信息基地的构架和建设模型

用户在过载的Internet信息检索中,往往不能查询到自己希望获得的内容.为此,本文提出了信息基地的概念,它是对特定领域内因特网信息资源进行"精"加工处理和长期保存的"小型数字图书馆",将在特定领域内最大限度的便利用户的检索需求.本文对信息基地的构架和建设中涉及的关键技术进行了初步的剖析,还介绍了上海交通大学OA实验室正在建设中的"中文信息处理信息基地"系统流程.

Ecologically based landscape pattern optimization in northwest of Beijing

Supported by the technologies of remote sensing(RS) and geographical informa-tion system(GIS),we chose northwest of Beijing as a study area and gave priority to under-standing of the spatial-temporal characteristics of landscape pattern change through visually interpreted Landsat TM images of 1989,1996 and 2005.It is believed that there were a series of landscape ecological problems caused by city expansion:landscape ecological connec-tivity was low;landscape structure was simplified;the fragmentation of green land patch was more obvious on the plain areas,moreover,spatial distribution of green land was unbalanced.For this reason,this study adopted accumulative cost distance model,combined with eco-system services and spatial interactions of landscape types,analyzed the spatial difference of the ecological function and the compactness of landscape structure in the study area,and further discussed the landscape pattern optimization proposal.We find that it is essential to protect and establish ecological sources,to establish urban ecological corridors,and to es-tablish ecological nodes at the landscape ecological strategic positions so as to intensify spatial relationships among landscape elements and maintain continuity of landscape eco-logical process and pattern in the course of city expansion.The methods and final results from this study are expected to be useful for landscape ecological planning in Beijing region.

GIS as an Information Infrastructure for Recovery and Reconstruction after the Great East Japan Earthquake

This study considers the regional characteristics of the Tohoku region and the extent of the damage caused by the Great East Japan Earthquake and makes proposals for recovery and reconstruction of the areas affected by this disaster as well as for a reduction of the impact of natural disasters that may occur in the future with GIS （geographic information systems） as a social infrastructure positioned at the heart of the information infrastructure. Due to the fact that social media that used ICT （information and communication technology） was useful in the days directly after the disaster, it can be said that it is necessary to investigate the provision of an information infrastructure that uses ICT to reduce the impact of disasters. Therefore, this study proposes the construction of a geographical information database using GIS and the provision and sharing of information using social media GIS after discussion of the relationship between the development of the computerization of Japan and GIS as a valid example of using information systems for recovery and reconstruction after the Great East Japan Earthquake.

Measuring Spatial Differences of Informatization in China

As the wide application of new Information and Communication Technologies （ICTs） shows, the world is moving fast to- wards an information age. Since China was first connected to the Internet in 1994, the development of ICTs in China and around the world has been astonishingly fast, and yet there is a clear ＇digital divide＇ among different regions in China. Although Chinese geogra- phers have paid attention to regional differences in informatization, they usually employ a limited number of indicators, mainly focusing on the Intemet. In fact, infi^rmatization is a much broader concept, covering not only the lntemet, but also mobile phones as well as user ability. In the light of these considerations, this study provides a comprehensive examination of the development of informatization and its spatial differences in China. First, based on a literature review, the paper identifies 29 preliminary indicators for measuring informa- tization, and employs prin,-ipal components analysis and the fuzzy analytic hierarchy process to streamline them into 12 indicators to form an ICTs Developmen： Index （ID1）. Second, by using the data from provincial statistical yearbooks and the China Internet Network Information Center, the paper calculates the 1191 of each mega-region and each province in 2000-2010, and measures the changing spa- tial differences in the development of informatization in China. Lastly, the paper quantifies the relationship between informatization and economic growth. The empirical results show that the IDI of the western and central China has been increasing faster than that of the coastal region, indicating that the digital divide in China has been narrowing.

