曾国藩读书论

曾国藩读书之道影响深远。本文就其读书目的,读书方法,读书人自身的素质,读书与劳动、环境、及休息娱乐的关系作一粗浅的探讨。

Advances in Microbial Remediation on the Application of Heavy Metal Pollution in Agricultural Water Resources

Heavy metal pollution in agricultural water resources is very serious in re- cent years, resulting in large losses of the agricultural economy and endangering human life and health. Due to the advantages of low cost, high efficiency and less secondary pollution, microbial ramediation technology is widely used in the treatment of heavy metal pollution in agricultural water resources. At present, with the progress of modern biotechnology, microbial remediation of heavy metals in agricul- tural water resources has grown rapidly. The sources and status quo of heavy met- al pollution in agricultural water resources at home and aboard, and the principles of microbial remediation of heavy metals pollution in agricultural water resources were reviewed in this paper, as well as the several common microbial remediation technology of heavy metals in agricultural water resources. Additionally, the further research work of heavy metal contaminated agricultural water resources by microbial ramediation were prospected.

Infeasibility test algorithm and fast repair algorithm of job shop scheduling problem

To diagnose the feasibility of the solution of a job-shop scheduling problem（JSSP）,a test algorithm based on diagraph and heuristic search is developed and verified through a case study.Meanwhile,a new repair algorithm for modifying an infeasible solution of the JSSP to become a feasible solution is proposed for the general JSSP.The computational complexity of the test algorithm and the repair algorithm is both O（n） under the worst-case scenario,and O（2J＋M） for the repair algorithm under the best-case scenario.The repair algorithm is not limited to specific optimization methods,such as local tabu search,genetic algorithms and shifting bottleneck procedures for job shop scheduling,but applicable to generic infeasible solutions for the JSSP to achieve feasibility.

Application Research of Restoration Materials on Degraded Land

[Objective] The paper aimed at researching on the ecological remediation materials and related technologies in degraded land.[Method] Pointing at the specific reasons for degradation of soil moisture and fertility conditions,the ecological remediation materials and related technologies for soil moisture had been studied using layered silicates as substrate materials and using straw turnover as the method.The application research had been carried out in degraded cultivated land,compacted land,saline-alkali soil and laboratory of nine provinces and regions on 26 species and 48 varieties.[Result] The materials and related technologies are environment-friendly in formula,processing,application with no hidden trouble as secondary pollution,which can be used for the restoration of positive balance of soil moisture conditions（water,fertilizer,gas,and heat）,establishment of the core of a stable circle and improving food production steadily.The materials are more suitable for plant growth than chemical fertilizers,applying of which helps plants obtain better adversity resistance.[Conclusion] The ecological remediation materials for soil moisture can reduce the application of chemical fertilizers effectively and improve the production and quality of crops remarkably.

Some Insights in Novel Risk Modeling of Liquefied Natural Gas Carrier Maintenance Operations

This study discusses the analysis of various modeling approaches such as genetic algorithms, fuzzy logic and evidential reasoning, and maintenance techniques applicable to the liquefied natural gas （LNG） carrier operations in the maritime environment. The usefulness of these algorithms in the LNG carrier industry in the areas of risk assessment and maintenance modeling as a standalone or hybrid algorithm are identified. This is evidenced with illustrative case studies.

Management Agility Depends on Well-Renovated IT Infrastructure

Today management agility as an inter-corporate competitive advantage cannot be realized unless given all of the following quickness： （a） quick recognition of changes in the management environment, （b） quick decision-making on countermeasures against these changes, and （c） quick implementation of the countermeasures chosen. With a focus on （c） and assuming flexibility as a core property that an MIS （Management Information System） should have to make management agile, this study aims to clarify how MIS flexibility could be enhanced. With this aim in mind, the authors will first survey the sources and types of change demands on an MIS and consider in a structured way the flexibility characteristics of an MIS, enhancement of which will conduce to its efficiency in dealing with these change demands. With this groundwork laid, the authors will go on to discuss practical methods to enhance MIS flexibility, and wind up their discussion by presenting the evaluation procedure for this property.

