以全争于天下——试析孙子的强国思想

从政治思想层面去解读《孙子兵法》,它无疑是一部深刻说明如何"强国"的纲领性著作,其核心是"全争"的战略思想,"争"的直接目的是取"胜"。孙子强调"知胜"、"能为胜败之政"、"奇胜"、"胜可为"、"胜可全"。孙子"全争"的思想具有强大的生命力。

孙武对句吴文化的杰出贡献

孙武在《孙子兵法》中展示的"全争"思维及观念在句吴从以"让"治国到以"争"强国过程中具有决定性作用。《孙子兵法》不仅对吴文化乃至中国文化的发展具有巨大的影响,而且对世界文化的发展也具有积极的意义。当前,以胡锦涛为总书记的党中央提出的"和平崛起"的战略思维是与以"争"强国思维有某种历史联系的。

Patterns and Experience of China's Four Decades of Opening-Up

China＇s four decades of opening-up coincided with the trend of the world economy, and contributed to its own economic development. With a gradualist approach, China achieved opening-up without causing economic and social repercussions, and unleashed institutional dividends that facilitated its reform and development. This approach has breathed lasting momentum and vitality into China＇s economic growth and structural transition, and improved China＇s industrial competitiveness and status in the international division of labor. As a basic national strategy and one of the country＇s five development concepts, opening-up is essential for China to pursue peaceful development and stand proudly in the family of nations. Facing new changes in domestic and international environments in the new era, particularly increasing competition among major countries such as China and the United States, China should proactively explore a new model of opening-up, refocus opening-up from policy supply to capacity building, and form a new pattern of opening-up on all fronts for high-quality economic development.

Activity Based Costing Adoption Among Manufacturing Companies in Nigeria

The study examines the extent of adoption of Activity Based Costing （ABC） among naanufacturing companies in Nigeria. The primary data were sourced through questionnaires administered to the Management Accountants of 40 selected manufacturing companies in South Western part of Nigeria. Descriptive statistics was employed to analyze the data. The study reveals that inability of the traditional cost systems to provide relevant cost was the most highly ranked reason in their decision to adopt ABC. Traditional methods of allocating overhead were therefore believed to be deficient in terms of improving global competitiveness. Also, 60% of the respondents have adopted ABC due to increased ranges of products, competition and increased overhead. Familiarity with and adoption of ABC was found to be across the manufacturing, more than half of the sample are familiar with it. The 40% of respondents who have not adopted ABC cited the cost and complexity involved with implementation as the main reason in non-adoption. However, cost of implementing ABC was enormous which hinder the small scale manufacturing from adopting it. This result may reflect the fact that larger firms are more likely to have the diverse mix of products or services that makes the use of ABC advantages. Consequently, the study recommends that the companies who have not adopted ABC because of its high cost of implementation should endeavor to consider its adoption because in the long run the benefits derive from it will outweigh its cost. It helps to identify inefficient products, departments and activities and helps to allocate more resources on profitable products. In conclusion, the senior management should also give their utmost support to the implementation and success of ABC.

Could Innovation be Driven by Globalization？

This paper examines the critical role of globalization as a driver for innovation. The introduction of the global strategy quadruple model truly links the three known strategy perspectives （namely, industry competition, resources and institution views） and performance. The model could assist in advancing the cause of sustainable competitive advantages. This study could assist scholars in addressing the three important research questions： （1） Why are some finns more innovative than others？ （2） What effects do product, firm, industry, and market innovativeness have on business performance？ and （3） Does the link between innovativeness and business performance depend on all or some of the innovativeness factors of product, firm, industry, and market？ The presented set of four hypotheses, when tested, will result in a better understanding of the links and relationships among a firm＇s global strategy, innovativeness, and business performance. The quadruple model presented can be used to examine these relationships in general and in the context of innovation. It is anticipated that this paper will assist researchers, business management, and analysts in developing global innovation strategies.

EXTERNAL SOURCES OF URBAN COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGES IN CHINA

Urban competition refers to capacities of cities for attracting, capturing, controlling, dominating and transforming certain resources during urban development, and capacities for wealth creating, life-standard improving and sustainable development maintenance. This paper first analyzes the external sources of urban competitive advantages: the global network-based advantages and the location-based ones. Then with the aid of method of principal component analysis in SPSS 10.0 for Windows, the Chinese urban global and local competitive advantages are explored. The finding is that the global network-and location-based advantages are remarkable for the cities in the eastern China. While for those in the western and the middle regions, affected by much lower regional competitive advantages and lower degrees of urban-regional integration, the urban competitive advantages are deeply influenced and weakened.