A GIS-based Modeling Approach for Fast Assessment of Soil Erosion by Water at Regional Scale, Loess Plateau of China

The objective of this study is to develop a unique modeling approach for fast assessment of massive soil erosion by water at a regional scale in the Loess Plateau, China. This approach relies on an understanding of both regional patterns of soil loss and its impact factors in the plateau area. Based on the regional characteristics of precipitation, vegetation and land form, and with the use of Landsat TM and ground investigation data, the entire Loess Plateau was first divided into 3 380 Fundamental Assessment Units （FAUs） to adapt to this regional modeling and fast assessment. A set of easily available parameters reflecting relevant water erosion factors at a regional scale was then developed, in which dynamic and static factors were discriminated. Arclnfo GIS was used to integrate all essential data into a central database. A resulting mathematical model was established to link the sediment yields and the selected variables on the basis of FAUs through overlay in GIS and multiple regression analyses. The sensitivity analyses and validation results show that this approach works effectively in assessing large area soil erosion, and also helps to understand the regional associations of erosion and its impact factors, and thus might significantly contribute to planning and policymaking for a large area erosion control in the Loess Plateau.

Delimiting the consolidation area for supplementing prime farmland with GIS technology

In view of the fact that consolidation area for supplementing prime farmland （CASPF） is a new concept proposed in the latest round of general land use planning in China, this paper proposes a new and integrated GIS- based technology for delimiting CASPF. Taking the advantage of the features of CASPF, a comprehensive evaluation indicator system for defining ordinary farmland as CASPF is established in this study, which covers 11 indicators, including slope, land plots connectivity, altitude, surface soil texture, and so on. With the help of the ideal-point method, ordinary farmland plots are sorted according to their evaluation scores in descending order. Based on the space analysis technique of GIS, high-ranking land plots are defined as CASPF reasonably.

Discriminant Analysis on Land Grading

This paper proposes the discriminant analysis on land grading after analyzing the common methods and discussing the Fisher’s discriminant in detail. Actually this method deduces the dimension from multi to single, thus it makes the feature vectors in n \|dimension change to a scalar, and use this scalar to classify samples. This paper illustrates the result by giving an example of the residential land grading by the discriminant analysis.

The Application of GIS Technique in the Evaluation of the Basic Land Price in the Little Town

According to the characteristics of the primary materials of the basic land price in the little town, the author uses the analysis function of the figures and the space to set off the rank unit,calculate the numberof the unit and rank the land. The method and the system of the evaluation of the basic land price in the little town (especially the little towns in the Western China) will be perfect.

New Geological and Hydrogeological Information on the Eastern Border of the Gondo Plain （Burkina Faso）

The Gondo plain lies between Mali and Burkina Faso and it is in interland basin into the West African Craton. Since 2003, this study has been carried out two research projects on the southwest part of the plain, where the piezometric levels are very low （50 m to 100 m）. It has two main purposes： find water resources to provide drinking water supply to Ouahigouya town and assess the exploitation possibility of the deep aquifer for rural water supply. Combined methods were used to reach the objectives of this study--remote sensing, geology, geophysics （electromagnetism and resistivity methods）, hydrochemistry and isotope chemistry. So, the methodology allows to specify the geology and the tectonic of the eastern border of the basin, identify and characterize the different aquifers and their relationships. Through the implementation of 250 m deep drilled boreholes, this study reveals that the water level of the lower Cambrian limestones can be under pressure below the continental terminal deposits. The study highlights paleo-karstic zones in the Gondo plain and shows that water chemistry and isotope chemistry can be used to differentiate water sheets and evaluate their recharge.

Research on the Relationship between Active Faults and Earthquakes in the Junction Area of the China North-South Seismic Belt and Central Orogenic Belt Based on GIS

Research on the relationship between faults and seismicity in the junction area of China's north-south seismic belt and central orogenic belt based on the Geography Information System (GIS) has been done.For each of the 16 faults in this area,we build a 25km buffer zone and use overlay analysis to investigate the seismicity and its characteristics on each fault.The results unveil the main seismic faults as follows:the western segment of the northern-edge of the west Qinling fault,the southwestern segment of the Lixian-Luojiabao fault,the southeastern segment of the Lintan-Dangchang fault,the southwestern segment of the Wenxian fault,the Huya fault,and the Xueshan fault.The most active faults are the Huya and Xueshan faults,then the Tazang fault,the Lixian-Luojiabao fault and the northern piedmont of the Guanggaishan-Dieshan fault.The research zone can be divided into four areas according to focal depth,which gets deeper from north to south.The profile of focal depth indicates the geometry and mechanical property of faults,and further reveals the movement model of eastward extrusion of the Tibetan plateau and southeastward escape of masses,thus providing basis for the protection against earthquakes and hazard mitigation in this area.

