顶“天”立“地”方能教好学生

做一个优秀教师,必须要备教材,即顶＂天＂,还要备学生,即立＂地＂。而现实情况是,教不好学生,教师的埋怨就是学生＂太笨＂,这其实都是教师＂自以为是＂的结果。

Diagnostic accuracy of serum biochemical fibrosis markers in children with chronic hepatitis B evaluated by receiver operating characteristics analysis

METHODS： We determined the serum level of apolipoprotein A-I （APO A-I）, haptoglobin （HPT） and a-2 macroglobulin （A2I） with an automatic nephelometer in 63 children （age range 4-17 years, mean 10 years） with biopsy-verified chronic HBeAg-positive hepatitis B. Fibrosis stage and inflammation grade were assessed in a blinded fashion according to Batts and Ludwig. We defined mild liver fibrosis as a score ≤2 and advanced fibrosis as a score equal to 3. ROC analysis was used to calculate the power of the assays to detect advanced liver fibrosis （AccuROC, Canada）. RESULTS： Serum concentrations of APO A-I, HPT and A2M were not significantly different in patients with chronic hepatitis B compared to controls. However, APO A-I level of 1.19 ng/L had a sensitivity of 85.7% and a specificity of 60.7% （AUC = 0.7117, P = 0.035） to predict advanced fibrosis. All other serum biochemical markers and their combination did not allow a useful prediction. None of these markers was a good predictor of histologic inflammation. CONCLUSION： Apolipoprotein A-I may be a suitable serum marker to predict advanced liver fibrosis in children with chronic hepatitis B.

Prevalence of Fruit and Vegetable Intake and Associated Factors Among Secondary School Children in Mongolia

The objectives of this study were to assess the prevalence of students＇ fruit and vegetable intake and its associated factors among adolescents in Mongolia. Data for this analysis were from the 2010 Mongolia Global School-Based Health Survey （GSHS）. The GSHS administered a self-report questionnaire to a nationally representative sample （N = 5,328） of 7th-llth grade school children. Chi-square analyses and multivariate logistic regressions were performed to determine the prevalence and to predict the fruit and vegetable intake from associated factors. Only 7.0% of students met WHO＇s recommendation of eating fruits and vegetables S or more times per day. There was a significant association between gender and fruit and vegetable intake （P = .016）. There was a significant relationship between living condition and fruit and vegetable intake （P =.029）. Students who lived in apartment were more likely to have adequate fruit and vegetable intake than those who lived in ger in the khashaa. To be effective, educational interventions should be implemented as early as possible.

The Impact of the Gender on Children＇s Attitudes Toward Their Disabled Peers： The Albania＇s Case

Children＇s attitudes toward their disabled peers impact the process of scholastic integration of children with special needs. The study aimed to measure the impact of students＇ gender on their attitudes toward disability. It used the CATCH test （Chedoke-McMaster Attitudes Toward Children With Handicaps） for measuring children＇s attitudes. In the study participated 1,050 students. Also interviews and focus groups with the teachers were made in order to get their opinions about pupils＇ attitudes toward their disabled peers. Based on the analysis of the data, it resulted that the attitude of pupils toward their peers with disabilities was positive. Affective components and behavioral ones were favorable, while the cognitive component was not favorable. The gender of the pupils affects the general attitude and the results of affective and behavioral components of attitude of pupils toward their peers with disabilities. There is no statistically based relationship between gender and the results of cognitive component of attitude of pupils toward their peers with disabilities. There are given some recommendations in order to promote positive attitudes toward pupils with disabilities and to improve the process and structure of learning.

