从怒江勒墨人“公房”看其婚恋习俗

勒墨人是白族的一个支系,勒墨人居住于怒江州泸水县洛本卓等地,他们的生活习俗保存着大量的白族古老习俗,今天在怒江流域还可以看到勒墨人最后的"公房"。勒墨人称供青年男女谈恋爱的"公房"叫"观那好",汉语的意思是"逛情侣的房子"。勒墨人的婚姻经过定情、订婚、结婚三个过程。在婚俗中有优良的传统,有积极的促进作用,也有一些应该丢弃的糟粕。

Research on public housing based on the utilities of living

This paper applies the residence utility principles to the study of public housing rent and regards that the average utility of a household determines the public housing rent level. It also suggests that the government use multi-level public housing rent to substitute for single-level in order to make the policies for public housing rent more just, equitable and effective.

An evaluation system for suitability of urban public rental housing construction in Chongqing

A social problem that low-income people are unable to purchase houses in urban areas has been focused in recent years and the housing security system has also become an important part of the social security system. In recent years, public rental houses appeared as a new type of affordable houses. The national government took the construction of public rental houses to the national strategic level. Currently, there are many problems in the public rental house construction. For example, policy mechanisms are inadequate, the use of funding is not in an efficient way, the location of public rental houses is far away from the downtown, the plot ratio is too high, and facilities are incomplete. There are no appropriate indicators to comprehensively evaluate the public rental house construction. Based on the livable evaluation system in Chongqing, we selected four aspects of relevant indicators as the economic suitability, environmental suitability, social suitability, and life suitability to establish the public rental house construction suitability evaluation system.

Surveying on two-zone height of sublevel strip mining

The site drilling packer permeability test and TEM to the 2100 workface in Gucheng coalmine determined the two-zone height under sublevel strip mining.The conclusion considers that the lying strata deterioration law of the strip mining is similar to that of the sublevel mining.Thus, against that the actually measured data lacked, it is feasible to refer to the reservation of the waterproof coal pillar in the neighbor coalmine under sublevel situation.However, it is necessary to further launch the research on lying strata deterioration law under sublevel striping mining for the purpose of providing the right foundation for the layout of the workface not mined so far and the reservation of the waterproof coal pillar in the mining area.

Residents＇ Satisfaction with the Public Housing Unit Features and Its Implications in China

This paper studied the residents＇ level of satisfaction in public housing units in Shenyang of China which aimed to identify how each housing unit feature correlates with the residents＇ overall satisfaction and implication on policy and design. The discussion is based on a questionnaire survey conducted in 2011. This research concluded that more residents were satisfied with the housing unit features than those who were dissatisfied, while some remarkable differences could be observed if comparative analysis between two different public housing types in China were studied. The affordable housing residents are generally more satisfied with housing unit features than those living in low-rent housing. The most dissatisfying feature is the living room, followed by unit size and the floor plan. Additionally, the living room and the floor plans were features which were highly and positively correlated to the residents＇ overall satisfaction of housing unit features. Consequently, improving the living room size and the design of housing unit floor plans would clearly be beneficial to alleviating residents＇ dissatisfaction to the housing units.

A Consideration of Issues in the Government＇s Public Housing Projects in Post-War Iraq

Post-war Iraq is a mix of potential opportunities, promising intentions, and difficult challenges. After 2003, the government adopted a program to manage the housing crisis and satisfy housing needs. Through a fieldwork survey, we aimed to present this program by reviewing the government targets, main housing problems, governmental legislations, and construction process. We found that the government abandoned its centralized role in its National Housing Project as it opened the door of Iraqi housing market to foreign and local investors. We also found that, considering the enormous need for housing the occupancy rate of the governmental housing units are so low and construction is also generally slow. We deduced that the pricing model of the government＇s national housing project is far from our general notion of public housing for low-income post-war people. Moreover, it is necessary for the government to formulate a clearer strategic vision and to adopt more innovative approaches to address effectively and rapidly the trade-offs of the short and long terms objectives of the reconstruction process in post-war Iraq.

