Retakaful is an arrangement to risk of retention limit funding takaful. Similarly, risk arrangements are operated by reinsurance to insurance funding. But, how is the retakaful legal status in Islamic law and the diff...Retakaful is an arrangement to risk of retention limit funding takaful. Similarly, risk arrangements are operated by reinsurance to insurance funding. But, how is the retakaful legal status in Islamic law and the differences between reinsurance. The objective of this study is to identify the status of the retakaful in Islamic law and identify the differences between reinsurance. The study to found that retakaful is prescribed and an alternative to reinsurance, as well as a method of financial protection against the various risks of the takaful industry in excess of the retention limit, which may occur at any time in accordance with the principles of Sharia. Also in this method of risk arrangements, It is found that there are very significant differences in risk between retakaful and conventional reinsurance.展开更多
Compulsory liability insurance has widely existed in the field of marine insurance. However, marine drilling platforms have always been excluded from this system in China. In view of the special legal nature of oil po...Compulsory liability insurance has widely existed in the field of marine insurance. However, marine drilling platforms have always been excluded from this system in China. In view of the special legal nature of oil pollution compulsory liability insurance for marine drilling platforms, this paper analyzes a number of issues related to oil pollution compulsory liability insurance, elaborates on the necessity for China to implement the system and makes some suggestions about the implementation of that.展开更多
Selection of materials,as an area of design research,has been under considerable interest over the years.Materials selection is one of the most important activities in the product development process.Inappropriate dec...Selection of materials,as an area of design research,has been under considerable interest over the years.Materials selection is one of the most important activities in the product development process.Inappropriate decision of materials can cause the product to be reproduced or remanufactured.To avoid this circumstance,one of the useful tools that can be employed in determining the most appropriate material is analytical hierarchy process(AHP).To illustrate the application of AHP,six different types of composite materials were considered.The most appropriate one for suitability of use in manufacturing automotive bumper beam was determined by considering eight main selection factors and 12 sub-factors.The AHP analysis reveals that the glass fibre epoxy is the most appropriate material because it has the highest value(25.7%,mass fraction) compared with other materials.The final material is obtained by performing six different scenarios of the sensitivity analysis.It is proved that glass fibre epoxy is the most optimum decision.展开更多
Based on the definition of migrant workers and migrant workers'social security,systems,policies and regulations and status quo of specific safeguard project of social security have been analyzed.Authors draw follo...Based on the definition of migrant workers and migrant workers'social security,systems,policies and regulations and status quo of specific safeguard project of social security have been analyzed.Authors draw following conclusions:China's social security systems of migrant workers show diversification and differentiation trend;national-level policies take on diversification and local-level regulations take on differentiation;social welfare and social assistance have deficiency;coverage rate of social insurance items is extremely low.展开更多
It is generally believed in existing literature that China＇s minimum wage is too low and must be raised substantially. Such a view is highly misleading given the inconsistent statistical standards for minimum and ave...It is generally believed in existing literature that China＇s minimum wage is too low and must be raised substantially. Such a view is highly misleading given the inconsistent statistical standards for minimum and average wages. In order to ensure comparability, this paper has adjusted the statistical scope for minimum and average wages respectively. If employees of urban private and self-employed businesses are included in calculating the average wage, the minimum-to-average wage ratio will increase by about 0.06; if the minimum wage standards of various localities include personal contributions to social insurance and the housing fund, the minimum-to-average wage ratio will increase by 0.008; if overtime pay is deducted from the average wage, the minimum-to-average wage ratio will further increase by around O. 06.In addition, if the median wage is used in place of the average wage, the minimum-to-average wage ratio will increase by at least 0.08. After these adjustments, China＇s minimum-to-average wage ratio for 2013 will increase from 0.28 to 0.49, which is within the range of between 0.40 and 0.60 that is recognized internationally as reasonable. Our analysis suggests that as far as the immediate interests of workers are concerned, it is more imperative to unify the statistical approaches for minimum and average wages in China than to raise the minimum wage standard. In order to achieve the expected effect, simply raising the minimum wage alone is not enough. What is also necessary is to enhance supervision and inspection on compliance by firms with the minimum wage policy, particularly the overtime pay regulations. An alternative is to replace monthly minimum wage with hourly minimum wage.展开更多
In Malaysia, the Islamic commercial institutions were established under respective legislations which contain express term on their status as a body corporate. Examples of these institutions are Islamic banks, zakah i...In Malaysia, the Islamic commercial institutions were established under respective legislations which contain express term on their status as a body corporate. Examples of these institutions are Islamic banks, zakah institutions, Pilgrimage Board and Islamic insurance （takaful） companies. In 1998, Johor Corporation （JCorp） initiated a corporate waqf entity known as Waqaf An-Nur Corporation Berhad （WANCorp）. In 2011, Majlis Agama Islam Wilayah Persekutuan （MAIWP） collaborated with Tabung Haji to develop a Class AWaqf building leased to Bank Islam Malaysia Berhad （BIMB）. The developments in waqf involving corporate entities are worth to be analyzed in order to create a new framework of waqf practice. This paper deliberated the attributes of corporations under the Malaysian law and compares them with the principles of Islamic law （Shari＇ah）. For the purpose of discussion, this paper refers to WANCorp and Awqaf Holdings as examples ofwaqf corporations in Malaysia.展开更多
