Recreational value of glacier tourism resources：A travel cost analysis for Yulong Snow Mountain

Glaciers, with their unique and spectacular appearances and rich and varied terrain, have received widespread attention and become important tourist attractions. This paper uses the travel cost method to estimate the recreational value of the glacier tourism resources of Yulong Snow Mountain(also called Jade Dragon Snow Mountain), which is the most developed glacier tourist attraction in China. First-hand information was obtained through field surveys, and the travel costs of visitors visiting the Yulong Snow Mountain glacier were calculated before the method was applied to evaluate the recreational value of the focal glacier resource. The results show that the Yulong Snow Mountain consumer surplus associated with its glacier resources in 2016 ranged from 645.59-3439.10 million CNY, and the total recreational value ranged from 1.97-8.17 billion CNY. Approaches allocating travel costs across multiple recreational sites, however, can vary, and there is large difference in estimated results depending on used approaches. Nevertheless, the results of the analysis can help understand the socio-economic value of glacier resources and provide a reference for their development and protection.

东北亚区域背景下“冰雪+”旅游发展路径研究——以黑龙江省旅游发展为例

冰雪运动项目的兴起与广泛传播,进一步加强了我国人民对冰雪旅游行业的关注,为冰雪旅游业的发展提供了新的经济增长点。黑龙江省基于其得天独厚的地理位置与气候条件,坐拥丰富的冰雪资源,是全国乃至世界所公认的冰雪旅游胜地之一。受传统发展理念的影响,黑龙江省冰雪旅游行业发展进入了瓶颈阶段。缺乏创新性、时代性的景区经营理念难以最大程度地发挥出黑龙江冰雪资源的观赏、游玩价值,同时也无法为游客提供良好的服务,不足以形成全域旅游发展模式。在东北亚区域背景下,黑龙江省想要获得持续性的发展,必须有意识地创新其冰雪旅游发展模式,发挥“冰雪之乡”的最大价值,打造“冰雪+”旅游体系。基于此,本文在分析黑龙江冰雪旅游行业发展现状的基础上,提出在东北亚区域背景下黑龙江“冰雪+”旅游发展路径,以期为黑龙江冰雪旅游发展提供参考。

High-quality Development Paths of Ice-snow Tourism in China from the Perspective of the Winter Olympics

Preparations for the Beijing Winter Olympics have promoted the rapid development of ice-snow tourism in China,which contributes to achieving the goal of having“300 million people participate in ice-snow sports”.This paper analyzes the status quo and problems associated with the growth of ice-snow tourism in China based on the methods of documentation and field investigation.The results indicate that China’s efforts have born abundant fruits.Notwithstanding,there are still some problems due to the limited time and hastened process of ice-snow tourism development,including unreasonable exploitation,low-quality products and services,imperfect investment and financing system,inadequate management,a single marketing mode,and insufficient talent teams.Compared with developed countries in Europe and the United States,ice-snow tourism in China is in the stage of rapid development.To achieve the high-quality development of ice-snow tourism in China,this paper proposes actions from eight aspects which involve policy,products and services,marketing,safety management and control,talent teams,standardization construction,science and technology,and community participation.This study can provide references for the high-quality development of ice-snow tourism in China,as well as perfecting Chinese theoretical research on ice-snow tourism.

Evaluation and Promotion Model of Tourist Satisfaction in Ice and Snow Tourism Destinations

The successful bid for the Beijing Winter Olympics has brought historic opportunities for the development of ice and snow tourism in China.An index system for the evaluation of tourist satisfaction in ice and snow tourism destinations was constructed from the target layer-factor layer-index layer approach in this paper.Taking tourists with ice and snow tourism experience as the research object,and integrating a questionnaire survey and the Importance-Performance Analysis(IPA)method,a total of 840 valid questionnaires were collected to assess the satisfaction of tourists in snow and ice tourism destinations,and the promotion model of tourist satisfaction in ice and snow tourism destinations was put forward.This process led to three main results.(1)Ice and snow tourists in China are characterized as young and better-educated,with college students aged 19 to 25 as the main consumer group.More than 70%of ice and snow tourists are pretty satisfied with the current development of ice and snow destinations in China,and are willing to participate again.(2)Other than“ice and snow souvenirs”,tourists’perceptions of importance are all higher than the level of perceived satisfaction,and the importance values of the 13 indicators including“Scenic spot security”and“Diversity of ice and snow entertainment and sports”are especially high,showing that tourists have high expectations and demands of the destinations.However,the perceived satisfaction level of tourists for all indexes is generally low,mostly at the general satisfaction level,indicating that ice and snow tourism destinations have only partially met the demands of ice and snow tourists,and there is still much room for improvement.(3)After IPA analysis,five suggestions for improving the satisfaction of tourists in ice and snow tourism destinations were put forward,including diversification of the tourism business model,construction of tourism facilities,a market diversified cultivation model,a humanized mode of tourism service and a refined management model.The results of this study will help to enrich the theory of ice and snow tourist satisfaction and promote the high-quality development of China's ice and snow tourism in the post-Winter Olympics era.

