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“劳燕”最惯是“分飞”
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作者 邹永进 《语文天地(初中版)》 2010年第11期23-23,共1页
成语“劳燕分飞”中的“劳燕”代指伯劳和燕子两种鸟类,“劳”是伯劳的简称,和“辛劳”无关。“劳”和“燕”分别朝不同的方向飞去,因此,它们的姿势是“分飞”而不是“纷飞”。
关键词 中学 语文教学 课外阅读 词语 “劳燕” “分飞
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Experimental Research on Enhanced Cyclone Separation of Acoustic Agglomerated Particles 被引量:3
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作者 刘淑艳 黄虹宾 阎为革 《Journal of Beijing Institute of Technology》 EI CAS 2000年第1期61-65,共5页
To test the particles solidity and to verify the separating efficiency at normal atmospheric temperature, the experimental research was made on the enhanced cyclone separation of acoustic agglomerated fly ash particl... To test the particles solidity and to verify the separating efficiency at normal atmospheric temperature, the experimental research was made on the enhanced cyclone separation of acoustic agglomerated fly ash particles. The separating efficiency has increased by 3%-4% in a sound field with 150 dB pressure level compared with that obtained without acoustic wave processing. The enhanced cyclone separation test study for acoustic agglomerated particles has provided a technical basis for pressurized fluid bed combustion(PFBC) application. 展开更多
关键词 acoustic agglomeration coal fly ash particle cyclone separation
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Analysis of high-power disk laser welding stability based on classification of plume and spatter characteristics 被引量:6
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作者 高向东 文茜 Seiji KATAYAMA 《Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2013年第12期3748-3757,共10页
Classification of plume and spatter images was studied to evaluate the welding stability. A high-speed camera was used to capture the instantaneous images of plume and spatters during high power disk laser welding. Ch... Classification of plume and spatter images was studied to evaluate the welding stability. A high-speed camera was used to capture the instantaneous images of plume and spatters during high power disk laser welding. Characteristic parameters such as the area and number of spatters, the average grayscale of a spatter image, the entropy of a spatter grayscale image, the coordinate ratio of the plume centroid and the welding point, the polar coordinates of the plume centroid were defined and extracted. Karhunen-Loeve transform method was used to change the seven characteristics into three primary characteristics to reduce the dimensions. Also, K-nearest neighbor method was used to classify the plume and spatter images into two categories such as good and poor welding quality. The results show that plume and spatter have a close relationship with the welding stability, and two categories could be recognized effectively using K-nearest neighbor method based on Karhunen-Loeve transform. 展开更多
关键词 high-power disk laser welding PLUME SPATTER feature classification STABILITY
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Extracting Feature Bands for Damaged Rice Leaves by Planthoppers Using Multi-spectral Imaging Technology
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作者 曹鹏飞 李宏宁 +2 位作者 杨卫平 林立波 冯洁 《Agricultural Science & Technology》 CAS 2013年第11期1642-1645,1669,共5页
[Objective] The aim of this study was to extract effective feature bands of damaged rice leaves by planthoppers to make identification and classification rapidly from great amounts of imaging spectral data. [Method] T... [Objective] The aim of this study was to extract effective feature bands of damaged rice leaves by planthoppers to make identification and classification rapidly from great amounts of imaging spectral data. [Method] The experiment, using multi-spectral imaging system, acquired the multi-spectral images of damaged rice leaves from band 400 to 720 nm by interval of 5 nm. [Result] According to the principle of band index, it was calculated that the bands at 515, 510, 710, 555, 630, 535, 505, 530 and 595 nm were having high band index value with rich information and little correlation. Furthermore, the experiment used two classification methods and calcu-lated the classification accuracy higher than 90.00% for feature bands and ful bands of damaged rice leaves by planthoppers respectively. [Conclusion] It can be con-cluded that these bands can be considered as effective feature bands to identify damaged rice leaves by planthoppers quickly from a large scale of crops. 展开更多
关键词 Feature bands Multi-spectral imaging Damaged rice leaves Planthop-pers Classification accuracy
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The planthopper genus Perkinsiella Kirkaldy(Hemiptera:Fulgoroidea:Delphacidae) from China
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作者 秦道正 任凤娟 《Entomotaxonomia》 CSCD 2015年第3期207-212,共6页
The planthopper genus Perla'nsiella Kirkaldy from China is studied. P miriamae Emeljanov is reported for the first time from China. A key to the species (males) of Perkinsiella from China is provided.