Human settlement's social network analysis based on spatial trend surface model:a case study of Chongqing Municipality

Integrated with GIS and remote sensing(RS) technology,a systematic analysis and its methodology for human-settlements social environment has been introduced.This methodology has been called spatial trend field model(STFM).STFM's application history in the field of human-settlements social environment has been discussed at first.Then,some index data models have been created through STFM,which include population density trend field,human activity strength trend field,city-town spatial density trend field,urbanization ratio trend field,road density trend field,GDP spatial density trend field and PER-GDP spatial density trend field.With all above-mentioned indexes as input data,through Iterative Self-Organizing Data Analysis Techniques Algorithm(ISODATA),this paper makes a verification study of Chongqing municipality.The result of the case study confirms that STFM methodology is credible and has high efficiency for regional human-settlements study.

Geomatic and Geotechnical Monitoring of Settlements in the Venice Lagoon, Italy

The safeguarding of Venice and the Venetian lagoon （Italy） from rising water is of great national interest. Besides the normal tidal regime, the effects of an increase in the frequency and intensity of floods in the lagoon have been accentuated by a reduction in the elevation of the land in respect to the actual average sea level. With the aim of reducing the vulnerability of the lagoon, the Italian Ministry of University and Scientific and Technological Research financed the research project ＂The geotechnical model of the subsurface for the safeguarding of Venice and its lagoon＂, to study the compressibility of the lagoon deposits, both by natural causes and as a consequence of overloading with heavy structures. The project involved the construction of a large experimental embankment in the Treporti area of the lagoon, in order to perform a full-scale long-term compression test on the lagoon soils. By using various geomatic and geotechnical monitoring techniques, it was possible to appraise very small vertical movements of the ground induced by the compressibility of the highly heterogeneous silty formations. High-precision data was acquired by means of classical topographic methodologies integrated with continuous GPS （Global Positioning System） measurements. In addition, vertical displacements of the ground were obtained using geotechnical instrumentation. This cross-monitoring approach provided a valuable tool for analyzing both the natural and anthropic causes of settlement.

Evaluating the Effects of the Concentration of Large Scale Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Facilities Using Geographical Information System

In Japan, each municipality generally has its own municipal solid waste incineration facilities because of the principle of self-management in the respective territories. Typically, a small municipality often owns a small facility. However, a large facility which can run continuously at high temperature with stability would be preferable if the dioxin generation mechanism is to be considered. Accordingly, municipalities in contiguous areas should cooperate mutually by using a large facility. To evaluate the effect of the concentration of large facilities, the authors created a GIS （Geographic Information System） based database of combustible waste generation at town level in Shizuoka Prefecture. Focusing on large facilities in Shizuoka City and superannuated facilities in Shida area, the authors evaluated the effect of the concentration of large facilities in Shizuoka city on utilization rate of facilities, energy balance and CO2 emissions. Our results showed the amount of light oil consumption and CO2 emissions increased because the mileage distance of garbage collection trucks becomes longer. However, the utilization rates of facilities and the amount of energy recovery from waste are improved. From these standpoints, the authors conclude that the concentration of large facilities is better compared to a single municipality based facility.

Protection and utilization of tropical crop germplasm resources

The work of world crop germplasm resources are increasingly emerging the developing trend of globalization in collection scope, systematization in resources management, modernization in existing equipments, standardization in technical specification and informationization in shared service. This paper gives you an introduction on current situation of distribution of tropical crop germplasm resources, in-situ conservation, collection and preservation, evaluation and appraisal and innovation and utilization in china; analysis on existing key problems in protection and utilization of China＇s tropical crop germplasm resources; proposal of complementary study and collection and construction of geographical information base; reasonably layout of plantation and upgrade and preservation of equipments; development and research of related technical standards and carry-out of system evaluation and appraisal; improvement of share mechanism and efficiency; innovation and breakthrough in key points; and talents training and maintenance of work continuance, etc. Basing on these, the proposal of protection and utilization of China＇s tropical crop germplasm resources are further strengthened.