Sustainable Development of Ice and Snow Tourism-Theory&Empirical Studies:Preface

The Beijing Winter Olympics brought a historical miracle to the development of China’s ice and snow tourism.It is both an opportunity and a challenge to reap the extra dividends of the times and to develop China’s ice and snow tourism.By selecting 18 academic papers,this special issue deeply discusses the status quo and the future measures of ice and snow tourism in China from three aspects:ice and snow tourism development and management,the ice and snow tourism experience and its influencing factors,and ice and snow tourism impact assessment.Moreover,one part entitled“Tourism Culture and Ecotourism”has been set up to emphasize those cutting-edge research topics.It is worth mentioning that this issue is in-depth and has profound connotations.First of all,the research area ranges from national to regional to the city-level,including both longitudinal and horizontal research.In additon,the research methods are practical,innovative,and at the frontier of scientific research,and include industrial correlation analysis methods,kernel density,spatial autocorrelation and other geospatial analysis methods,content analysis methods,sentiment analysis methods,structural equation models,Delphi methods,spatial statistics methods,geographic detector method and many others.In general,this special issue combines qualitative research with quantitative research,provides a variety of theoretical perspectives such as perceived value theory,institutional evolution theory,etc.,and builds various useful models like the pre-competition evaluation model for ice and snow tourism heritage,the consumption skill-travel radius decision-making influence model under the moderating effect of the ski resort comprehensive leisure environment,the evaluation model of the suitability of glacier tourism resource development,the model of the relationship between tourists’experience value and loyalty in the context of ice and snow tourism,among others.These studies are expected to provide theoretical and practical guidance for the development of ice and snow tourism in the post-Winter Olympics era,and help ice and snow tourism develop in a sustainable and high-quality direction.

Ski Tourism Experience and Market Segmentation from the Perspective of Perceived Value:A Case Study on Chongli District of Zhangjiakou

As an emerging mountain vacation tourism product,ski tourism is becoming increasingly important in the domestic tourism market.As an important theory for studying the quality of consumer experience,perceived value has been widely employed in tourism research in recent years,and improving the ski tourism experience value has become the focus of competition among ski tourism destinations.Taking the ski tourists in Chongli District of Zhangjiakou as an example,305 valid questionnaires were collected by using online and offline methods.Based on the theory of perceived value,this paper adopted principal component analysis and cluster analysis to conduct a preliminary study of ski tourism experience and market segmentation.In addition,this paper examined the differences in demographic and behavioral characteristics of different types of ski tourists.This study finds that:(1)The perceived value of ski tourism experience includes four dimensions:facility value,perceived price,safety value and service value.(2)Using the perceived value to segment ski tourists,three different customer segments are identified:comfort-pursuant,price-sensitive and safety-oriented.(3)There are significant differences in key metrics,such as number of visits and stay time,among different types of ski tourists according to their demographic characteristics such as gender,age,monthly income,and behavioral characteristics.These results reveal the different dimensions of the perceived value of ski tourism experience and determine the market segments and characteristics of ski tourists.Developing a corresponding marketing strategy based on the different market segments can better promote the perceived value of ski tourists,and ultimately strengthen the competitiveness of the enterprises.

Characteristics and Determinants of China’s Ice-and-Snow Tourism Industrial Cluster

Ice-and-snow tourism(IST)is a booming industry,and the development of its industrial clusters reflects its regional development quality.Taking 1985–2021 data for China’s IST enterprises,this study used industrial cluster identification and industrial correlation analysis to explore the development of IST industrial clusters.The following results were obtained:(1)China’s IST initially formed hotspot industrial clusters in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei,the Northeast,the Yangtze River Delta,the Pearl River Delta,Chengdu-Chongqing,and Xinjiang regions.(2)Multiple industry forms failed to become deeply integrated into development,indicating a need to optimize the structure of the IST industrial chain.(3)The development environment of IST industrial clusters in each province showed differentiated characteristics.(4)IST industrial clustering was affected by both internal and external factors.External factors were grouped into climate and ice-and-snow resources,government policies and sports events,and economic fundamentals and market conditions.Internal factors included industrial association and industrial integration in the IST industrial cluster.Based on this study’s identification of the characteristics of China’s IST industrial clusters,countermeasures are proposed for their optimal development.

