Society.

Constructing a conservation-oriented society is a very urgent mission for China at present, and how the large-scale athletic events carry through economical principle and policy is the topic that each physical worker needs research. Based on literature cite and expert＇ s interviewing etc. this text makes analysis to the present resource-using condition of the coliseum in the economy-oriented society, and puts forward related countermeasures of the coliseum＇ s development as reference to decision makers.

Anaerobic Digestion in the Nexus of Energy, Water and Food

Conventional waste management practices focusing principally on waste collection, treatment and disposal or even minimisation often prove insufficient to address resource management challenges in a sustainable manner. Taking into account the relationship between water provision, energy security and resource efficiency, a systems approach that delivers a strong information basis and provides opportunities for resource use optimisation at various levels of application provides opportunities for synergies that could deliver real benefits when cross-sectoral solutions are applied. By-products from sewage treatment in combination with organic solid waste such as food waste can provide a valuable source of energy if managed properly and utilised effectively. This way, waste can be seen as a raw material than can be turned into a resource rather than simply be discarded. As such, AD （anaerobic digestion）, the co-digestion of food waste with sewage sludge, could become a strategic and cross-sectoral solution, if carefully applied, with the potential to convey beneficial synergies for the water and the waste industries. However, barriers to the development of such systems are diverse and often interlinked. Institutional frameworks, decision making constraints, and regulatory boundaries might still appear to require an answer for three different problems, but this can be overcome if presented as just three different parts of the same answer. Such synergies could deliver economic benefits from the additional renewable energy generated and its associated incentives, and savings on costs for the infrastructure required for the exclusive digestion of food waste.

Preliminary Study for the Implementation of ＂Wave Dragon＂ on Isolated Spanish Networks with Subtropical Weather

Despite Spain is a well-known worldwide developer of solar and wind energy, nowadays the wave energy is presented as an interesting alternative. Although depending on wind, marine energetic stability is higher than the one depending on air masses. For this reason, the use on isolated networks would bring a great benefit, as they have less perturbation than the other mentioned energies In addition to this, the subtropical weather is famous for its climatic stability and the lack of extreme conditions. For this paper, firstly, an initial analysis was carried out, comparing the most important wave converters in developing at the moment, in which the ＂Wave Dragon＂ device was chosen as the most promising. Secondly, the Gran Canaria＇s wave potential was studied using a numeric model based on data obtained from ＂Wana＂ points. Finally, the feasibility of implementing the ＂Wave Dragon＂ device in Gran Canaria was tested using simulations that were based in the previously obtained data, remarking the protection of the system against instabilities in the generation of renewable energies.

Integration of the Energy and Building Technologies

The performance of each type of building must meet all the needs and requests of new real estate markets. In fact, in the excellent architectures, the user can manage, with autonomy and flexibility, each system and product, according to the new energy and building technologies too. The main objective is the social and environmental sustainability with the reduction of fossil fuels and the greenhouse gas effect, pushing the use of renewable energies, in a new trend of land regeneration with sustainable buildings and settlement recovery. The energy crisis, mainly generated by the climate change, the air pollution, with consequent extinction of the species, reduction of the land and the work, the degradation and the environmental and seismic risk, focuses on the security and quality of construction systems, integrated use of clean resources. The methodologies aimed at integrating of energy-efficient and innovative building technologies in architecture, from design to management, to produce electric and thermal energy with active and passive properties, for a high-performance habitat. Therefore, the use of solar photovoltaic in the buildings, BIPV （Building Integrated Photovoltaic） with high-performance glass vision, efficient systems, intelligent materials, is integrated in architectures with the use of innovative construction systems, finally, technology of OPV （Organic Photovoltaic）, multi-junction cells, the dye sensitized solar cells in the solid state, etc., and adoption of storage systems.

Numerical Simulation of Aspect Ratio Effect on Turbulent Annular Flows

The control of energy in various industrial applications passes by the comprehension of the phenomena of transfers especially in complex flows. The structure of the turbulent flow in the cavities in rotation depends on several parameters like the Reynolds number of rotation Ra and the aspect ratio of the cavity. The purpose of this work is to simulate numerically the effect of the aspect ratio on the level of turbulence in the annular steady flow with an incompressible fluid for three different configurations. In the first, the interior cylinder is fixed and the external is moving. The second configuration is the reverse. The third is the contra-rotating cylinders. For all these configurations, we varied the aspect ratio from 0.5 to 2.5. The numerical tool is based on a statistical model in a point using the closing of the second order of the transport equations of the Reynolds stresses （Reynolds Stress Model： RSM）. The results of our numerical simulation show that this geometrical parameter can be an interesting factor to increase the level of turbulence that is often required in several industrial applications where the economy and the control of energy are always required.