The margin of credit business in commercial bank has the problems if legal nature identification and juridical practice has identical comprehension on margin, and that the non-standard financial source and operations ...The margin of credit business in commercial bank has the problems if legal nature identification and juridical practice has identical comprehension on margin, and that the non-standard financial source and operations of margin makes legal risks. Therefore, the prevention and control measures should be taken for the open and accounting of margin account, drawdown of margin, maintenance of account information, and freezing and deduction of margin of competent organs.展开更多
Shanghai went into the ranks of the aging society in 1979, as the first area which entered into the aging society in China. Along with the arrival of the ageing, the nursing problems of the old man and disabled elderl...Shanghai went into the ranks of the aging society in 1979, as the first area which entered into the aging society in China. Along with the arrival of the ageing, the nursing problems of the old man and disabled elderly become the important factors which affect social development. The establishment of the legal system, System integration to realize resource optimal allocation, Division of multilevel optimization services provide new pattern can make it happen.展开更多
French insurance is part of a public-private partnership with the French State to compensate flood-related damages, and there is growing concern among insurers about damaging climatic events. To promote preventive act...French insurance is part of a public-private partnership with the French State to compensate flood-related damages, and there is growing concern among insurers about damaging climatic events. To promote preventive actions as well as to take them into account in flood risk assessment, insurers have recently expressed the need to develop a rating system of preventive actions. This study identified Action Programs for Flood Prevention (Programme d’Action pour la Prévention des Inondations—PAPI) as the key French public policy instrument: they provide an overview of the diversity of actions that are conducted locally at the relevant risk basin scale. A database of all intended actions in the 145 launched PAPIs was constructed and the actions were coded (88 codes). The analysis consisted of two steps: (1) We conducted an expert valuation using the Analytic Network Process and the Analytic Hierarchy Process, aiming at creating an experimental national rating system. The results show the importance of implementing an integrated strategy that particularly emphasizes land use planning and urban planning. This appears even sounder as individual actions show relatively limited effectiveness. (2) The ratings of actions were applied to each PAPI according to their implemented actions. The resulting scores for individual PAPIs, as local risk coping capacity indicators, show great variance ranging from 8 to 324 points. This confirms the need to take prevention into account in flood risk assessment.展开更多
This paper addresses the scheduling problem involving batch processing machines, which is Mso known as parallel batching in the literature. The presented mixed integer programming formulation first provides an elegant...This paper addresses the scheduling problem involving batch processing machines, which is Mso known as parallel batching in the literature. The presented mixed integer programming formulation first provides an elegant model for the problem under study. Fhrthermore, it enables solutions to the problem instances beyond the capability of exact methods developed so far. In order to alleviate computational burden, the authors propose MIP-based heuristic approaches which balance solution quality and computing time.展开更多
文摘Retakaful is an arrangement to risk of retention limit funding takaful. Similarly, risk arrangements are operated by reinsurance to insurance funding. But, how is the retakaful legal status in Islamic law and the differences between reinsurance. The objective of this study is to identify the status of the retakaful in Islamic law and identify the differences between reinsurance. The study to found that retakaful is prescribed and an alternative to reinsurance, as well as a method of financial protection against the various risks of the takaful industry in excess of the retention limit, which may occur at any time in accordance with the principles of Sharia. Also in this method of risk arrangements, It is found that there are very significant differences in risk between retakaful and conventional reinsurance.
文摘Compulsory liability insurance has widely existed in the field of marine insurance. However, marine drilling platforms have always been excluded from this system in China. In view of the special legal nature of oil pollution compulsory liability insurance for marine drilling platforms, this paper analyzes a number of issues related to oil pollution compulsory liability insurance, elaborates on the necessity for China to implement the system and makes some suggestions about the implementation of that.
基金the financial support through Research University Grant Scheme 2007 (RUG 2007) with vote number 91045
文摘Selection of materials,as an area of design research,has been under considerable interest over the years.Materials selection is one of the most important activities in the product development process.Inappropriate decision of materials can cause the product to be reproduced or remanufactured.To avoid this circumstance,one of the useful tools that can be employed in determining the most appropriate material is analytical hierarchy process(AHP).To illustrate the application of AHP,six different types of composite materials were considered.The most appropriate one for suitability of use in manufacturing automotive bumper beam was determined by considering eight main selection factors and 12 sub-factors.The AHP analysis reveals that the glass fibre epoxy is the most appropriate material because it has the highest value(25.7%,mass fraction) compared with other materials.The final material is obtained by performing six different scenarios of the sensitivity analysis.It is proved that glass fibre epoxy is the most optimum decision.
基金funded by the social science critical project named Building Mode and Processing Path of the New Rural Pension System(Grant no.09&ZD057)supported by Program for Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Team in University (PCSIRT)(Grant no.IRT0855)
文摘Based on the definition of migrant workers and migrant workers'social security,systems,policies and regulations and status quo of specific safeguard project of social security have been analyzed.Authors draw following conclusions:China's social security systems of migrant workers show diversification and differentiation trend;national-level policies take on diversification and local-level regulations take on differentiation;social welfare and social assistance have deficiency;coverage rate of social insurance items is extremely low.
