副词“差不多”与“几乎”之多维辨察

副词“差不多”与“几乎”核心义相似,但二者仍存在诸多差异。以BCC语料库为语料来源,从语义、句法与语用等角度对其进行考察分析。语义上,“几乎”表达的程度比“差不多”深;“差不多”修饰数量成分时,既可表示超过义,又可表示未超过义,而“几乎”仅表示未超过义;“差不多”可表示事情已完成和未完成,而“几乎”一般仅表示事情未完成。句法上,两者均可修饰动词、形容词、名词与数量名短语等成分。语用上,“差不多”表客观描述,而“几乎”带有主观评价意味;两者主要出现在陈述句、疑问句和感叹句等句类中,但两者所出现的疑问句类别不同,“差不多”仅出现在是非问和特指问中,而“几乎”还可出现在正反问中。

沅江话中的语缀“几”和“子”

湖南沅江话中语缀“几”和“子”的词汇意义虚化,能产性强,大多构成名词性词语,其构词情况不同于普通话词缀“儿”和“子”。相比而言,沅江话中的“几”和“子”的构词能力更强。

“几乎”的句法范畴意义及功能

在一个句法结构中,程度副词"几乎"具有"不完全饱和"的句法范畴意义。随着句法结构的不同,"几乎"这一句法范畴意义所表述的具体语义也有所不同。在肯定句中,它既可以表述不完全饱和的数量意义,又可以表述事件结果或有关情状之不完全实现的意义;在否定句中,不管它所表述的是数量还是事件或有关情状,则都具有不完全否定的意义。

黄河“几”字湾(榆林)林草生态保护修复主要问题及对策

黄河“几”字湾生态系统保护修复是黄河流域生态保护的重要内容,是服务区域经济高质量发展的基础。文中以榆林市为例,总结榆林市林草生态保护修复的成效和存在的问题,结合重大国家战略、林长制改革和气候变化为林草生态保护修复带来的新机遇,从积极谋划林草生态保护修复重大工程、创新林草生态保护修复政策机制、完善生态补偿制度、加强林草资源管护、开展林草产业提质增效行动、强化人才和科技支撑等方面提出了加快林草生态保护修复的对策。

“几乎”的句法和语义特点

本文在大量语料考察的基础上,发现“几乎”既可以用于肯定句,也可以用于否定句.肯定句中多用在动补结构前,也可以用在状中结构、动宾结构和主语前;否定句中多用于“不/没（有）＋动词”前,也常用在“动词＋不＋补语”和主语前.“几乎”的参照点具有极端性,多为结果,也可以是某种情况、数量、性质、事物等,而且要放在“几乎”的右侧.

说“几”

文章讨论“几”在38个方言点中读音问题,揭示了语音演变中有规律性和不平衡性,简要地说明了某些方言中“几” 的读音没有完成演变的原因。文章还论述了“几”在一些方言中作程度副词的用法和意义以及与英语相关的一些认知语义问题。

“几、多、来”表约量的差异与教学思考

本文首先从"数"和"量"两个不同范畴出发,提出"几"是数词,表不定数或未知数,而"多""来"属于助词,表约量;其次,本文从认知角度对"几、多、来"表约量的差异进行考察,指出三者之间核心差异,"多"属于开放等级,"几""来"属于封闭等级,因此在搭配上三者之间存在差别;最后,通过语料库统计出与"几、多、来"搭配共现的高频词,并提出改进"几、多、来"二语教学的相关教学策略。

“几”的艺理——《〈管锥编〉艺理引义》之一

"几"(幾)是"离无入有,在有无之际"的现象。"几"是从"象"到"形"的临界点。在人事上、绘画上、戏曲舞台上、诗歌、小说上都有"几"的艺理起作用。

Modeling and Analysis of Vibration Characteristics of Rectangular Plate with Circular Through Hole Under Complex Boundary Conditions

This paper presents a method to study the free vibration of a plate with circular holes.The circular hole is regarded as a virtual small plate in which the mass density and Young's modulus are zero.Therefore,the free vibration problem of the circular hole plate can be transformed into the free vibration problem of the equivalent rectangular plate with non-uniform thickness.The model is derived from the spectral geometry method(SGM),and the displacement of the plate with circular holes is expanded by the modified Fourier series.Virtual springs are added to the boundary of the plate to simulate the boundary conditions of simply supported and fixed supports.The accuracy of this method is verified by comparison with the finite element calculation results.The relationship between modal numerical solutions of plates with circular holes and boundary conditions and geometry of the plate is studied.