关键词 AUCHENORRHYNCHA Delphacinae Delphacini taxonomy key
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Preparation and Characterization of Solid Dispersions of Silymarin with Polyethylene Glycol 6000 被引量:6
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作者 李凤前 胡晋红 姜远英 《Journal of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences》 CAS 2003年第2期76-81,共6页
Aim To prepare and characterize solid dispersions of silymarin with the intention of improving their dissolution properties. Methods The solid dispersions were prepared by the fusion method with polyethylene glycol ... Aim To prepare and characterize solid dispersions of silymarin with the intention of improving their dissolution properties. Methods The solid dispersions were prepared by the fusion method with polyethylene glycol 6000(PEG 6000) as the carrier. Evaluation of the properties of the dispersions was performed using dissolution studies, X ray powder diffraction and Fourier transform infrared (FT IR) spectroscopy. Results The rate of dissolution of silymarin was considerably improved as compared with pure silymarin when formulated in solid dispersions with PEG 6000. The data of the X ray diffraction showed some changes in the parameters of lattice spacing [ d ], peak position and relative intensities. FT IR together with those from X ray diffraction showed the absence of well defined drug polymer interactions. Conclusion The dissolution improvement of poorly soluble silymarin could be illuminated by the changes of the lattice parameters of PEG 6000 and the drug. 展开更多
关键词 SILYMARIN solid dispersions X ray powder diffraction FT IR spectroscopy DISSOLUTION PEG 6000
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ADRC FRACTIONAL ORDER PID CONTROLLER DESIGN OF HYPERSONIC FLIGHT VEHICLE 被引量:8
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作者 秦昌茂 齐乃明 +1 位作者 吕瑞 朱凯 《Transactions of Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics》 EI 2011年第3期240-245,共6页
Active disturbance rejection controller(ADRC)uses tracking-differentiator(TD)to solve the contradiction between the overshoot and the rapid nature.Fractional order proportion integral derivative(PID)controller i... Active disturbance rejection controller(ADRC)uses tracking-differentiator(TD)to solve the contradiction between the overshoot and the rapid nature.Fractional order proportion integral derivative(PID)controller improves the control quality and expands the stable region of the system parameters.ADRC fractional order(ADRFO)PID controller is designed by combining ADRC with the fractional order PID and applied to reentry attitude control of hypersonic vehicle.Simulation results show that ADRFO PID controller has better control effect and greater stable region for the strong nonlinear model of hypersonic flight vehicle under the influence of external disturbance,and has stronger robustness against the perturbation in system parameters. 展开更多
关键词 hypersonic flight vehicle active disturbance rejection controller(ADRC) fractional order PID D-decomposition method
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Preparation of Sustained-release Silybin Microspheres by Spherical Crystallization Technique 被引量:1
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作者 胡容峰 朱家壁 +4 位作者 马凤余 许向阳 孙玉亮 梅康康 李 师 《Journal of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences》 CAS 2006年第2期83-91,共9页
Aim To improve the dissolution rate and bioavailability of silybin. Methods Sustained-release silybin microspheres were prepared by the spherical crystallization technique with soliddispersing and release-retarding po... Aim To improve the dissolution rate and bioavailability of silybin. Methods Sustained-release silybin microspheres were prepared by the spherical crystallization technique with soliddispersing and release-retarding polymers. A differential scanning calorimeter and an X-ray diffractometer were used to investigate the dispersion state of silybin in the microspheres. The shape, surface morphology, and internal structure of the microspheres were observed using a scanning electron microscope. Characterization of the microspheres, such as average diameter, size distribution and bulk density of the microspheres was investigated. Results The particle size of the microspheres was determined mainly by the agitation speed. The dissolution rate of silybin from microspheres was enhanced by increasing the amount of the dispersing agents, and sustained by the retarding agents. The release rate of microspheres was controlled by adjusting the combination ratio of the dispersing agents to the retarding agents. The resuits of X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry analysis indicated that silybin was highly dispersed in the microspheres in amorphous state. The release profiles and content did not change after a three-month accelerated stability test at 40 ℃ and 75% relative humidity. Conclusion Sustained-release silybin microspheres with a solid dispersion structure were prepared successfully in one step by a spherical crystallization technique combined with solid dispersion technique. The preparation process is simple, reproducible and inexpensive. The method is efficient for designing sustained-release microspheres with water-insoluble drugs. 展开更多
