“农集区”失能老人居家照护需求协作模式——基于生态系统理论视角

了解"农集区"失能老人的照护需求、照护供给及满足情况,探讨"农集区"失能老人社区居家养老照护的协作模式。对246例四川省成都市G社区的失能老人进行访谈式问卷调查。失能老人更愿选择居家照护(86.59%),并且被配偶子女照护(79.27%),照护需求主要有起居照料(25%),定期体检(37.27%),专业康复训练(18.01%),聊天解闷(54.05%)等领域。在日常生活照料、医疗康复和精神慰藉三方面基本符合老年人的需求,但在服务量上存在明显不足。建构社区居家养老照护的协作模式,实现多元照护力量的协同互补,发挥家庭、社区、社工及多种社会资源的功能,提高失能老人照护质量。

Relationships and Evolving Networks of Rural Manufacturing Clusters: A Case Study in Yucheng County, Henan Province of China

The evolution of networks in rural industrial clusters,in particular in the context of China has been paid more attention to in the world.Applying the theory and techniques of social network analysis (SNA),this study is with particular regard to the business network relationships and their evolutionary dynamics of steel measuring tape manufacturing clustered in Nanzhuang Village,Yucheng County of Henan Province,China,which is important for better understanding the industrial and regional development in less developed rural areas.From data collected by comprehensive questionnaire survey in 2002 and mass interviews with 60 enterprises and assembling families and several government authorities in 2002,2003,2004,2005 and 2008,four types of networks are identified: spin-off,consulting,communication and cooperative.The characteristic of these networks is outlined in detail.Compared with the high-tech clusters of typical developed areas,the networks that have evolved in traditional manufacturing clusters are more affected by emotive linkages.The cluster networks are shown to exhibit a polycentric hierarchical structure.The family relationships are the dominate spin-off channels of enterprises,while the supply and demand relationships and the mobility of the skilled workers are also important paths of network learning,and the cooperation relationships are comparatively stable.Besides the root enterprises,the middle-sized enterprises are comparatively more active than small-sized enterprises,and the intermediary agencies and the service institutions act as bridges of the inter-enterprises cooperation.By analysis of the structure of networks and the interactions between the networks,the four stages of network evolution are also identified.The four stages are dominated by the family networks,the internal division production networks,the local innovation networks and the global supply networks respectively,and they play different roles in cluster development.

A Survey of Pesticide Residues in Pollen Collected by Honey Bees from Four Different Types of Agricultural Production Areas in Slovenia

150 pollen samples collected between the years 2009 and 2011 from 30 locations, divided according to agricultural practice were analysed for the presence of pesticides. In 2009, residues were found in pollen samples from twelve locations （40%）, in 2010, in samples from four locations （13.3%） and in 2011, in samples from three locations （10%）. Altogether 15 different residues in pollen were found in 2009, two in year 2010 and five in 2011. Residues found in the pollen samples ranged from 0.001 mg/kg to 76 mg/kg. The highest number （twelve） of residues was found in pollen from the intensive fruit farming locations and from the intensive viticulture locations （eight）. The residues were mostly from the fungicide group （69%）. Insecticide residues （chlorpyrifos-ethyl, methoxyfenozide, thiacloprid） were found in the pollen samples from eight locations. Residues in the pollen did not statistically influence the development of the honeybee colonies or infestation rate of Nosema （Nosema spp.）, or viruses ABPV （acute bee paralysis virus）, SBV （sacbrood virus）, DWV （deformed wing virus）, and BQCV （black queen cell virus））.

Influence of Water Harvesting Practices on Farmer＇s Productivity in Semi-Arid Areas of Nigeria

Rain water harvesting practices and their effects on the productivity of farming systems in the semi-arid areas of Nigeria have been investigated using participatory rural appraisal （PRA） technique. There was no direct water harvesting interventions by government agencies in the area. Farmers take advantage of naturally existing depressions and abandoned burrow pits close to their farmlands to harvest rain water for surface irrigation using petrol engine pumps. The reservoirs surveyed were found to be grossly inadequate in the drought period. Water budget analysis revealed that evaporation and seepage losses from reservoirs were high in both agro-ecological zone considered. The application of rain water harvesting practices was found to have increased farmers income by 61% and 125% in the Sahel and Sudan Savannah agro-ecological zones, respectively. Governments at all levels in these areas need to support these farmers in order to boost their production to achieve food security in these drought prone areas. Farmers lack timely access to farm credit and agricultural inputs; the indigenous water harvesting practices identified need to be enhanced with the aid of agricultural engineering extension services.