Annual risk reporting of listed companies in Malaysia

This study examines risk reporting in annual reports of Malaysian listed companies. The mandatory and voluntary disclosures of risk information are analyzed and the authors examine whether a relationship exists between company size, leverage, and industry type and risk disclosure levels. 150 listed companies from five industries are selected as sample. Content analysis and risk disclosure index of dichotomous measurement are used in data collection. Overall the results indicate that level of risk information disclosed in the annual reports is still minimal. OLS （Ordinary least squares） regression analysis indicates that the level of risk information disclosure is positively associated with size and not with leverage. However, a mixed result has been found for industry type; where only property industry shows a significant relationship with level of risk disclosure, and not for the other industries. This study contributes to financial reporting literature in relation to risk reporting, particularly the practice of Malaysian companies. Findings from this study are also useful to regulators and accounting standard setting body to assess the level of compliance to regulations and standards relating to risk reporting by these companies. More studies are required to further understand the importance of risk information disclosure, such as risk disclosure within specific industry, cross-country studies and usefulness of risk information disclosure from the stakeholders＇ perspectives.

The public accumulation fund for housing construction precipitation capital value-added income research

In the 1990s, China＇s urban housing reform in full swing. With the development of housing commercialization, the housing accumulation fund system in our country has come into being, which rapidly focus on development and perfection. At the same time, the public accumulation fund for housing construction funds collection amount has reached a certain scale, which not only effectively play the function of housing security, but also precipitate more balance a lot of money.The appreciation will to be solved.

Estimating the Relative Level of Minimum Wage in China

It is generally believed in existing literature that China＇s minimum wage is too low and must be raised substantially. Such a view is highly misleading given the inconsistent statistical standards for minimum and average wages. In order to ensure comparability, this paper has adjusted the statistical scope for minimum and average wages respectively. If employees of urban private and self-employed businesses are included in calculating the average wage, the minimum-to-average wage ratio will increase by about 0.06; if the minimum wage standards of various localities include personal contributions to social insurance and the housing fund, the minimum-to-average wage ratio will increase by 0.008; if overtime pay is deducted from the average wage, the minimum-to-average wage ratio will further increase by around O. 06.In addition, if the median wage is used in place of the average wage, the minimum-to-average wage ratio will increase by at least 0.08. After these adjustments, China＇s minimum-to-average wage ratio for 2013 will increase from 0.28 to 0.49, which is within the range of between 0.40 and 0.60 that is recognized internationally as reasonable. Our analysis suggests that as far as the immediate interests of workers are concerned, it is more imperative to unify the statistical approaches for minimum and average wages in China than to raise the minimum wage standard. In order to achieve the expected effect, simply raising the minimum wage alone is not enough. What is also necessary is to enhance supervision and inspection on compliance by firms with the minimum wage policy, particularly the overtime pay regulations. An alternative is to replace monthly minimum wage with hourly minimum wage.

The Impact of Occupant Behavior on Daylight Performance of an Office Room in a Tropical Climate

This work explores three patterns of occupants’ control of window blinds and the potential influence on daylight performance of an office room in a tropical climate. In this climate, windows are frequently obstructed by curtains to avoid glare, despite the daylighting and the exterior view. The consequences are obstructed outside view, poor daylight quality and dependency on artificial lighting. This paper assesses the impact on available daylight using parametric analysis based on daylighting dynamic computer simulations using Grasshopper and Daysim software, combining WWR （window-to-wall ratio） （40% and 80%）, SVF （sky view factor） （small and large） and occupant behavior （active, intermediate and passive users）. The user patterns are based in an office buildings survey that identifies preferences concerning daylight use and control of shading devices. The daylight performance criteria combine UDI （useful daylight illuminance） （500-5,000 lux） and illuminance uniformity distribution. Results confirm the impact of occupant behavior on daylighting performance. The optimum combination of external shading devices, high SVF and high window size results in a useful daylighting for 1/3 of the time for passive users and 2/3 for active users.