关键词 SILYBIN sustained-release microsphere solid dispersion spherical crystallization technique
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Droplet generation due to two health care procedures
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作者 解晓健 李玉国 +1 位作者 孙鹤泉 刘荔 《Journal of Southeast University(English Edition)》 EI CAS 2010年第2期274-278,共5页
Preliminary experiments are carried out to characterize the droplets generated in two aerosol-generating health care procedures,i.e.taking nasopharyngeal aspirates(NPA)and nebulizer therapy.Glass slides and water-se... Preliminary experiments are carried out to characterize the droplets generated in two aerosol-generating health care procedures,i.e.taking nasopharyngeal aspirates(NPA)and nebulizer therapy.Glass slides and water-sensitive paper(WSP)are used to collect large droplets when taking NPA.Droplet stain-marks on glass slides are counted under a microscope,and then a size analysis is performed.During nebulizer therapy dust monitors are used to detect small droplets and droplet nuclei at different positions around the nebulizer and in the room.From the preliminary results it is found that taking NPA can stimulate coughing and generate large droplets.Nebulizers can generate more than tens of millions fine droplets ranging from 0.3 to 20 μm per minute,a large volume of which can escape from the holes on the nebulizer's facemask and disperse in the whole room.Droplets coagulate on the inner surface of the mask and the volunteer's face,suggesting a great possibility of drug solution contamination by patients' secretion during nebulizer therapy. 展开更多
关键词 DROPLET taking nasopharyngeal aspirates(NPA) nebulizer therapy infection transmission
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NOVEL AIRCRAFT ELECTRICAL POWER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM BASED ON DISTRIBUTED COMPUTER 被引量:3
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作者 杨善水 付大丰 严仰光 《Transactions of Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics》 EI 2001年第2期224-228,共5页
As a matured technique used in many fields,the distributed computer system is still a new management method for the aeronautical electrical power distribution system in our country. In this paper, a novel aircraft ele... As a matured technique used in many fields,the distributed computer system is still a new management method for the aeronautical electrical power distribution system in our country. In this paper, a novel aircraft electrical power distribution system based on the distributed computer system is proposed. The principles, features and structure of the aircraft electrical power distribution system and the distributed computer system named electrical load management system (ELMS) are studied. The ELMS composed of four electrical load management centers (ELMCs) and two power source processors (PSPs) operates in the 1553B buses. Principles of the ELMCs and the PSPs are introduced. With the application of the distributed computer system, the aircraft electrical power distribution system is simple, adaptable and flexible. 展开更多
关键词 aircraft electrical power supply system aircraft electrical power distribution system distributed computer system 1553B buses electrical load management system
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Photodissociation Dynamics of 2-1odotoluene Investigated by Femtosecond Time-Resolved Mass Spectrometry 被引量:1
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作者 刘志明 王艳梅 +2 位作者 胡春龙 龙金友 张冰 《Chinese Journal of Chemical Physics》 SCIE CAS CSCD 2016年第1期53-58,I0001,共7页
The photodissociation dynamics of 2-iodotoluene following excitation at 266 nm have been investigated employing femtosecond time-resolved mass spectrometry. The photofragments are detected by multiphoton ionization us... The photodissociation dynamics of 2-iodotoluene following excitation at 266 nm have been investigated employing femtosecond time-resolved mass spectrometry. The photofragments are detected by multiphoton ionization using an intense laser field centered at 800 nm. A dissociation time of 3804-50 fs was measured from the rising time of the co-fragments of toluene radical (C7H7) and iodine atom (I), which is attributed to the averaged time needed for the C-I bond breaking for the simultaneously excited nσ and ππ* states by 266 nm pump light. In addition, a probe light centered at 298.23 nm corresponding to resonance wavelength of ground-state iodine atom is used to selectively ionize ground-state iodine atoms generated from the dissociation of initially populated hσ* and ππ* states. And a rise time of 4004-50 fs is extracted from the fitting of time-dependent I+ transient, which is in agreement with the dissociation time obtained by multiphoton ionization with 800 nm, suggesting that the main dissociative products are ground-state iodine atoms. 展开更多
关键词 resolved mass 2-1odotoluene PHOTODISSOCIATION Dissociation time Femtosecond timespectrometry
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AIRCRAFT FLIGHT SAFETY ANALYSIS IN LOW ALTITUDE AIRSPACE 被引量:6