Managing Corporate Reputation in Times of Global Changes and Turbulence——A Strategy for Competitiveness

In times of global changes and turbulence like ours, more than anything, firms need some pillars of stability. By this paper we would like to develop a comprehensive and adaptive managerial approach of corporate reputation. This is based on the premise that intangible assets （in general） and corporate reputation （in particular） are more and more recognized and managed as sources of （unique） sustainable competitive advantages and as core determinants of firm competitiveness, which are relatively hard to build and very easy to loose.

The importance of product positioning and global branding for sustaining competitive advantage within the companies＇ global marketing strategy

In today＇s globally competitive world, because of the globalization, new business patterns and the changing nature of consumers, the companies feel the necessity to act strategic in the market and to reach up the target markets and sustain maximum customer satisfaction in order to compete and survive. In this context, within the study it is tried to define product positioning in international markets and global branding strategies conceptually and to focus on their contributions to the overall competitive advantage of the company. Initially, the study tries to present the association between product positioning and global branding approaches of the companies and sustaining competitive advantage. Justifications for the examination of the importance of companies＇ international product positioning and global branding orientations as a basis of creating competitive advantage were derived from the literature. It is suggested that the companies＇ product positioning and global branding orientations and sustaining competitive advantage are the important aspects in multinational management and international business areas. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to evaluate the impact of product positioning and global branding strategies of the companies with special references to various industries and global brands.

Environmental Taxes and Agriculture in the European Union and the Netherlands

This paper analyzes the introduction of environmental taxes in the EU and Netherlands and their effects on agriculture, with a special focus on the background of the introduction of environmental tax systems, their design concepts and effects on agriculture, the effects of fertilizer taxes in promoting sustainable agriculture, policy packages between environmental tax and environmental agreements, effects on globalization and global competitiveness, and conversion to renewable energy based on biomass resources.

Research on the Architecture of e-manufacturing and Its Application

This paper introduces the conception of e-manufacturing and puts forward a reference architecture of e-manufacturing.Some features of e-manufacturing and three types of information sharing are discussed.An application for monitoring equipment with e-mail is given.

Shanghai FLVCO Electrical Appliance Co., Ltd. application and performance management

With the advent of economic globalization and the information age increasingly competitive market, facing tough competition in the market, an enterprise in order to gain competitive advantages, to survive and develop, we must continue to improve its overall efficiency and performance. Practice has proved an effective way to improve performance is a performance management.

Countermeasures to promote the international development of Shanghai private enterprises

after 30 years of development, private enterprise has become an important pillar of our national economy.With the accelerated process of economic globalization, the private enterprises will face more intense competition in the domestic market. At the same time in order to obtain various resources, access to the vast market and foreign advanced technology, many private enterprises active or passive choice of ＂going out＂, through the international road to break the bottleneck of development.

Analysis on the Causes of the Plight of Chinese Rural Migrant Workers＇ Endowment Insurance

At present, Chinese society is from traditional society to modern society in transition to accelerate, in the social, political, and economic structure, great changes have taken place; due to strong liquidity, migrant workers＇ groups in social security, are still in the stage of development, and there are still a lot of problems, especially the problem of endowment insurance. Although local governments develop the old-age insurance of migrant workers with their own characteristics, and have their respective advantages, but the effect is not ideal, as follows： ＂one low and one high＂, namely the migrant workers＇ participation rate was low and the insurance of migrant workers was ＂high rate of surrender＂. The reason is both within the Chinese social transformation factors, and external economic globalization competition; both obiectively, government policy implementation is not in place, and subjectively, migrant workers lack insured willing.

Board Independence and Internal Committees in the BRICs

To be successful in global markets, companies from the emerging countries need the approval of foreign investors and other stakeholders. In this regard, Brazil, Russia, India, and China （BRIC） have progressively strengthened their corporate governance rules to help their companies overcome the competitors from the old industrialized countries. Directors＇ non-executive qualification, independence, and professional expertise represent basic requirements for effective corporate governance, so they should be carefully considered to guarantee a proper board composition and an adequate establishment of internal committees in listed companies. The paper intends to compare the legislative and regulatory frameworks adopted by the four countries; then it aims at answering to the following research questions by means of an empirical investigation： Have BRIC companies appointed non-executive and independent board members？ What do BRIC companies do in order to assure an effective participation of non-executive and independent board members to corporate governance activities？ Have BRIC companies established internal committees？ The research examines the appointment of non-executive directors and independent directors to the boards of 100 BRIC leading firms, as well as their involvement in internal committees focused on matters requiring motivated and impartial opinions. Although the laws and recommendations seem to favor a general convergence of corporate governance principles among the four BRIC and towards the international best practices, some differences and peculiarities emerge from a firm-level perspective. Indeed, the Indian and the Chinese companies analyzed appear more inclined than the Brazilian and the Russian ones to reassure their international stakeholders about board independence and effective committees.