Social Indicators in Preliminary Studies for the Installation of Solar Panels, Salta, Argentina

More than 10% of the population in Salta is regarded as rural. Many rural areas suffer a shortage of energy, and consequently, possibilities of social and economic development of the inhabitants become reduced. The activation of renewable energy sources in these areas presents inhabitants the advantages to generate their own energy. Dispersed rural communities create small electricity demands that are not considered by suppliers, because they are not profitable. Although thus far, feasibility analyses to install photovoltaic or thermal solar collectors are based on technical reasons, it seems more convenient that, in the future, projects for the installation of technology based on renewable energy should consider social indicators. As a preliminary step to field work is proposed in this paper using an equation that allows us to obtain a value of＂social index＂. With this analysis and the current survey accompanied by the local people, knowledge will be obtained of the real needs of these rural communities. The results show that there is a variation that would allow a classification or ordering of localities. To validate the results obtained is proposed as the next step to perform field work in each of the localities.

Agricultural Land Use Intensity and Its Determinants in Ecologically-vulnerable Areas in North China:A Case Study of Taipusi County,Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region

Based on rural household survey data in Taipusi County in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, this article analyzes agricultural land use intensity and its determinants. The results reveal marked differences of agricultural land use intensity among households with different ages of householders, proportion of non-farm participants, total agricultural land area, land fragmentation and land utilization capacity. （i） Households with older householders and households with a smaller proportion of non-farming laborers generally spend more time on managing their land and invest less capital and materials than other households. The proportion of non-farming laborers within younger households is relatively high, and they tend to invest more capital and materials because the income derived from non-farm employment relaxes their financial constraints. （ii） Land fragmentation is an important determinant of land use intensity. Households with a bigger land size per plot usually spend less time and invest more capital and materials on their land; （iii） Land with better quality is usually managed intensively. The results suggest that labor has become an important constraint for local agricultural production, and there is the potential to improve land management scale and increase machinery input to substitute for labor. Furthermore, the effects of non-farm employment on land use intensity indicate that the establishment of a coordination mechanism between non-farm employment and agricultural land use is an important way to solve the conflict between ecological security and agricultural production in ecologically-vulnerable areas.

An Integrated Quantitative Method to Simultaneously Monitor Soil Erosion and Non-Point Source Pollution in an Intensive Agricultural Area

In China, some areas with intensive agricultural use are facing serious environmental problems caused by non-point source pollution(NPSP) as a consequence of soil erosion(SE). Until now, simultaneous monitoring of NPSP and SE is difficult due to the intertwined effects of crop type, topography and management in these areas. In this study, we developed a new integrated method to simultaneously monitor SE and NPSP in an intensive agricultural area(about 6 000 km2) of Nanjing in eastern China, based on meteorological data,a geographic information system database and soil and water samples, and identified the main factors contributing to NPSP and SE by calculating the NPSP and SE loads in different sub-areas. The levels of soil total nitrogen(TN), total phosphorus(TP), available nitrogen(AN) and available phosphorus(AP) could be used to assess and predict the extent of NPSP and SE status in the study area.The most SE and NPSP loads occurred between April to August. The most seriously affected area in terms of SE and NPSP was the Jiangning District, implying that the effective management of SE and NPSP in this area should be considered as a priority. The sub-regions with higher vegetation coverage contributed to less SE and NPSP, confirming the conclusions of previous studies, namely that vegetation is an effective factor controlling SE and NPSP. Our quantitative method has both high precision and reliability for the simultaneous monitoring of SE and NPSP occurring in intensive agricultural areas.

Influence of Agricultural Activity on Nitrogen Budget in Chinese and Japanese Watersheds

To analyze the effect of agricultural activity on nitrogen(N) budget at the watershed scale,a comparative study was conducted at two Japanese watersheds,the Shibetsu River watershed(SRW) and Upper-Naka River watershed(UNRW),and one Chinese watershed,the Jurong Reservoir watershed(JRW).The total area and the proportion of agricultural area(in parentheses) of the watersheds were 685(51%),1 299(21%),and 46 km 2(55%) for SRW,UNRW,and JRW,respectively.The main agricultural land use in SRW was forage grassland,while paddy fields occupied the highest proportion of cropland in UNRW(11% of total area) and JRW(31% of total area).The farmland surplus N was 61,48,and 205 kg N ha 1 year 1 for SRW,UNRW,and JRW,respectively.The total input and output for the whole watershed were 89 and 76,83 and 61,and 353 and 176 kg N ha 1 year 1 for SRW,UNRW,and JRW,respectively.The proportion of discharged N to net anthropogenic N input was 31%,37%,and 1.7% for SRW,UNRW,and JRW,respectively.The two watersheds in Japan showed similar proportions of discharged N to those of previous reports,while the watershed in China(JRW) showed a totally different characteristic compared to previous studies.The high N input in JRW did not increase the amount of discharged N at the outlet of the watershed due to high proportions of paddy fields and water bodies,which was an underestimated N sink at the landscape scale.