Space for Hygiene in Housing Architecture

In this paper, the author focuses on spaces used for personal hygiene--the bathroom. The paper begins with a description of the hygienic movement in the late 19th century. At that time, urinating took place in semi-public spaces outside the dwelling. Today, the WC has moved well into the dwelling, and in many dwellings, the bathroom has developed as the most private space. Thus, the bathroom can be regarded as the last domain of privacy in today＇s housing, and in a number of new dwellings this quality is exploited in new ways. The development of ＂space for hygiene＂ in the 20th century will be studied by analyzing the spatial organization of dwellings.

Holistic Approaches for Renovation of Large Housing Areas in Japan

Social imbalance and obsolescence of the built environment has emerged in large sized housing estates in metropolises. In particular, the requirement of such planned housing areas has not matched public service provided by the infrastructure. On not only physical but also social aspect of local communities of this kind of housing area have a lot of problems while it also has a lot of good characteristics. A representative one is that age of the tenants is rising very swiftly and it makes the local community imbalanced. Nowadays many countries including Japan have tackled problems concerning housing estates constructed during the mass housing era and try to search for ways to reactivate so-called new town areas by utilisation of existing environmental resources such as building stock and ample green open space. In Japan many elemental technologies have been developed in order to utilise existing building stock. However, how to combine these technologies and new holistic methods for reactivation are still underdeveloped. Therefore, it is very important to fred these ways and to make a comprehensive plan for rehabilitation of these areas. The first purpose of our study is to develop and clarify how to organise and integrate many kinds of elemental techniques and the holistic measures for the improvement of both social and physical environment in suburban mass housing estates. Subsequently we try to reorganise proper relations between human settlements and the various service provision for those regions. Our last focus is put on searching for new ways to raise the value of existing housing environment. Our conclusion intends to indicate important of the master plan and its execution, where mass housing estates progress for the physical and social improvement.

Which Central and Eastern European country has the greatest potential for housing market recovery？

This paper is concentrated on analyzing the CEE （Central and Eastern European） countries housing and lending market development in 2002-2009. These countries experienced real estate boom and bust phases during that time and the aim of this paper is to understand which of these countries have the greatest potential for housing market recovery. The study has conducted comparable analysis of these countries and their real estate and lending market. The data was collected from central banks, national statistic offices and real estate companies. The results suggest that countries with higher housing debt had stronger real estate booms and the current bust-cycle has caused much steeper decline in prices. This paper attempts to look at the CEE housing markets from the developer＇s or investor＇s point of view and may be useful for banks and other financial institutions which are related to housing market and lending.

Research on the impact of financial slack to product competition ——Based on the growth perspective of real estate enterprises

This article is based on growth, financial multidimensional perspective of redundancy and product market competition, focus on growth as a key variable, to explore the growth of financial redundancy and product market competition. The data of 326 real estate companies were selected for empirical analysis. The research finds that the financial redundancy promotes competition in the product market, and the relationship between the growth of the enterprise growth and the competition between the financial redundancy and the competition of the product market.

Stock Performance of the Property Sector in Malaysia

Property investment in Malaysia is increasingly popular among local and foreign investors. The strong support by the government through the relaxation and lifting of certain restrictions and regulations on property ownerships, have attracted investments in the Malaysian property market. This research studies the factors affecting the performance of 36 property firms listed on the Main Board of Bursa Malaysia from 2003 to 2007. This research employed ordinary least squares （OLS） method to represent all the variables comprising stock performance, return on assets （ROA）, return on equity （ROE）, debt ratio （DR）, net profit margin （NPM）, effective tax rate （ETR）, earnings per share （EPS）, and price earning （PE） ratio. Results show that ROA, ROE, and EPS have strong significant relationships with the property stock performance. Although it is a small sample size, some relevant changes and modifications can be included in future studies to obtain better results.