基金the Youth Program of the National Philosophical and Social Sciences Foundation "An Empirical Study on the Employment Effect and Income Distribution Effect of Minimum Wage Regulations"(Grant No.12CJY018)sponsored by the major programs of philosophical and social sciences research under the Ministry of Education "A Study on Raising the Ratio of Household Income to National Income"+1 种基金the International Development Research Center(IDRC)of Canadathe Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions(PAPD)
文摘It is generally believed in existing literature that China＇s minimum wage is too low and must be raised substantially. Such a view is highly misleading given the inconsistent statistical standards for minimum and average wages. In order to ensure comparability, this paper has adjusted the statistical scope for minimum and average wages respectively. If employees of urban private and self-employed businesses are included in calculating the average wage, the minimum-to-average wage ratio will increase by about 0.06; if the minimum wage standards of various localities include personal contributions to social insurance and the housing fund, the minimum-to-average wage ratio will increase by 0.008; if overtime pay is deducted from the average wage, the minimum-to-average wage ratio will further increase by around O. 06.In addition, if the median wage is used in place of the average wage, the minimum-to-average wage ratio will increase by at least 0.08. After these adjustments, China＇s minimum-to-average wage ratio for 2013 will increase from 0.28 to 0.49, which is within the range of between 0.40 and 0.60 that is recognized internationally as reasonable. Our analysis suggests that as far as the immediate interests of workers are concerned, it is more imperative to unify the statistical approaches for minimum and average wages in China than to raise the minimum wage standard. In order to achieve the expected effect, simply raising the minimum wage alone is not enough. What is also necessary is to enhance supervision and inspection on compliance by firms with the minimum wage policy, particularly the overtime pay regulations. An alternative is to replace monthly minimum wage with hourly minimum wage.
文摘In Malaysia, the Islamic commercial institutions were established under respective legislations which contain express term on their status as a body corporate. Examples of these institutions are Islamic banks, zakah institutions, Pilgrimage Board and Islamic insurance （takaful） companies. In 1998, Johor Corporation （JCorp） initiated a corporate waqf entity known as Waqaf An-Nur Corporation Berhad （WANCorp）. In 2011, Majlis Agama Islam Wilayah Persekutuan （MAIWP） collaborated with Tabung Haji to develop a Class AWaqf building leased to Bank Islam Malaysia Berhad （BIMB）. The developments in waqf involving corporate entities are worth to be analyzed in order to create a new framework of waqf practice. This paper deliberated the attributes of corporations under the Malaysian law and compares them with the principles of Islamic law （Shari＇ah）. For the purpose of discussion, this paper refers to WANCorp and Awqaf Holdings as examples ofwaqf corporations in Malaysia.
文摘The margin of credit business in commercial bank has the problems if legal nature identification and juridical practice has identical comprehension on margin, and that the non-standard financial source and operations of margin makes legal risks. Therefore, the prevention and control measures should be taken for the open and accounting of margin account, drawdown of margin, maintenance of account information, and freezing and deduction of margin of competent organs.
文摘Shanghai went into the ranks of the aging society in 1979, as the first area which entered into the aging society in China. Along with the arrival of the ageing, the nursing problems of the old man and disabled elderly become the important factors which affect social development. The establishment of the legal system, System integration to realize resource optimal allocation, Division of multilevel optimization services provide new pattern can make it happen.
文摘French insurance is part of a public-private partnership with the French State to compensate flood-related damages, and there is growing concern among insurers about damaging climatic events. To promote preventive actions as well as to take them into account in flood risk assessment, insurers have recently expressed the need to develop a rating system of preventive actions. This study identified Action Programs for Flood Prevention (Programme d’Action pour la Prévention des Inondations—PAPI) as the key French public policy instrument: they provide an overview of the diversity of actions that are conducted locally at the relevant risk basin scale. A database of all intended actions in the 145 launched PAPIs was constructed and the actions were coded (88 codes). The analysis consisted of two steps: (1) We conducted an expert valuation using the Analytic Network Process and the Analytic Hierarchy Process, aiming at creating an experimental national rating system. The results show the importance of implementing an integrated strategy that particularly emphasizes land use planning and urban planning. This appears even sounder as individual actions show relatively limited effectiveness. (2) The ratings of actions were applied to each PAPI according to their implemented actions. The resulting scores for individual PAPIs, as local risk coping capacity indicators, show great variance ranging from 8 to 324 points. This confirms the need to take prevention into account in flood risk assessment.
文摘This paper addresses the scheduling problem involving batch processing machines, which is Mso known as parallel batching in the literature. The presented mixed integer programming formulation first provides an elegant model for the problem under study. Fhrthermore, it enables solutions to the problem instances beyond the capability of exact methods developed so far. In order to alleviate computational burden, the authors propose MIP-based heuristic approaches which balance solution quality and computing time.