“興”字新释

关于“興”字之释,有五、六种观点,但不论从形、音、义任何一方面仔细推敲,均存在较大偏差。興、同并见于甲骨、金文,但形、义各有所本,且在同一甲骨组内,興所从与同字根本不同,只是到了较晚期的甲骨文中,興添了“口”符才与“同”相混,但興所从之“口”亦可省略。然而,同自文字之初便“从凡从口”,且所从之“口”符不可或缺。另外,音韵上,興属晓纽蒸部,同属定纽东部,二者不能相通;字义上,興作众手抬(抱)举几、案而興起之义;同从凡从口,作会同、同一之义。因此,興所从并非同字。

Electro-flotation and collision-attachment mechanism of fine cassiterite

In order to discuss the particle-bubble interaction during the electro-flotation of cassiterite,the recovery of cassiterite with different particle sizes was investigated,and the collision mechanism between the cassiterite particles and H2 bubbles was explored.The flotation tests were carried out in a single bubble flotation cell.The results show that cassiterite particles 10 μm,10-20 μm,20？38 μm and 38-74 μm match with bubbles with size of 50-150 μm,about 250 μm,74 μm and 74 μm,respectively,and a better recovery can be obtained.It is demonstrated that the recovery of cassiterite is influenced by the size of cassiterite particles and bubbles.Furthermore,the probabilities of collision,adhesion,detachment and collection were calculated using the collision,attachment and collection models.Theoretical calculation results show that the collision probability decreases sharply with decreasing particle size and increasing bubble size（below 150 μm）.The attachment probability would increase from the effective collision,leading to the increase of recovery.

High-precision automatic measurement of two-dimensional geometric features based on machine vision

To realize high-precision automatic measurement of two-dimensional geometric features on parts, a cooperative measurement system based on machine vision is constructed. Its hardware structure, functional composition and working principle are introduced. The mapping relationship between the feature image coordinates and the measuring space coordinates is established. The method of measuring path planning of small field of view （FOV） images is proposed. With the cooperation of the panoramic image of the object to be measured, the small FOV images with high object plane resolution are acquired automatically. Then, the auxiliary measuring characteristics are constructed and the parameters of the features to be measured are automatically extracted. Experimental results show that the absolute value of relative error is less than 0. 03% when applying the cooperative measurement system to gauge the hole distance of 100 mm nominal size. When the object plane resolving power of the small FOV images is 16 times that of the large FOV image, the measurement accuracy of small FOV images is improved by 14 times compared with the large FOV image. It is suitable for high-precision automatic measurement of two-dimensional complex geometric features distributed on large scale parts.

Infrared thermography for prediction of spontaneous combustion of sulfide ores

The method of infrared thermography to predict the temperature of the sulfide ores has a large error. To solve this problem, the temperature of the sulfide ores is measured by thermal infrared imager and recording thermometric instrument contrastively. The main factors, including emissivity, distance, angle and dust concentration that affect the temperature measurement precision, are analyzed. The regression equations about the individual factors and comprehensive factors are obtained by analyzing test data. The application of the regression equations improves the precision of the thermal infrared imager. The geometric information lost in traditional infrared thermometry is determined by visualization grid method and interpolation method, the relationship between the infrared imager and geometry information is established. The geometry location can be measured exactly.

Residual elastic stress strain field and geometrically necessary dislocation density distribution around nano-indentation in TA15 titanium alloy

Nanoindentation and high resolution electron backscatter diffraction（EBSD） were combined to examine the elastic modulus and hardness of α and β phases,anisotropy in residual elastic stress strain fields and distributions of geometrically necessary dislocation（GND） density around the indentations within TA15 titanium alloy.The nano-indention tests were conducted on α and β phases,respectively.The residual stress strain fields surrounding the indentation were calculated through crosscorrelation method from recorded patterns.The GND density distribution around the indentation was calculated based on the strain gradient theories to reveal the micro-mechanism of plastic deformation.The results indicate that the elastic modulus and hardness for α p hase are 129.05 GPas and 6.44 GPa,while for β phase,their values are 109.80 GPa and 4.29 GPa,respectively.The residual Mises stress distribution around the indentation is relatively heterogeneous and significantly influenced by neighboring soft β phase.The region with low residual stress around the indentation is accompanied with markedly high a type and prismatic-GND density.