Relationships between Tourist Experiential Value and Ice-Snow Tourism Loyalty in Zhangjiakou City,and the Moderating Effects of Travel Companions

The successful bid for the 2022 Winter Olympics has provided a new opportunity for the popularization of ice-snow sports and making improvements in the efficiency of ice-snow tourism in China.Taking Zhangjiakou City in Hebei Province as the research object and using questionnaire analysis and the structural equation model(SEM),this paper examined several hypotheses of the relationship between tourist experiential value and tourist loyalty in the context of ice-snow tourism,and a mediation analysis was conducted to explore the moderating role of travel companions.The results show that:(1)The functional value,emotional value and social value have significant positive effects on tourist loyalty;(2)Tourist satisfaction is a partial mediator between functional value,emotional value,social value and tourist loyalty,and a full mediator between cognitive value and tourist loyalty;and(3)Travel companions play a significant moderating role in the influence of emotional value on tourist loyalty.Based on these findings,several suggestions are put forward for the high-quality development of ice-snow tourism in China,including developing ice-snow family tourism products,building an ice-snow brand with winter Olympics characteristics,constructing the ice-snow industrial system,and cultivating ice-snow culture.

A Pre-game Evaluation of the Tourism Legacy of the Beijing 2022 Winter Olympic Games

The role of tourism in social and economic development and stabilizing the Olympic legacy has been widely discussed.Beijing is the first“Dual-Olympic City”.For the first time,the Beijing Winter Olympics has adopted a model of three competition areas,which has attracted much attention to the study of its tourism legacy.In the legacy plan,the construction of the“Beijing-Zhangjiakou Sports Culture and Tourism Belt”was proposed.The development of ice and snow tourism and the cultivation of the ice and snow tourism market is also reflected in many policy documents and government actions.The scientific planning before the competition laid a good foundation for the sustainable development of its ice and snow tourism heritage.This research combines Olympic legacy research with tourism destination theory,and focuses on ice and snow tourism directly related to the Winter Olympics and the significance of pre-event planning for legacy protection.At the same time,the improvement of the quality of ice and snow tourism destinations is embedded in the pre-Olympic legacy,and opinions and suggestions on how to ensure the stability of the legacy after the games are given.This study uses the literature review method and the second-hand materials survey research method,then through establishing a tourism legacy pre-game evaluation model and the use of geographic information,government reports,policies,publicly released statistics and news reports,etc..It explores the legacy of the Beijing 2022 Winter Olympics and Paralympics,aiming to lay the foundation for preserving the continuous value of the ice and snow tourism legacy during and after the Olympics.The results indicate that the Beijing Winter Olympics has made relatively complete plans and reliable progress in both tangible and intangible legacy.Complete tourism infrastructure,an optimistic sport and cultural atmosphere,and the improvement of residents’health concept and sports awareness have become boosters for the development of ice and snow tourism in the Beijing-Zhangjiakou region.

Evolution of Landscape Pattern and Tourism Service Value in Zhangjiakou City

Zhangjiakou is a northern Chinese city that hosted the Beijing 2022 Winter Olympic Games. As an important ice and snow tourist destination, it is essential to investigate Zhangjiakou’s rate of landscape pattern change,the landscape ecological security level, and ecosystem service value, particularly the tourism ecological service value during its construction. With land use data from 2000 to 2020, this study comprehensively analyzed the dynamic changes in Zhangjiakou, including land use dynamics, the land use transfer matrix, landscape vulnerability,landscape disturbance, ecosystem service value, tourism ecological service value, and other aspects. The results show that the landscape pattern in Zhangjiakou was greatly disturbed from 2015 to 2018, and the landscape ecological security was threatened in the process of landscape pattern adjustment. By 2020, after the landscape pattern was adjusted and stabilized, the landscape ecological security was restored, and the ecosystem service value was significantly improved, especially the tourism ecological service value. The results of this study will play an important role in promoting the optimization of Zhangjiakou’s ice and snow landscape pattern and the improvement of tourism ecological value. In addition, it provides important lessons for the development of other ice and snow tourist destinations.