论“俄罗斯民族文化”课程的开设——中国“俄罗斯学”在公选课领域中的一次实践

"俄罗斯学"是21世纪初中国俄语界提出来的一门对俄罗斯进行系统研究的学科。其任务是通过研究俄罗斯的各领域来探寻俄罗斯民族文化、民族心理和民族精神。本文回顾了课程"俄罗斯民族文化"的开设背景,提议从人化的角度来分析俄罗斯民族文化,介绍了教学内容和教学方式,分享了教学的收获。

Revolutionary Objects： Pure Forms and Disorder in Ivan Leonidov＇s Work

This paper analyzes compositional strategies of Russian avant-garde architecture from the 1920s and 1930s through the study of the work of Ivan Leonidov （1902-1959）, one of the leading and most prolific architects of this movement. In this study, Leonidov＇s work is located within its predominant architectural context, and his work is interpreted not only as a reaction against the domineering principles of classicism, but as an evolution and selective continuation of key concepts directly translated from architectural academism. The issues of the use of pure forms--a radical stance at odds with the commonly accepted morphologies of that era--associated with the principles of displaced symmetry, or disorder, are closely looked at and evaluated against both their architectural and political values within the context of post-revolutionary Russia. It is argued that the characteristic of weightlessness in his large-scale planning proposals is revelatory of a particular desire to invade space with political presence, thus demanding to reconsider the relation between space and architectural objects. Parallels are also drawn from French Revolutionary architecture, and from the work of Claude-Nicolas Ledoux in particular, whose search for purity and autonomy in architectural morphology preceded that of Soviet architecture. As Leonidov＇s legacy mainly consists of drawings of buildings that never got built, his influence can often be felt in the work of other architects which until today have drawn formal elements and compositional strategies from his relatively vast volume of un-built work.

Water Chemistry and Hydrometeorology in a Glacierized Catchment in the Polar Urals,Russia

This study aims to determine the relationships between local meteorological conditions,proglacial river discharge and biogeochemical processes operating in a periglacial basin located in the Polar Ural mountain range, Russia. Fieldwork was conducted in the catchment of Obruchev Glacier(13 km2) during the summer peak flow period in 2008. River discharge was dominated by snowmelt and changed from 3300 l s-1 to less than 1000 l s-1. The mean daily air temperatures of stations situated in the mountain tundra and near Obruchev Glacier from July 11 th to August 1st 2008 were 14.4°C and 10.3°C, respectively. The glacial river had low total dissolved solids varying from 4.5 to 9 mg l-1 and coefficients of correlation between Na+ and Cl-, K+ and Cl-, as well as NH4+ and Cl- were 0.94, 0.90 and 0.84, respectively. Rainfall events affected the snowmelt initiation and provided an essential part of the discharge during the intense snowmelt period, which occurred from July 11 th to July 18 th 2008. Data showed that Na+ and K+ in the surface water derived from snowmelt rather than chemical weathering of silicates. Also, it was obtained that NO3- derived from the melting snowpack, whereas ammonification occurring under the snowpacks was the primary source for NH4+.

Experience of Complex Application of BW Convention （2004） by the Example of the Port Novorossiysk

The pioneer technical policy carried out by Federal State Institution ＂Novorossiysk Maritime Port Administration＂ in mutual cooperation with the Southern Scientific Centre of Russian Academy of Sciences on control and management of ballast waters and ecosystem monitoring of marine environment in areas of ballast water discharge provides the task of complex approach for minimization of risk of introduction of biologically negative invaders by marine transport and preservation of biodiversity of the Black Sea.

Assessment of Exposure to Toxic Metals through Food with Reference to Some Towns in Russia

In big countries, nutrition profiles and foodstuffs chemical contamination may differ significantly between different regions and even between areas within a region. Thus one should assess toxic exposure through food on not only national but also local level. We have developed and distributed a personal questionnaire for estimating average daily consumption of 44 types of foodstuffs, and for 12 of them-the percentage contribution of the main sources of supply. Depending on data analysis results, we choose the most important foodstuffs for determining their chemical contamination. We tested this approach in 7 industrial towns and found differences among them, as well as among children and adults, with regard to toxic exposure through food. People with a relatively high income consume more milk, cheese, meat, fish, poultry and fruit but less bread and potatoes than those with medium or low income. About 80% of consumed potatoes are grown locally and thus depend on each area＇s contamination. Although daily intakes of toxicants do not exceed WHO tolerable levels, their contribution to the total environmentally dependent dose is important. The approach developed by us can be used in epidemiological and risk assessment studies when they are performed on regional or local level.