Approaches to Detecting Gene-Environment Interactions in Human Variation Using Genetic Engineering, Remote Sensing and GIS

Elucidation of the relationships between genetic polymorphisms and environmental exposures can provide insights into the pathways and mechanisms underlying complex traits. A new approach was used to detect G×E （gene-environment） interactions involved in human skin pigmentation variation to better understand the adaptive evolution of skin pigmentation. Specifically, we used genetic engineering, remote UVR （ultraviolet radiation） sensing and GIS （geographic information systems） to integrate the analysis of genetic and environmental factors into a coherent biological framework. Since we expected to generate large datasets for this multidimensional analysis, we used PCA （principal components analysis） as a spatial statistical analysis technique for analyzing the G×E interactions. The results suggest that skin pigmentation may be affected by mutations induced by UVR and support the hypothesis that global variation in skin pigmentation may be the result of localized adaptation to different UVR conditions via natural selection. Analyzing the relationships between heterozygous frequencies for SNP （single nucleotide polymorphism） loci and seasonal UVR levels as the environment changes will help elucidate the selective mechanisms involved in the UVR-induced evolution of skin pigmentation. Skin pigmentation fulfills the criteria for a successful evolutionary G×E interactions model.

China's different spatial patterns of population growth based on the “Hu Line”

The "Hu Line" has been regarded as one of the greatest geographical discoveries in China because it reveals the significant spatial relationship between human activity and natural environment. The spatial evolution of population on both sides of the "Hu Line" has had important implications for both urbanization and regional development and has attracted widespread attention during the dramatic economic and social changes since the implementation of reform and opening-up policy in China in 1978. Using Geographical Information System(GIS) techniques, this paper studied the stability of the "Hu Line" and the spatial patterns of population growth on each side by constructing a spatial database of China's census data from 1982 to 2010. The findings are as follows:(1) In the last 30 years, the "Hu Line" has remained relatively stable, but a new tendency of population change has begun to emerge. The population ratio either side, namely, the southeast half(SEH) and the northwest half(NWH), of the "Hu Line" remains at roughly 94:6(SHE : NWH). Noteworthy, the proportion of population in the SEH of the "Hu Line" has been decreasing slightly, while that in the NWH has been increasing slightly, as the latter has benefited from its higher rate of natural population growth.(2) The spatial patterns of population growth on both sides of the "Hu Line" were quite different. The degree of population concentration in the SEH increased faster than the NWH. Regions with a negative population growth rate have rapidly expanded; these were mainly located in the south of the "Qinling Mountains-Huaihe River belt" and northeastern China. Meanwhile, regions with a fast population growth rate were mainly concentrated in the Yangtze River Delta, the Pearl River Delta, and the Beijing-Tianjin metropolitan area. Thus, the spatial pattern of population growth in the SEH presented a concentration pattern that could be called "Matthew effect pattern".(3) The spatial pattern of population growth in the NWH could be regarded as the "Relative Balance pattern." In the NWH, the population growth rate was positive and the degree of population concentration was very low. There were many minority populations located in the NWH that usually lived in a dispersed pattern but had a higher rate of natural population growth due to the preferential population policy. There were also some regions with a negative rate of population growth in the NWH, which were mainly located close to the "Hu Line" and the Ancient Silk Road.(4) In the future, the spatial patterns of population growth on both sides of the "Hu Line" may continue to evolve. For the SEH, the capacity to attract more people to small and medium-sized cities and towns should be enhanced. For the NWH, the emphasis should be placed on promoting urbanization and enhancing population agglomeration in its major cities.

A 3D GIS spatial data model based on conformal geometric algebra

We propose a new Geographic Information System (GIS) three-dimensional (3D) data model based on conformal geometric algebra (CGA). In this approach, geographic objects of different dimensions are mapped to the corresponding basic elements (blades) in Clifford algebra, and the expressions of multi-dimensional objects are unified without losing their geometric meaning. Geometric and topologic computations are also processed in a clear and coordinates-free way. Under the CGA framework, basic geometrics are constructed and expressed by the inner and outer operators. This expression combined geometrics of different dimensions and metric relations. We present the structure of the framework, data structure design, and the data storage, editing and updating mechanisms of the proposed 3D GIS data model. 3D GIS geometric and topological analyses are performed by CGA metric, geometric and topological operators using an object-oriented approach. Demonstrations with 3D residence district data suggest that our 3D data model expresses effectively geometric objects in different dimensions, which supports computation of both geometric and topological relations. The clear and effective expression and computation structure has the potential to support complex 3D GIS analysis, and spatio-temporal analysis.