Prices of Apartments in Relation to Noise Level in Poland

Acoustic climate of a given area ought to be a factor of considerable significance in investment processes in an urbanized area, especially in a residential real estate market, due to its extensive influence on the living standards of its inhabitants. In the following article, the authors have given an analysis of the residential market of housing units located in areas of acceptable and excessive noise levels in preselected regions of Poland. With this end in view, an entirely new source of information has been used in the research--an acoustic map which has been defined and applied to produce the outcome of the analysis. It allowed for the recognition of whether or not the noise level influences decisions made by investors existing in a local residential real estate market.

The Effects of Public Green Spaces on Residential Property Value in Beijing

A number of empirical studies in Euro-American region consistently demonstrate that, parks and open space have a positive impact on property values. However, this effect has not been investigated in Beijing, China. And the public and city managers often ignore or underestimate the role of urban green spaces. This paper surveyed the relationship between the average house prices of 76 residential areas and 14 parks in Beijing, and measured the total benefits of 18 070 ha public green spaces on residential property value, by using the inventory data of urban green spaces （2009） and GIS techniques. Results showed that the residential property values located 850-1604 meters away from parks achieved a 0.5% to 14.1% increase in sales price. The overall benefit of Beijing’s public green spaces on residential property was 2.86 billion CNY （1 USD=6.83 CNY）, and the average benefit of per hectare public green space was 0.16 million CNY, corresponding to 1.8-3.9 times of the maintenance cost of green space in Beijing. Therefore, there is chance for local governments to increase property tax revenues due to the creation and maintenance of urban green spaces.

Analysis on Public Transportation Influences on Real Estate Development in East Lansing

The purpose for this article is to research the relationship between public transportation and real estate based on the area of East Lansing.Two methods are mainly used to analyze the data:correlation analysis and means analysis with the help of Statistical Package for the Social Sciences(SPSS) data analyzing software.There are two analysis results:(1) the real estate,which is closer to public transportation,will have higher value than that is far from public transportation,and(2) the number of bus in one bus stop has no obvious relation with the value of real estate.Based on these results,real estate developers could build residential real estate close to public transportation or bring public transportation in their real estate community by contract with transportation corporations.In sum,they should reasonably use public transportation as attractive features to convince people to prefer to their houses.

Neuroprotective effect of Qinggan Lishui formula on retinal ganglion cell apoptosis in a microbead-induced rat chronic glaucoma model

OBJECTIVE: To investigate a possible mechanism for protective effects of a decoction of the Qinggan Lishui formula(QF) on retinal ganglion cells(RGCs)in a rat model of microbead-induced chronic intraocular hypertension(COH).METHODS: The COH model was generated by injecting microbeads(superparamagnetic iron oxide)into the anterior chamber of rat eyes. QF was given by intragastric administration(gavage) once daily at a dose of 6.2 g/kg until day 28, following microbead injection. Cholera toxin B subunit(CTB) retrograde labeling and immunohistochemistry were used to evaluate changes in the number of RGCs in the retina. Terminal d UTP nick end labeling(TUNEL) staining was used to assess apoptotic changes in RGCs.RESULTS: Microbead injection induced a steady increase in intraocular pressure(IOP) of rats. Elevated IOP resulted in a progressive reduction in the number of CTB-labeled RGCs, 2-4 weeks after microbead injection. QF administration may moderately reduce IOP in the rat COH model and attenuate reduction of the number of CTB-labeled RGCs in COH rats. Furthermore, elevated IOP resulted in a progressive increase in the number of TUNEL-positive RGCs, 2-4 weeks after microbead injection, suggestive of an increase in the extent of RGC apoptosis.There was a significant reduction in the number of TUNEL-positive signals in QF-treated COH retinas,compared with untreated COH retinas.CONCLUSION: QF decoction may provide a protective effect for RGCs in COH retinas by reducing RGC loss; these effects may be mediated by inhibition of RGC apoptosis.

Winning The Wanda Way

Tycoon Wang Jianlin shares the secrets of his success in his best-selling biography One of Asia’s richest people,Wang Jianlin,who made a fortune with his giant real estate firm,Dalian Wanda,is now on a course to change the world of entertainment and sports.