De-farming and Ecological Restoration in the Loess Hilly-gully Region in Northern China

De-farming has been a powerful measure taken by the central and local governments of China for ecological restoration in the loess hilly-gully region since 2000. In years past, aid-based de-farming pattern was far and wide popularized in the region and terrace-based de-farming pattern demonstrated in a few small watersheds was also rather effective for ecological restoration. After summing up the features of three patterns (aid-based de-farming slope farmland more than 25°(AD25), aid-based de-farming slope farmland more than 15° (AD15) and terrace-based de-farming (TD)), this paper analyzed the regional difference of these patterns in de-farming area, ecological restoration, investment demand and so on. The results show that there are two crucial areas in the loess hilly-gully region for ecological restoration at the moment, the policies adaptation to the different areas should be constituted as soon as possible and the limited fund should be devoted to the two crucial areas.

Roof structure theory and support resistance determination of longwall face in shallow seam

This paper presents the structure models founded in shallow seam, the roof asymmetry arch with three articulations in roof first weighting and the step voussoir beam in roof periodic weighting. These structure models are differ from classic theory, it establishes the new roof control theory of instability structure roof, especially in shallow seam. Based on the new roof structure theory, the support working state of "given sliding load" is put forward, and the factor of load transmitting is introduced to determine the load on roof structure. Therefore, the proper and accurate calculating methods of support resistance are established. Based on this, the dynamic structure theory in shallow seam could be predicted.

Changes in Citizen Participation in Japanese Civil Society

Japan experienced the retrenchment of the welfare state. The purpose of this study was to deepen the understanding of the impact these policy changes had on citizens’ organized activities. It focused on the 2016 revision of Long-Term Care Insurance （LTCI） system, which urged citizens to organize activities to support the frail seniors in their communities. Researchers conducted interviews in the Tokyo from February-March 2016. The subjects were six local officers in charge of LTCI implementation and 10 community members who led the voluntary activities organized as a response to the 2016 systemic revision. This study found that those leading voluntary activities were primarily baby boomers, who were born between 1947 and 1949. They were actively involved in “new voluntary activity movements” in the 1980s, as interacting with a wide range of citizens. However, as they reached the age of 65 or older, they became more focused on developing a comfortable space and collaborating with those similar to them： those who were college graduates, middle- to upper-class, and held white-collar jobs. The disparity based on income level seemed to be emphasized also because the way the 2016 revision of LTCI system was designed.

The Necessity for Revising Energy Consumption and Ways to Reduce It in Cement Industry

The increasing growth of energy consumption and the limited fossil energy resources, as the main source of energy in Iran and other parts of the world, has persuaded the industrial societies to struggle more for supplying their needed energy at present and in future. More than 26% of energy in Iran is consumed by industry sector, in which cement section is an important subsectors highly depending on energy. Cement section is so dependent on energy, that more 15% of the related energy is consumed in this section, and its present conditions of energy consumption need a serious revision. Production management, changing the ingredients, finding alternative energy strategies, and importing modem technologies can result in reduction of energy consumption in this section. In this study, while investigating energy consumption of various machineries in the form of electricity and heat in a cement factory, the authors have studied the strategies for decreasing energy consumption in every stage of the production process. Recent studies in the field of cement industry are indicative of recent changes in production methods with priority of reducing energy consumption. Among these changes, we can refer to replacing wet method by dry method, or developing pre-heating center and pre-calcinators. In cement industry, nowadays, not only there is an emphasis on controlling the energy consumption for lower production costs, but as production of every 1 kg of cement gives out more than 0.7 kg CO2 and other pollution particles, environmental issues are also seriously considered. Therefore, if we use alternative fuels with less carbon in their structural formula, besides decreasing energy consumption and costs, there will be less pollutions in the environment as well.

Coexistence Analysis between 5G System and Fixed- Satellite Service in 3400-3600 MHz

The 3400-3600 MHz band is one of the most important candidate frequency bands for the rollout of 5 G system. However, the coexistence between 5 G system and fixed-satellite service(FSS) in this frequency band is one of the most challenging problems for both academic researchers and industry engineers. In this paper, the saturation interference from 5 G base stations to the existing FSS above 3600 MHz is analyzed and the coexistence solution is achieved, which can reduce the interference and guarantee the coexistence between 5 G system and FSS. Furthermore, the Monte Carlo simulation, laboratory test and field test are carried out to verify the coexistence solution.Results show that an isolation distance of 1-2 km is required to avoid the saturation interference in terms of the adjacent bands scenario.To further reduce the isolation distance to 50 m, additional isolation of 35 dB will be necessary, which can be fulfilled by installing a filter at the input port of LNB from a real implementation perspective.