Low Blood Lead Concentrations and Cognitive Development of Primary School Children from Three Areas in Malaysia

A study on to identify the relationship between blood lead and cognitive development was conducted on primary school children in Malaysia. About 413 children aged 62^/1 - 82^/1 years from urban （236）, rural （80） and industrial areas （97） were studied. Blood lead was analyzed using the Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer （GFAAS）. Cognitive development was measured by the ＇McCarthy Scales of Children＇s Abilities Test＇ （MSCA）. Significant differences found in the mean cognitive scores between the urban （94.40）, industrial （102.90） and suburban children （101.24） （p 〈 0.001）, with the blood lead between the urban （3.66 p.g/dL）, industrial （3.54 μg/dL） and suburban children （3.04μg/dL） （p = 0.022）. Significant inverse correlations between blood lead and cognitive scores found for all groups （p 〈 0.001）, urban （p 〈 0.001） and suburban children （p 〈 0.001）. Low blood lead significantly influenced the cognitive development for all children after adjusting for confounders （p _〈 0.001）. The urban children＇s cognitive scores were significantly influenced by blood lead levels and household income （p 〈 0.001）. However, for the suburban children, the cognitive score were significantly influenced by the blood lead levels, the mothers＇ education, number of siblings, sequence in the family and the household income （p 〈 0.001 ）. Blood lead below 10μg/dL influenced the cognitive development. Urban children had higher blood lead but suburban children with lower blood lead were also vulnerable to the effect of lead on their cognitive development.

Physical Changes Trends and Urban-Rural Comparative Research of Han Children Aged 7 in Hunan

The physical health has become a hot topic in today＇s society, in order to understand the physical health status quo of Hunan Han schoolchildren to collect 1985 -2010 six national student physical research data, select Hunan Province Han schoolchildren in seven years （school age） and rural men and women a total of four set of data （1985 to 1995 due to the minimum age of 7 years old monitor, so the index is also unified in 2000 after seven years of age selected set of data）, performed with SPSSI8.0 Comparative Analysis of physique changing trends and urban and rural areas. The results show that： the physical development of children reach school age Hunan Province Han good, but the boys of height, weight and chest are still differences between urban and rural areas; respiratory function developmental level decreased to varying degrees, both urban and rural areas need strengthening exercise to improve respiratory function. Speed, endurance, power and strength endurance, strength, quality has a different rate of increase quality trends, and most has no specific differences between urban and rural areas; Felicity decline, but rural girls group performance has increased, shortening the urban and rural areas gap. Due to substantial improvements in the living conditions of rural, urban and rural differences have been gradually reduced, but from learning, family, social pressure, and the lack of good exercise habits, sports teachers and other reasons that students can not ensure adequate exercise time, which affects the Han physical level students in Hunan province, hoping to enter primary school-age children start, the implementation of the ＂National Student Physical Health Standard＂ and strive to ensure that physical education and physical exercise, strengthening and improving school sports to promote quality education, comprehensively enhance physical fitness of students in Hunan province.

Understanding the basic biology underlying the flavor world of children

Health organizations worldwide recommend that adults and children minimize intakes of excess energy and salty, sweet, and fatty foods （all of which are highly preferred tastes） and eat diets richer in whole grains, low- and non- fat dairy products, legumes, fish, lean meat, fruits, and vegetables （many of which taste bitter）. Despite such recommendations and the well-established benefits of these foods to human health, adults are not complying, nor are their children. A primary reason for this difficulty is the remarkably potent rewarding properties of the tastes and flavors of foods high in sweetness, saltiness, and fatness. While we cannot easily change children＇s basic ingrained biology of liking sweets and avoiding bitterness, we can modulate their flavor preferences by providing early exposure, starting in utero, to a wide variety of flavors within healthy foods, such as fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. Because the flavors of foods mothers eat during pregnancy and lactation also flavor amniotic fluid and breast milk and become preferred by infants, pregnant and lactating women should widen their food choices to include as many flavorful and healthy foods as possible. These experiences, combined with repeated exposure to nutritious foods and flavor variety during the weaning period and beyond, should maximize the chances that children will select and enjoy a healthier diet [Current Zoology 56 （6）： 834-841, 2010].

The causes of pre-primary school and strategies of removal of pre-primary school

Psychological and physiological characteristics of preschool children determine their lives should be the main game, but because of the content and the way too pre-primary school of teachers and parents give their children pressure of learning early, they often give children physical and cause a series of adverse consequences of psychological, so that children lively nature is destroyed. In the development context of pre-primary schools it will not only hinder enhance children＇ s thinking ability, but also devoid of the child＇ s talent and mettle, for children to learn and live very unfavorable late. Preschool Primary School, out of the office park on the right track, is serious impediment to the normal development of preschool children and grow. This paper describes the dangers of pre-school, pre-primary schools and the causes are analyzed and we proposed the removal of the primary effective strategy, in order to fully mobilize the child＇ s lively and good mobility and lay its future development a solid foundation.

