The fiscal sustainability of China and the United States is of major concern globally. Based on comparative data analysis, this paper reveals that the government debt level of both countries is within the normal range...The fiscal sustainability of China and the United States is of major concern globally. Based on comparative data analysis, this paper reveals that the government debt level of both countries is within the normal range. Robust growth prospects of both countries will also vigorously support their future mitigation of government debt level. Comparatively speaking, China＇s government debt level is healthy and, despite extensive concerns, even its local government debt is not very high. The assessment that China may encounter a crisis is not supported by evidence. Yet in the long run, both countries will face pressures from increased fiscal spending on elder care and healthcare stemming from an ageing population, which will threaten their fiscal sustainability. These challenges require both countries to speed up reforms of elder care and healthcare. Specifically, China needs to focus on elder care reforms and the US should attach more importance to healthcare reforms.展开更多
A dual random model of a portfolio of variable amount whole life annuity is set with the mth moment of the present value of benefits, and the respective expressions of the moments under the assumption that the force o...A dual random model of a portfolio of variable amount whole life annuity is set with the mth moment of the present value of benefits, and the respective expressions of the moments under the assumption that the force of interest accumulation function is Wiener process or Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process. Furthermore, the limiting distribution of average cost of this portfolio is discussed with the expression of the limiting distribution under the assumption that the force of interest accumulation is an independent increment process.展开更多
China has entered an aging society, and the contradiction between the social pension needs rapidly growing in the dty and the lagged pension business is increasingly outstanding. By analyzing the amount, devel...China has entered an aging society, and the contradiction between the social pension needs rapidly growing in the dty and the lagged pension business is increasingly outstanding. By analyzing the amount, development level, type, sttucture, and space distribution of the institutional pension facilityin main urban district of Xuzhou Qty, this paper has summed up the main problems. Combining the estimation on the number of the elders and pension bed, coordination and planning of institutionalpension facility in the research zone are conducted from three aspects： distribution guidance, ptindple of locating and differentiation configufation, to promote tiie construction of pension agenqr and impel the development of pension business in Xuzhou Qty.展开更多
Increasing the labour force participation rates of older workers is a fundamental component of most OECD （Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development） countries＇ response to the fiscal pressures associate...Increasing the labour force participation rates of older workers is a fundamental component of most OECD （Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development） countries＇ response to the fiscal pressures associated with ageing populations. Both pension reform and employment policies are key elements to achieving such increases in participation and reversing the early retirement trends of recent decades. Econometric modeling results from a panel of 12 OECD countries indicate that labour market variables have a greater influence than social security pension value or the standard age of retirement on the labour force participation rates of males aged 55-64 years. Further results from modeling the potential asymmetric response of participation rates to unemployment rates indicate that a decrease in unemployment rates has a greater impact upon increasing the labour force participation rates of older workers compared to the effect of an increase on unemployment rates has on discouraging participation. We found mixed results for the asymmetric response of participation to an increase or decrease in pension value. Findings thus emphasize the importance of labour market oriented policies to reduce unemployment rates in the developed economies in coming years to address ageing population concerns.展开更多
China＇s ageing, the service for elderly pension is become a serious problem, and the traditional way of pension is not enough to meet the needs of existing. In this case, the community endowment to its unique advanta...China＇s ageing, the service for elderly pension is become a serious problem, and the traditional way of pension is not enough to meet the needs of existing. In this case, the community endowment to its unique advantages to be the new choice to solve the problem of China＇s pension. Taiyuan city, Shanxi Province in China based on as the breakthrough point, to study the community endowment service of Taiyuan city. For multiple community in Taiyuan city by using the method of field survey and some residents to investigate analyze the present situation of Taiyuan city community endowment. Through the research that Taiyuan city community endowment exists does not reach the designated position on propaganda, unbalanced development, lack of funds, community service and social participation is not high, and even the poor community health care can＇t satisfy the elderly need to all sorts of problems. Put forward the corresponding suggestion, according to the issues can be solved through policy support, strengthen the propaganda, broaden the sources of funding, training and service team, strengthening community health service and diversified development, community service projects, so that the community endowment in China better development.展开更多
文摘The fiscal sustainability of China and the United States is of major concern globally. Based on comparative data analysis, this paper reveals that the government debt level of both countries is within the normal range. Robust growth prospects of both countries will also vigorously support their future mitigation of government debt level. Comparatively speaking, China＇s government debt level is healthy and, despite extensive concerns, even its local government debt is not very high. The assessment that China may encounter a crisis is not supported by evidence. Yet in the long run, both countries will face pressures from increased fiscal spending on elder care and healthcare stemming from an ageing population, which will threaten their fiscal sustainability. These challenges require both countries to speed up reforms of elder care and healthcare. Specifically, China needs to focus on elder care reforms and the US should attach more importance to healthcare reforms.
文摘A dual random model of a portfolio of variable amount whole life annuity is set with the mth moment of the present value of benefits, and the respective expressions of the moments under the assumption that the force of interest accumulation function is Wiener process or Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process. Furthermore, the limiting distribution of average cost of this portfolio is discussed with the expression of the limiting distribution under the assumption that the force of interest accumulation is an independent increment process.
文摘China has entered an aging society, and the contradiction between the social pension needs rapidly growing in the dty and the lagged pension business is increasingly outstanding. By analyzing the amount, development level, type, sttucture, and space distribution of the institutional pension facilityin main urban district of Xuzhou Qty, this paper has summed up the main problems. Combining the estimation on the number of the elders and pension bed, coordination and planning of institutionalpension facility in the research zone are conducted from three aspects： distribution guidance, ptindple of locating and differentiation configufation, to promote tiie construction of pension agenqr and impel the development of pension business in Xuzhou Qty.
文摘Increasing the labour force participation rates of older workers is a fundamental component of most OECD （Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development） countries＇ response to the fiscal pressures associated with ageing populations. Both pension reform and employment policies are key elements to achieving such increases in participation and reversing the early retirement trends of recent decades. Econometric modeling results from a panel of 12 OECD countries indicate that labour market variables have a greater influence than social security pension value or the standard age of retirement on the labour force participation rates of males aged 55-64 years. Further results from modeling the potential asymmetric response of participation rates to unemployment rates indicate that a decrease in unemployment rates has a greater impact upon increasing the labour force participation rates of older workers compared to the effect of an increase on unemployment rates has on discouraging participation. We found mixed results for the asymmetric response of participation to an increase or decrease in pension value. Findings thus emphasize the importance of labour market oriented policies to reduce unemployment rates in the developed economies in coming years to address ageing population concerns.
文摘China＇s ageing, the service for elderly pension is become a serious problem, and the traditional way of pension is not enough to meet the needs of existing. In this case, the community endowment to its unique advantages to be the new choice to solve the problem of China＇s pension. Taiyuan city, Shanxi Province in China based on as the breakthrough point, to study the community endowment service of Taiyuan city. For multiple community in Taiyuan city by using the method of field survey and some residents to investigate analyze the present situation of Taiyuan city community endowment. Through the research that Taiyuan city community endowment exists does not reach the designated position on propaganda, unbalanced development, lack of funds, community service and social participation is not high, and even the poor community health care can＇t satisfy the elderly need to all sorts of problems. Put forward the corresponding suggestion, according to the issues can be solved through policy support, strengthen the propaganda, broaden the sources of funding, training and service team, strengthening community health service and diversified development, community service projects, so that the community endowment in China better development.