Modifications on default probability calculation methods of commercial banks in China

This paper analyses two methods of calculating default probability adopted by foreign companies. Then, the paper suggests several methods of calculating loan default probability applicable to commercial banks in China, and gives the inadequacy of historic data in China.

Pattern on Total Productive Maintenance in Supply Chain

Defined as total productive maintenance carried out by all cooperators in Supply Chain, Total Operational Maintenance (TOM) focuses on adapting to collaborative business environment in virtue of Internet & Intranet. It focuses on the managerial ideology of embedded with Quick Response (QR),Total Productive Maintenance (TPM) and Supply Chain. And the theoretical architecture and implementation is also described. It offers emphatically that it is necessary to exceed competitive advantage of the enterprises by optimizing reliability, empowerment and Overall Facilities Effectiveness (OFE) applying TOM together into the strategic improvement plan.

C4-Napier Grass Cultivation for Cadmium Phytoremediation Activity and Organic Livestock Farming in Kyushu, Japan

Napier grass （Pennisetum purpureum Schumach）, a C4 tropical plant, has high dry matter productivity and sustainability without the need for renovating every year due to good overwintering ability and the absence of serious pathogens or insects injury. This grass is suitable for multipurpose use, providing forage, bioethanol feedstock and phytoremediation of cadmium （Cd） contaminated soil in Kyushu, Japan. When two cultivars of Napier grass （Wruk wona, WK and Merkeron, ME） were grown in Cd-contaminated soils, dry matter yield and the concentration and uptake of herbage Cd were higher in WK than in ME, and soil Cd concentration was reduced by 14% in a single season of cultivation. A dwarf variety of late-heading type （DL）, Napier grass had superior sustainability for more than 5 years in Miyazaki, Japan, and has gradually increased in cultivation areas for both cut-and-carry and grazing herbage production in cooperation with regional communities. Through the extension in several Kyushu areas, DL Napier grass required temperatures above -6.2 ~C for sustainability in winter, based on its threshold response to the lethal minimum temperature. DL Napier grass pasture can be utilized by grazing beef cattle even in early spring with temperate Italian ryegrass inter-sown into its inter-row spaces. Organic digested animal manure or sun-dried leguminous leaves as green manure can replace chemical fertilizers to reduce energy consumption and allow comparable productivity.

Awareness and Perception of Genetic Modification among Science and Technical Vocational Teachers in Guyana： Focusing on Genetically Modified Foods

A study was conducted to determine the awareness and perception of biotechnology focusing on genetically modified foods among public secondary school science and technical vocational teachers in Guyana. A questionnaire was administered to 228 randomly selected teachers of 42 schools in six administrative regions of Guyana, representing about 90% of the population. The results revealed that there was a low level of awareness among the teachers： those who were knowledgeable about the subject were mainly Biology, Agricultural Science and Integrated Science teachers. Most teachers （almost 90%） indicated that the public is not receiving adequate information about genetically-modified foods and opined that the television should be the main medium to provide information. The study also revealed that teachers felt that ethical, religious and social issues should be considered when applying the technology. This view did not vary based on qualifications, years in the profession or subjects taught. Genetic modification was more acceptable to plant-based than animal-based foods, although they seemed ambivalent as to whether genetically modified foods can be harmful to their health. The implications of these findings are that more teachers in various subject areas should be informed about emerging issues in sciences to enable them to better analyze the subject matter, transfer information to the students, and form attitudes and opinions based on facts.

Study on Bioremediation of Kelp in AquacultureSea Area and Eutrophy Treatment

At present, the marine environment is faced with extremely serious eutrophication. The kelp＇s ability of taking in nitrogen and phosphorus can be fully performed so that the eutrophication problem can be effectively treated and solved. Based on the analysis of kelp＇s absorption of nutritive salt from aquaculture sewage, this paper further explores the bioremediation of kelp in aquaculture sea area with eutrophication in the hope of providing valuable reference for the aquaculture industry of BohaiSea.