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作者 王世锦 隋东 《Transactions of Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics》 EI 2009年第2期147-153,共7页
The low altitude airspace will be open in China, general aviation flights are tremendously increased. Whether aircrafts can fly safely and how to determine the requirements of safety flight are the problems needed to ... The low altitude airspace will be open in China, general aviation flights are tremendously increased. Whether aircrafts can fly safely and how to determine the requirements of safety flight are the problems needed to be confirmed. Under this circumstances, based on the international Civil Aviation Organization(ICAO) criteria and the standards made by CAAC, this paper adopts the "See and Avoid" principle. Under the binding conditions of flight rules, visibility requirements, responding time, the aircraft speed, circle banking angle or the climbing angle, based on its study on aircraft dynamics principles, this paper establishes a mathematical collision avoidance model for head-to-head traffic and crossing converging traffic at the same level. And the safety separation requirements of the aircrafts in low altitude flight are equantitatively analyzed. Finally, the Matlab software is used to analyze the above method. The result shows that the safe traffic avoidance of the converging traffic at the same level meets certain flight conditions, while intersecting the traffic at the same level can safely avoid the collision. 展开更多
关键词 AIRCRAFT SAFETY flight dynamics low altitude airspace conflict avoiding
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Discontinuous flying particle swarm optimization algorithm and its application to slope stability analysis 被引量:9
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作者 李亮 于广明 +1 位作者 陈祖煜 褚雪松 《Journal of Central South University》 SCIE EI CAS 2010年第4期852-856,共5页
A new version of particle swarm optimization(PSO) called discontinuous flying particle swarm optimization(DFPSO) was proposed,where not all of the particles refreshed their positions and velocities during each iterati... A new version of particle swarm optimization(PSO) called discontinuous flying particle swarm optimization(DFPSO) was proposed,where not all of the particles refreshed their positions and velocities during each iteration step and the probability of each particle in refreshing its position and velocity was dependent on its objective function value.The effect of population size on the results was investigated.The results obtained by DFPSO have an average difference of 6% compared with those by PSO,whereas DFPSO consumes much less evaluations of objective function than PSO does. 展开更多
关键词 slope stability limit equilibrium method factor of safety particle swarm optimization.
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Modification of Reflectron Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer for Photodissociation of Mass-Selected Cluster lons 被引量:3
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作者 Yu-chao Zhao Zeng-guang Zhang +2 位作者 Jin-yun Yuan Hong-guang Xu Wei-jun Zheng 《Chinese Journal of Chemical Physics》 SCIE CAS CSCD 2009年第6期655-662,J0002,共9页
We introduce a modification of reflectron time-of-flight mass spectrometer for laser photodissociation of mass-selected ions. In our apparatus, the ions of interests were selected by a mass gate near the first space f... We introduce a modification of reflectron time-of-flight mass spectrometer for laser photodissociation of mass-selected ions. In our apparatus, the ions of interests were selected by a mass gate near the first space focus point and decelerated right after the mass gate, were then crossed by a laser beam for dissociation. The daughter ions and surviving parent ions were re-accelerated and analyzed by the reflectron time-of-flight mass spectrometer. Compared to the designs reported by other research groups, our selection-deceleration-dissociation-reacceleration approach has better daughter-parent-ions-separation, easier laser timing, and better overlapping between the ion beam and laser beam. We also conducted detailed cal- culations on the parent ion and daughter ion flight times, and provided a simplified formula for the calibration of daughter ion mass. 展开更多
关键词 Reflectron time-of-flight mass spectrometer PHOTODISSOCIATION Mass-selection CLUSTER
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A New kHz Velocity Map Ion/Electron Imaging Spectrometer for Femtosecond Time-Resolved M olecular Reaction Dynamics Studies
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作者 贺志刚 陈志超 +3 位作者 杨栋元 戴东旭 吴国荣 杨学明 《Chinese Journal of Chemical Physics》 SCIE CAS CSCD 2017年第3期247-252,I0001,共7页
A new velocity map imaging spectrometer is constructed for molecular reaction dynamics studies using time-resolved photoelectron/ion spectroscopy method. By combining a kHz pulsed valve and an ICCD camera, this veloci... A new velocity map imaging spectrometer is constructed for molecular reaction dynamics studies using time-resolved photoelectron/ion spectroscopy method. By combining a kHz pulsed valve and an ICCD camera, this velocity map imaging spectrometer can be run at a repetition rate of 1 kHz, totally compatible with the fs Ti:Sapphire laser system, facilitating time-resolved studies in gas phase which are usually time-consuming. Time-resolved velocity map imaging study of NH3 photodissociation at 200 nm was performed and the time-resolved total kinetic energy release spectrum of H+NH~ products provides rich information about the dissociation dynamics of NH3. These results show that this new apparatus is a powerful tool for investigating the molecular reaction dynamics using time-resolved methods. 展开更多