Increase of β -1, 3-Glucanase and Chitinase Activities in Cotton Callus Cells Treated by Salicylic Acid and Toxin of Verticillium dahliae

The different resistance of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) cultivars to crude toxin of Verticillium dah/iae(VD) was correlated with the activities of chitinase and β-1, 3-glucanase in callus cells. The activities of chitinase and β-1, 3-glucanase in the callus cells treated with the VD-toxin were increased to the higher level at earlier time point in resistant cultivars than these in the susceptible cultivars. Exogenous salicylic acid (SA) induced the accumulation of chitinase and β -1,3-glucanase, which resulted in the resistance of callus cells to the VD. toxin. Western blot using a polyclonal antibody against β -1,3-glucanase identified 28 kD protein that was induced by VD-toxin, SA, or VD-toxin plus SA.

Influence of Interconnection Configuration on Thermal Dissipation of ULSI Interconnect Systems

The effects of adjacent metal layers and space between metal lines on the temperature rise of multilevel ULSI interconnect lines are investigated by modeling a three-layer interconnect. The heat dissipation of various metallization technologies concerning the metal and low-k dielectric employment is simulated in detail. The Joule heat generated in the interconnect is transferred mainly through the metal lines in each metal layer and through the path with the smallest thermal resistance in each Ield layer. The temperature rises of Al metallization are approximately pAl/pCu times higher than those of Cu metallization under the same conditions. In addition, a thermal problem in 0.13μm globe interconnects is studied for the worst case, in which there are no metal lines in the lower interconnect layers. Several types of dummy metal heat sinks are investigated and compared with regard to thermal efficiency,influence on parasitic capacitance,and optimal application by combined thermal and electrical simula- tion.

高寒区现代日光温室结构设计与建造

针对高纬度、严寒地区(太原以北地区)日光温室蔬菜生产效益不高的问题,研究制定出适合高寒地区现代日光温室结构设计与建造规程。日光温室骨架采用"几"字型钢增加温室的安全性;墙体用加气混凝土砌块提高温室的蓄热性;前屋面用双膜覆盖提高温室的保温性。

INSTRUMENT FOR MEASURING GEOMETRIC ERRORS OF GUIDE RAIL OF ELEVATOR

A new instrument for checking the quality of elevator guide rails is introduced.With this instrument,the general geometric errors such as straightness,flatness,squareness,twist,thickness and height can be measured automatically,simultaneously in a short time with high accuracy.It is very useful for elevator guide rail factories to improve their work efficiency and the quality of their products.

Micro-bending of metallic crystalline foils by non-local dislocation density based crystal plasticity finite element model

A non-local dislocation density based crystal plasticity model, which takes account of the microstrncture inhomogeneity, was used to investigate the micro-bending of metallic crystalline foils. In this model, both statistically stored dislocations （SSDs） and geometrically necessary dislocations （GNDs） are taken as the internal state variables. The strain gradient hardening in micro-bending of single-grained metal foils was predicted by evolution of GNDs. The predicted results were compared with the micro-hardness distribution of the previous micro-bending experiments of CuZn37 a-brass foils with coarse grains and fine grains. Comparison of the simulated dislocation densities distribution of SSDs and GNDs with the experimental results shows that different micro-hardness distribution patterns of the coarse and fine grain foils can be attributed to the corresponding SSDs and GNDs distributions. The present model provides a physical insight into the deformation mechanism and dislocation densities evolution of the micro-bending process.

Molecular Cloning and Sequence Analysis of Class Ⅱ Chitinase Gene in Leymus chinensis

[ Objective] The aim of this study was to clone Class Ⅱ chitinase gene in Leymus chinensis grown in saline land in Heilongjiang Province and analyze its sequence, which provided a foundation for further study on the biological function and application of chitinasa gene. [ Method] cDNA library of Leymus chinensis leaves were constructed, and its DNA sequence was determined or analyzed, while the homology of chitinasa gene and amino acid sequence was compared with that in GenBank. [ Result] One full length cDNA fragment with length of 996 bp was cloned from cDNA library of Leymus chinensis leaves. The length of ORF was 768 bp encoding 225 amino acids （GenBank accession number： EU344908）. The encoding products lacked CBD and C-terminal extension region from the view of structure, but had structural characters of Class Ⅱ chitinase gene, which indicated that amino acid sequence had high homology compared with Class Ⅱ chitinase gene of rye and wheat. The constructed recombinant vector pQE-LcChi2 could express a protein of 27 kD through induction, which was consistent with the deduced encoding product of pQE-LcChi2 gene. [ Conclusion] LcChl2 gene is an expression gene, which can express in E. coll.