History of the Establishment and Development of X-Ray Analysis Methods in Russia--The USSR. First 20 Years

2012 is a year of celebrate centenary of X-ray discovery information about Laue＇s （Fridrich and Knipping） experiment was This discovery spread quickly in different countries. The history of written in the paper. Also history mention of Laue＇s experiment in Russia was presented. The system group of X-ray diffraction was created in 1919/1920 in Petrograd （A. Ioffe, State Physical Technical Institute） and Moscow. Themes of research results, scientific newness and scientific rate were presented. The organization, political and other reasons which retarded the active progress of the method in 1930 were described. Initial stage of progress of the method in Russia-USSR was studied by historian of science partly. The reasons of it are： closed of scientific community, political system of country, Cyrillic barrier, etc.. This paper acquaints western scientific community with non-famous Russian materials on theme.

Ecological Monitoring Perspectives from Biotesting of Surface Waters： A Study of Pavlovsk Reservoir （Bashkortostan, Russia）

The cost of environmental analysis is becoming astronomically high at the global scale. One of the major trends in the respective research activities is the development of biotesting methods. Such methods, in addition to ecotoxicology, are highly demanded for environmental monitoring and ecological standardization. The development of biotesting in toxicology, however, is limited to the ＂battery of tests＂ paradigm, while environmental monitoring and ecological standardization are based on the ＂uniformity of measurements＂ paradigm. A ＂reference bioindicator＂ is proposed to harmonize these approaches. A reference bioindicator serves for comparison of data obtained by different bioindicators. This method was approved for the state environmental control. Application of reference bioindicators makes analytical procedure substantially cheaper. It requires, however, thorough calibration in relation to specific environmental factors （such as temperature, photoperiod etc.） as well as to specific active agents and their combinations. This problem can be solved with the start-up of calibrating analytical centers and long-term study of the effects of spatiotemporal environmental factors in specific areas and for specific reference objects. This paper demonstrates long-term study results for the surface waters of Pavlovsk reservoir （Bashkortostan, Russia）.

Problems in the Field of Systematics and Investigation of Conifers in Russia

The largest and most important family in Russian conifers is Pinaceae （27-29 species）. The most important problems in the field of systemitics concern some critical taxa. In the result of author＇s research, the new signs of vegetative and reproductive organs have been checked out and elaborated. It leads to the clarifying of new taxonomic status and geographical distribution of certain critical taxa. A set of species are threatened and need special measures which are included into the Red Data Book of Russian Federation. for their conservation. There are 13 species and one variety

Radiation-Chemical Situation of the Waters of the Middle Reach of the River Yenisei （Russian Federation）

The results of monitoring the radiation-chemical situation in the middle reach of the Yenisei River located in the nearest zone of the influence of the Mining and Chemical Combine of Rosatom have been described in the paper. Using different physico-chemical methods, it has been found that uranium and tritium content in the water exceeds the background values of the flood plain of the River Yenisei. It has been shown that a wide range of radionuclides of different genesis flows into the waters of the Yenisei River. It has been demonstrated that radionuclides are transported by the water flow in the form of molecular solution or with suspended matter. In this case, the suspended matter consists of pelitic finely dispersed mineral particles, plant and organic detritus and living biological objects （for example, worms）. It has been shown that the main contribution to radionuclide and metal accumulation is made by humic substances covering the panicles of the suspended matter and actively participating in the formation of complexes with radionuclides and heavy metals. As a result of this work, the artificial radionuclide inflow into the ecosystem of the River Yenisei has been evidenced.

Russian Experience of the Rational Thromboprophylaxis in Traumatology and Orthopaedics

Analysis of the safety and efficacy of the currently marked oral anticoagulants was performed in patients after large joints arthroplasty. A total of 5025 patients after total knee arthroplasty and 5216 patients after total hip arthroplasty were examined. All patients were divided into groups by the prescribed anticoagulant. The duration of anticoagulant therapy was 35 days and 6 weeks after surgery, respectively. Ultrasonography of the lower extremities veins was performed in all patients prior to the surgery and 5 days after surgery. In patients receiving Dabigatran, the incidence of clinically significant deep vein thrombosis was lower compared with patients receiving Rivaroxaban and Apixaban; in contrast, the rate of postoperative hematomas in the last two groups was higher.