Remediation of Heavy Metal-Polluted Agricultural Soils Using Clay Minerals： A Review

Heavy metal contamination of agricultural soils poses risks and hazards to humans. The remediation of heavy metal-polluted soils has become a hot topic in environmental science and engineering. In this review, the application of clay minerals for the remediation of heavy metal-polluted agricultural soils is summarized, in terms of their remediation effects and mechanisms, influencing factors, and future focus. Typical clay minerals, natural sepiolite, palygorskite, and bentonite, have been widely utilized for the in-situ immobilization of heavy metals in soils, especially Cd-polluted paddy soils and wastewater-irrigated farmland soils. Clay minerals are able to increase soil pH, decrease the chemical-extractable fractions and bioavailability of heavy metals in soils, and reduce the heavy metal contents in edible parts of plants. The immobilization effects have been confirmed in field-scale demonstrations and pot trials. Clay minerals can improve the environmental quality of soils and alleviate the hazards of heavy metals to plants. As main factors affecting the immobilization effects, the pH and water condition of soils have drawn academic attention. The remediation mechanisms mainly include liming, precipitation, and sorption effects. However, the molecular mechanisms of microscopic immobilization are unclear. F^ture studies should focus on the long-term stability and improvement of clay minerals in order to obtain a better remediation effect.

Use of High-Yielding Bioenergy Plant Castor Bean(Ricinus communis L.) as a Potential Phytoremediator for Copper-Contaminated Soils

Copper （Cu） contamination in the environment has been increased during the years with agricultural and industrial activities. Biotechnological approaches are needed for bioremediation in these areas. The aims of this study were i） to evaluate the phytoreme- diation capacity of the high-yielding bioenergy plant castor bean （Ricinus communis L.） in vineyard soils （Inceptisol and Mollisol） contaminated with Cu and a Cu mining waste; ii） to characterize the castor bean as a Cu phytoremediation plant; and iii） to evaluate the nutrient uptake by castor bean. Castor bean plants cultivated in soil with toxic levels of Cu for 57 d exhibited high phytomass production, a high tolerance index of roots＇ fresh mass and shoots＇ dry mass, a high level of Cu phytoaccumulation in the roots and also, a robust capacity for Cu phytostabilization. Furthermore, castor bean plants did not significantly deplete soil nutrients （such as N, P, and Mg） during cultivation. Plants cultivated in Inceptisol, Mollisol and Cu mining waste exhibited a strong potential for Cu phytoaccumulation, with values of 5900, 3 052 and 2805 g ha-1, respectively. In addition, the castor bean＇s elevated phytomass production and strong growth in Cu-contaminated soils indicated a high level of Cu phytoaccumulation and a potential application in biofuels. These findings indicate that the castor bean is a efficient hyperaccumulator of Cu and a potential candidate plant for the phytoremediation of Cu-contaminated soil.

Vigna radiata var. GM4 Plant Growth Enhancement and Root Colonization by a Multi-Metal-Resistant Plant Growth-Promoting Bacterium Enterobacter sp. C1D in Cr(VI)-Amended Soils

Contamination of agricultural soils by heavy metals has become a major concern due to their toxic effects on plant growth,symbiosis and consequently the yields of crops. In the present study, to enhance plant growth in Cr（VI）-amended soils, novel metalresistant plant growth-promoting bacteria（PGPB） were isolated from a soil contaminated with industrial waste effluent. One of the bacterial isolates, identified as Enterobacter sp. C1 D by 16 S r RNA gene sequencing, was found to be multi-metal resistant in nature with excellent plant growth-promoting（PGP） traits. Mung bean（Vigna radiata var. GM4） inoculation with Enterobacter sp.C1 D significantly（P ＆lt; 0.01） increased root and shoot length, shoot and root weight, and chlorophyll content in a range of Cr（VI）treatments. Plant tolerance towards Cr（VI） measured as effective concentration showed higher values with Enterobacter sp. C1 Dtreated plants compared to un-inoculated plants. Root colonization study was also carried out using green fluorescence protein-labeled Enterobacter sp. C1 D under a hydroponic system. Confocal laser scanning microscopy of the plant roots showed heavy bacterial loads on the surface of the plant root specifically at the root tip and the point of root hair/lateral root formation. The results of PGP traits showed that elevated indole acetic acid levels and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase activity enabled Enterobacter sp. C1 D to enhance V. radiata growth in Cr（VI）-amended soils, whereby it significantly increased plant tolerance towards elevated Cr（VI） concentrations.