论苏州吴歌的生存现状及传承保护

以苏州吴歌为研究对象,结合实地调研,分析苏州吴歌原生环境破坏严重,传承人的"老化""断层"和观众流失的生存危机,探讨由于受传唱地区限制,自身"造血"能力较弱,人们心理变化,给吴歌传承和保护带来的困境,提出秉持"分类分区"的传承保护理念,采取内修吴歌的形式内容,借力政府、媒体助推,重视吴歌文化的根本、精髓等措施,加大对吴歌的传承和保护力度。

A Scheme of Vegetation Classification of Taiwan, China

The complexity of natural conditions leads to the complexity of vegetation types of Taiwan of China, which has both tropical and cold-temperate vegetation types, and could be depicted as the vegetation miniature of China or even for the world. The physiognomic-floristic principle was adopted for the vegetation classification of Taiwan. The units of rank from top to bottom are: class of vegetation-type, order of vegetation-type, vegetation-type, alliance group, alliance and association. The high-rank units (class, order and vegetation-type) are classified by ecological physiognomy, while the median and lower units by the species composition of community. At the same time the role of dominant species and character species will also be considered. The dominant species are the major factor concerned with the median ranks (alliance group, and alliance) because they are the chief components of community, additionally their remarkable appearance is easy to identify; the character species (or diagnostic species) are for relatively low ranks (association) because they will clearly show the interspecies relation-ship and the characteristics of community. According to this principle, vegetation of Taiwan is classi-fied into five classes of vegetation-types (forests, thickets, herbaceous vegetation, rock fields vegetation, swamps and aquatic vegetation), 29 orders of vegetation-types (cold-temperate needle-leaved forests, cool-temperate needle-leaved forests, warm-temperate needle-leaved forests, warm needle-leaved forests, deciduous broad-leaved forests, mixed evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved forests, evergreen mossy forests, evergreen sclerophyllous forests, evergreen broad-leaved forests, tropical rain forests, tropical monsoon forests, coastal forests, warm bamboo forests, evergreen needle-leaved thickets, sclerophyllous thickets, deciduous broad-leaved thickets, evergreen broad-leaved thickets, xerothermic thorn-succulent thickets, bamboo thickets, meadows, sparse shrub grasslands, savannahic grasslands, sparse scree communities, chasmophytic vegetation, woody swamps, herbaceous swamps, moss bogs, fresh water aquatic vegetation, salt water aquatic vegetation) and 53 vegetation-types. The main alliances of each vegetation-type are described.

The Flying Geese Paradigm:Industrial Upgrade Strategy and Balanced Regional Development

On the basis of competency-based comparative advantage theory and reclassification of industries,this paper has discussed whether the FGP-type industry upgrade has taken place across different regions of China and whether China is able to transcend the middle-income trap through the FGP-type industry upgrade.This paper has discovered that no matter by traditional method of industry classification or the new method of industry classification,China has already experienced the FGP-type industry upgrade and entered into the second stage of this process.While relocating industries to central and western regions,China's eastern region does not have clear directions of industry upgrade of its own.Through analysis on the evolution of comparative advantages across regions,this paper has also discovered that in the process of the FGP industry upgrade,China is facing the risk of falling into comparative advantage trap.These factors are unfavorable to China's implementation of the FGP-type industry upgrade strategy,prevention of the comparative advantage interruptions that may confront middle-income countries and achievement of balanced regional development.

CLASSIFICATION OF CRYOSOLS?SIGNIFICANCE,ACHIEVEMENTS AND CHALLENGES

International concerns about the effects of global change on permafrost-affected soils and responses of permafrost terrestrial landscapes to such change have been increasing in the last two decades. To achieve a variety of goals including the determining of soil carbon stocks and dynamics in the Northern Hemisphere,the understanding of soil degradation and the best ways to protect the fragile ecosystems in permafrost environment,further study development on Cryosol classification is being in great demand. In this paper the existing Cryosol classifications contained in three representative soil taxonomies are introduced,and the problems in the practical application of the defining criteria used for category differentiation in these taxonomic systems are discussed. Meanwhile,the resumption and reconstruction of Chinese Cryosol classification within a taxonomic frame is proposed. In dealing with Cryosol classification the advantages that Chinese pedologists have and the challenges that they have to face are analyzed. Finally,several suggestions on the study development of the further taxonomic frame of Cryosol classification are put forward.

Taxonomy and molecular evolution of secondary metabolism pathway of isoflavones biosynthesis

We compared the cDNA sequences and amino acid sequences of Chalcone synthase （CHS）, Chalcone isomerase （CH1）, and lsoflavone synthase （IFS） in isoflavone biosynthesis pathway, found that their similarity were not always consistent; then we compared the amino acid sequences of CHS, CHI, and IFS, found that the clustering relationship of CHS and CHI were different in 13 kind of species; CHS and IFS were the same or similar in leguminous plants Medicago sativa, Medicago truncatula, Pisum sativum, Pueraria Montana, and Glycine max however disaccording with CHI. We prefer the amino acid sequence for cDNA sequence for evolution analysis, and think that the secondary metabolism mostly attributing to environmental stresses, and the functional genes on secondary metabolism pathway are unsuitable for taxonomy analysis.