Blended Learning in a Foreign Language Teaching

Foreign language classes using blended learning take place in a classroom and on an educational platform （i.e., Moodle）. Working this way is meant to help in the process of learning a language and not to replace the traditional method. Using the platform allows preparation of fully distant learning courses as well as preparing areas that allow providing the learners with materials that are complementary to the main course （face-to-face）. Virtual Learning Environment （VLE） is nowadays a very popular tool in teaching not only English （although it is the most popular language in Poland）, but other foreign languages such as Russian or German. This paper focuses on some methodological aspects of preparing： （1） distant learning language courses that are complementary to the whole English language course and （2） complementary areas （consultations） in Russian and German. In both cases the author shows components that are essential for the success of the teaching process

Comparison of Influenza Outbreaks in the Republic of Kazakhstan and Russia Induced by 2009 Yearly New Variant of А(H1N1) Influenza Virus

The aim of the work is the comparison of the epidemiology of influenza and acute respiratory virus infections (ARVI) in the Republic of Kazakhstan with the corresponding influenza epidemic in Russia induced by influenza pandemic virus A/California/07/2009 in 2009.Data on influenza and ARVI from the Republic of Kazakhstan and Federal Center of influenza was collected and investigated over the course of several weeks from hospitalized patients with the same diagnosis among all population and in age groups on 16 territories of Kazakhstan and in 49 major cities of Russia.The epidemic in Kazakhstan resembled the Russian epidemic in terms of its abnormally early beginning,expression of monoaetiology,the spread of the epidemic into all territories and start of the epidemics among adult population.High percentage of hospitalized people and lethal outcome were registered in this epidemic.Similarity of epidemic process character in corresponding border-line territories of both countries was found out.

International School of Egyptology of Adolf Erman

The world admired Ancient Egypt since its conquest by the Roman Empire, For Europe, it was a dreamlike country full of wonders and magic, only in the beginning of the nineteenth century, the romantic interest gave way to serious scientific research. The founders of Egyptology widely known, hut the name of one of them, the German Egyptologist Adolf Erman, is rarely found in modern monographs of Western researches, dedicated to the history of Egypt. At the same time in Russia, where researches in the field of Egyptology have been started only in the late nineteenth century, a special attention was paid to Erman＇s works. The objective of this work was to evaluate the significant contribution of A. Erman to the development of the world and in particular Russian Egyptology. Analysis of Erman＇s, his disciples＇ and followers＇ works showed that he was the founder of the Berlin school of Egyptology which has brought up such famous Egyptologists as L. Borchardt, K. Zeta, H. Muller, G. Roeder, H. Schaefer, G. Shteindorf, and others. His influence went far beyond Germany： Among his students, there were researchers from England, the United States of America, and italy. Erman left a remarkable imprint on Russian Egyptology. B. Turayev and V. Struve were taught by Erman, then they became followers of this science at home; some of their students undertook an internship at Erman＇s school as well. After returning home the Russian researchers created works on the history and culture of ancient Egypt, lecturedon Egyptology in universities. As a result, Russian schools of Egyptology were founded by B. Turayev and V. Struve, the members of which proceeded to work on the history of Egypt and Ancient Orient, transferring their knowledge to the next generation.

Advanced cold spray technology:Deposition characteristics and potential applications

Cold spray technology,originated from the Institute of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics Siberian branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences,is a rapidly emerging industrial coating technology.Cold sprayed particles with high-velocity impact onto a substrate so as to induce severe plastic deformation and then create a deposit.For its low temperature and high velocity compared with thermal spraying,the cold spraying process is increasingly used in the industries for protective coating.The deposition characteristics of the particles,coating formation and bonding mechanism of the cold spraying process are different from thermal spraying.Many theory investigations of the cold spraying process contribute to the development of the high performance coatings,which makes the cold spraying process as a popular research field.Presently,the deposition characteristics,bonding mechanism,process optimization as well as classical applications of the cold spraying technology in the past are reviewed,and the interesting points for the further development,optimization and applications of this technology are also recommended.

Past Reviews of ＂The Identity Puzzle＂ in Nabokov＇s The Real Life of Sebastian Knight

Vladimir Vladimirovich Nabokov （1899-1977）, a Russian-born Ameri- can writer, is one of the most gifted exilic writers of the twentieth century. His first English novel, The Real Life of Sebastian Knight, which inherits certain aesthetic motifs of his Russian works, such as the artist in exile, the motif of the double, and the theme of the other world, has attracted the academic circle and received extreme views spreading between the good and the bad. But the core question in the whole of Nabokov scholarship is the ambiguous identities of the novel＇s two heroes, Sebastian and V. who are half-brothers. It is the identity puzzle that makes this novel more and more popular in Nabokov criticism. This essay attempts to review past reviews concerning this problem and analyze the four interpretations occa- sioned by the identity puzzle in Nabokov criticism.