Submicroscopic Plasmodial Infection May Lead to Severe Malaria in Children

Malaria is one of the leading causes of consultation in African pediatric hospitals. In Gabon, malaria transmission is perennial. Plasmodium falciparum, responsible for the most severe form of the disease, represents more than 95% of all species. In P. falciparum infection, the hyperparasitemia accounts among the main criteria of disease severity. However, in many endemic countries, a significant decrease of malaria burden accompanying with the diminution of parasite load in infected individuals has been demonstrated. The objective of the study was to analyze the occurrence of febrile syndrome in childhood and investigate whether the acute febrile illness could be associated with P. falciparum submicroscopic infection. A cross-sectional study was carried out during January to March 2013 in Franceville. A total of 203 acute febrile children were enrolled. A clinical examination and biomedical analysis including parasitological diagnosis by microscope were carried out in all the patients and PCR on microscope negative ones. Of 203 children recruited for febrile syndrome, 111 have been diagnosed positive for P. falciparum infection, 73 （35.9%） by microscope （ME） and 38 （18.71%） by PCR （submicroscopic infection = SM1） with an overall prevalence of 54.68%. Of the 11 1 P. falciparum infected individuals and according to the WHO criteria, 35 （31.53%） children showed a clinical picture of severe malaria against 76 （68.47%） others classified as uncomplicated malaria. The overall prevalence rates were therefore estimated as 17.24 （35/203） for severe cases and 37.43% （76/203） for uncomplicated ones. Clinically, these severe malaria cases （27 ME＋ and 8 PCR＋） were mainly composed of 85.71% of anaemic patients （30/35）, 71.14% of prostrated individuals （25/35） and 57.14% of children with clinical icterus （20/35）. However, only two cases of severe anaemia were observed, the remaining others cases were moderate （10） and mild anaemia （18）. More interestingly, eight submicroscopic infected patients （22.85%） were found with neurological manifestations （prostration） and all were experiencing thrombocytopenia. Lastly, 1 hyperparasitemia, 6 hypoglycemia and 2 respiratory distresses were also observed among these severe malaria cases. P. falciparum submicroscopic infection may lead to severe malaria in perennial transmission area.

Research advances in neurobiological mechanism of acupuncture for amblyopia

Amblyopia greatly affects the physical and mental development of children. Acupuncture is effective for amblyopia, though its mechanism remains unclear. This article summarized the mechanism of acupuncture treatment of amblyopia from the perspectives of morphology of neuro ns in visual cortex, visual electrophysiology, and molecular biology, etc. It was found that acup un cture may treat amblyopia through repairi ng the morphological and ultrastructural damages of n euro ns in visual cortex, promoting the electrical activities in visual pathway and visual cortical neurons, and modulating the synthesis and expression levels of factors involved in visual system. Nevertheless, further studies are required to unveil the mechanism of acupuncture treatment of amblyopia.

Study of infectious conjunctivitis among children in rural areas of Qinghai province

Infectious conjunctivitis is no longer a common eye disease in cities and developed areas, but in remote mountainous regions of China where living conditions are relatively under-developed, the occurrence of infectious conjunctivitis remains a public health issue. Here, we evaluate the ratio of infectious conjunctivitis among primary school students in the rural areas of Xunhua, Huangyuan, and Huzhu Counties in the Qinghai province of China, and report the microorganisms involved in causing infection. Of the 765 eligible primary school students, 694 participated to this study(a response rateof 90.7%), 381 boys and 313 girls, with a mean age of 7.52 years(range 7–9 years). A clinical diagnosis of infectious conjunctivitis was returned for 238 of the 694 children examined. The ratio of infectious conjunctivitis in Xunhua County(46.64%) was higher compared to that in Huangyuan(26.67%; P=0.03) and Huzhu Counties(23.61%; P=0.02). The leading cause of conjunctivitis was bacterial, followed by chlamydial and viral. Our results show that there is a high ratio of infectious conjunctivitis among rural primary school students in Qinghai province.