Cyprinid phylogeny based on Bayesian and maximum likelihood analyses of partitioned data:implications for Cyprinidae systematics

Cyprinidae is the biggest family of freshwater fish, but the phylogenetic relationships among its higher-level taxa are not yet fully resolved. In this study, we used the nuclear recombination activating gene 2 and the mitochondrial 16S ribosomal RNA and cytochrome b genes to reconstruct cyprinid phylogeny. Our aims were to （i） demonstrate the effects of partitioned phylo- genetic analyses on phylogeny reconstruction of cyprinid fishes; （ii） provide new insights into the phylogeny of cyprinids. Our study indicated that unpartitioned strategy was optimal for our analyses; partitioned analyses did not provide better-resolved or -supported estimates of cyprinid phylogeny. Bayesian analyses support the following relationships among the major mono- phyletic groups within Cyprinidae： （Cyprininae, Labeoninae）, （（Acheilognathinae, （（Leuciscinae, Tincinae）, Gobioninae））, Xenocyprirlinae）. The placement of Danioninae was poorly resolved. Estimates of divergence dates within the family showed that radiation of the major cyprinid groups occurred during the Late Oligocene through the Late Miocene. Our phylogenetic analyses improved our understanding of the evolutionary history of this important fish family.

Cluster Partition Function and Invariants of 3-Manifolds

The author reviews some recent developments in Chern-Simons theory on a hyperbolic 3-manifold M with complex gauge group G. The author focuses on the case of G = SL(N, C) and M being a knot complement: M = S^3\ K. The main result presented in this note is the cluster partition function, a computational tool that uses cluster algebra techniques to evaluate the Chern-Simons path integral for G = SL(N, C). He also reviews various applications and open questions regarding the cluster partition function and some of its relation with string theory.

Judicious partitions of weighted hypergraphs

Let G be a weighted hypergraph with edges of size i for i = 1, 2. Let wi denote the total weight of edges of size i and α be the maximum weight of an edge of size 1. We study the following partitioning problem of Bollob′as and Scott： Does there exist a bipartition such that each class meets edges of total weight at least （w_1-α）/2＋（2w_2）/3？ We provide an optimal bound for balanced bipartition of weighted hypergraphs, partially establishing this conjecture. For dense graphs, we also give a result for partitions into more than two classes.In particular, it is shown that any graph G with m edges has a partition V_1,..., V_k such that each vertex set meets at least（1-（1-1/k）~2）m ＋ o（m） edges, which answers a related question of Bollobás and Scott.

Study of Substrate and Physico-Chemical Base Classification of the Rivers of Nepal

The rivers in Nepal are classified in terms of geographical regions but a more scientific classification such as on the ba-sis of morphology is clearly lacking. This study was done in 9 rivers namely Jhikhukhola of the Koshi system, Aandhikhola, Arungkhola, East Rapti, Karrakhola, Seti and main channel Narayani of the Gandaki system, and two independent systems within Nepal, Bagmati and Tinau. Among the morphologies, river bed or the substratum was taken as the main variable for the analysis which was categorized into 7 types as rocks, boulders, cobbles, pebbles, gravels, sand and silt. There were 23 sampling sites each with 2 stretches of around 100m in those rivers. The data were taken as a percentage, and to avoid biases it was observed visually by the same person for a complete year in every season. With 23 sites each with 2 stretches and 4 replicates corresponding to 4 seasons, there are altogether 184 observations, each termed as a case, that constitute this work. Canonical Discrimination Analysis (CDA) which is most suitable when the data pool is huge was applied to see if the rivers studied distinguish themselves in terms of its morphology. The result was remarkably successful and was close to the established regional classification of the rivers. This kind of river classification has great application in the utilization, conservation and restoration of the most important natural re-source of the country.

Research on Auto-Classification Method of Remote Sensing Images in Mountainous Areas——An Application in Southwest of China

In mountainous areas, it is the undulant terrain, various types of geomorphic and land use that make the remote sensing images great metamorphism. Moreover, due to the elevation, there are many areas covered with shadow, clouds and snow that make the images more inaccurate. As a result, it would be very difficult to carry out auto-classification of RS images in these areas. The study took Southwest China as the case study area and the TM images, SPOT images as the basic information sources assisted by the auxiliary data of DEM, NDVl, topographical maps and soil maps to preprocess the images. After preprocessing by topographic correction and wiping off clouds, snow and shadows, all the image data were stacked together to form the images to be classified. Then, the research used segmentation technology and hierarchical method to extract the main types of land use in the area automatically. The results indicated that the qualitative accuracies of all types of land use extracted in Southwest China were above 90 percent, and the quantitative accuracies was above 86 percent. The goal of reducing workloads had been realized.