Impact of corporate culture on the development of business management based on the perspective of the corporate culture of innovation

With the development of the knowledge economy and economic globalization, the competition among enterprises is increasingly reflected in culture competition. The increasingly role of corporate culture on the survival and development of enterprises becomes the cornerstone of competitiveness and the key factor of success of enterprise. In this case, the study, use and practice of corporate culture under the new situation, are very important. Creating a people-oriented and innovation -oriented corporate culture, can provide the most effective and the most long-lasting platform to a strategic enterprise managemem. Throughout the history of the development of successful companies, all have a protbund precipitation of their own culture. But corporate culture is the most obscure area of business management, so far the most challenging part to each enterprise, it is reflected in the values, morale and the way businesses communicate, but also in the staff behavioral habits. This shows that the corporate culture is closely related to the survival and development of enterprises, determining the survival of enterprises. Building enterprise culture naturally has become a hot topic, but also an indispensable factor to establish a scientifically administrative system.

Privatizing War

Since the advent of the U.S. Iraq war in 2003, there has seen an acceleration of functions and operations which used to be the province of government become increasingly privatized. The division of the world into public and private spheres is at the center of a debate over what the government＇s role should be. This paper seeks to frame the debate between public and private roles regarding security issues. The military has been one area where there has never been a question of nation states outsourcing or privatizing. This paper will touch on the use of mercenaries and then discuss the growing use of corporate entities to supply what were considered to be traditional military activities and objectives.

Explaining the Rule of Translation Based on the Cross-cultural Thinking

The emphasis of translation is faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance, which is based on understanding of the two kinds of ethnic cultural background achieved. Language as a product of society, as the crystallization of human history and culture, which is the combination of all the characteristics of the entire nation＇s social consciousness, customs, history and culture of human society. In this paper, starting from the Central American countries of different cultural perspectives, pointed out that cultural issues should be noted that in the process of translation. In terms of history, geography, traditional thinking, cognitive systems, text analysis of the causes of the Sino-US cultural differences. Translation and culture has a secret, regardless of the contact. Cultural commonalities translation becomes possible, but the personality of their language and culture gave an obstacle translation activities. Due to differences in national history, social system, habits, there is a great difference between the Chinese Han culture and the American culture, this difference is caused by the different ways of thinking, embodied in both Chinese and English language performance including words understanding and the use of different meaning connotation of associative meaning, and sentence structure. For this reason, the analysis of the theoretical principles of sentences by reference to further explore and propose solutions on certain aspects is essential. And in today＇s globalized increasingly competitive situation, how to be more accurate English translation closer to the two languages, culture, and then discuss the worth of the majority of English learners.

Reflection on Enterprise Standardization Innovation under New Circumstances

Nowadays with the developmental theme of ＂knowledge economy and information network＂, technical standards increasingly become a vital means of the economic globalization competition. In the global market strategy of ＂whoever sets standards wins the market＂, it is the technological leaders that as relevant standards developers take the initiative on the world market. Therefore, from mainly addressing the universality and interoperatability of product parts in the past, technical standards have been respected as the new technical concept and gradually become the commanding height of the industry competition.

Does Innovation Drive Sustainable Competitive Advantages？

This paper examines the critical role of innovations as a driver for sustainable competitive advantages. A quadruple model of global strategy is introduced. The model is based on the introduction of an innovation-based perspective of strategy. This is in addition to the other three but well-known perspectives of global strategy （industry-based, resource-based, and institution-based views）. Thus, the four perspectives of strategy could lead a complete set of factors that need to be analyzed for the formulation of global strategy. The model could assist organizations in sustaining their competitive advantages. It is proposed that the introduction of the innovation-based view represents the fourth perspective of a strategy quadruple, thus overcoming a long-standing criticism, namely, the global strategy may lack adequate attention to innovation in developing a firms＇ global competitive strategies. This paper presents a set of four hypotheses. When tested, these hypotheses could result in a better understanding of the link between the innovation and the global strategy domain. Furthermore, the quadruple model could be useful in understanding the relationship between innovativeness and business performance. It is anticipated that this paper could assist researchers, business management, and analysts in developing global innovation strategies.

Postponement in Mass Customization: A Literature Review

Mass customization (MC) is emerging as a competitive advantage of firms with the intensified competition and economic globalization.As a key feature of MC,postponement strategy postpones activities in the supply chain until customer orders are received.This article provides a review of the literature on postponement from perspectives of research content and methodology.Taking postponement as a supply chain concept,this article specifically reclassifies the postponement applications according to the positioning of the customer order decoupling point (CODP) in the supply chain.Future directions for postponement research are also suggested in this article.