关键词 Photoelectron spectrum Pump/probe Femtosecond time-resolved
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Photophysical Property of Photoactive Molecules with Multibranched Push-Pull Structures
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作者 王营营 马骁楠 +5 位作者 Silvije Vdovic 阎林胤 王雪飞 郭前进 夏安东 《Chinese Journal of Chemical Physics》 SCIE CAS CSCD 2011年第5期563-571,I0003,I0004,共11页
The structure-property characteristics of a series of newly synthesized intramolecular charge- transfer (ICT) compounds, single-branch monomer with triphenylmethane as electron donor and 2,1,3-benzothiadiazole as ac... The structure-property characteristics of a series of newly synthesized intramolecular charge- transfer (ICT) compounds, single-branch monomer with triphenylmethane as electron donor and 2,1,3-benzothiadiazole as acceptor, the corresponding two-branch dimer and three- branch trimer, have been investigated by means of steady-state and femtosecond time- resolved stimulated emission fluorescence depletion (FS TR-SEP FD) techniques in different polar solvents. The TD-DFT calculations are further performed to explain the observed ICT properties. The interpretation of the experimental results is based on the comparative studies of the series of compounds which have increased amount of identical branch moiety. The similarity of the absorption and fluorescence spectra as well as strong solvent-dependence of the spectral properties for the three compounds reveal that the excited state of the dimer and trimer are nearly the same with that of the monomer, which may localize on one branch. It is found that polar excited state emerged through multidimensional intramolecular charge transfer from the donating moiety to the acceptor upon excitation, and quickly relaxed to one branch before emission. Even so, the red-shift in the absorption and emission spectra and decreased fluorescence radiative lifetime with respect to their monomer counterpart still suggest some extent delocalization of excited state in the dimer and trimer upon excitation. The similar behavior of their excited ICT state is demonstrated by FS TR-SEP FD measurements, and shows that the trimer has the largest charge-separate extent in all studied three samples. Finally, steady-state excitation anisotropy measurements has further been carried out to estimate the nature of the optical excitation and the mechanism of energy redistribution among the branches, where no plateau through the ICT band suggests the intramolecular excitation transfer process between the branches in dimer and trimer. 展开更多
关键词 Branched intramolecular charge transfer molecule Fluorescence decay Femtosecond time-resolved stimulated emission fluorescence depletion Steady-state excitationanisotropy
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Studies on the Chemical Constituents of Euphorbia hirta
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作者 王壹 蒋金和 +1 位作者 陈业高 赵勇 《Agricultural Science & Technology》 CAS 2012年第2期248-250,共3页
[Objective] The aim was to study the chemical constituents of Euphorbia hirta. [Method] The constituents were isolated and purified by various chromatography methods including normal phase and reverse phase silica gel... [Objective] The aim was to study the chemical constituents of Euphorbia hirta. [Method] The constituents were isolated and purified by various chromatography methods including normal phase and reverse phase silica gel as well as Sephadex LH-20 gel column, and then elucidated by spectroscopic analysis such as MS and NMR etc. Compounds 1, 4, 5 and 6 were evaluated for their immunostimulatory activity against splenic cell of mouse by FCM. [Result] Six compounds were isolated from Euphorbia hirt, and identified as diisobutyl-O-phthalate (compond 1), diethylhexyl phthalate (compond 2), hispidulin (compond 3), acetyl peroxide (compond 4), quercetein (compond 5) and gallic acid (compond 6). All compounds were inactive against splenic cell of mouse. [Conclusion] Compounds 1, 2 and 3 were isolated from this plant for the first time, and compound 4 was the first naturally occurring compound. This study provided reference for isolating bioactive substances from Euphorbia hirta. 展开更多
关键词 EUPHORBIACEAE Euphorbia hirta constituents Immunological activities
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A CAD EXPERT SYSTEM OF AIRCRAFT MANUFACTURING COORDINATION
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作者 傅向阳 应维云 +1 位作者 郭远峰 周儒荣 《Transactions of Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics》 EI 1996年第2期62+57-61,共6页
讨论了工程CAD专家系统特点,提出其一般结构。为了解决如飞机制造协调等复杂工程问题,实现一种层次分布式CAD专家系统(HDES)结构。HDES由元级、任务级两个水平的分布式专家系统组成:任务级专家系统(T-ES)主要用于应用设计,它... 讨论了工程CAD专家系统特点,提出其一般结构。为了解决如飞机制造协调等复杂工程问题,实现一种层次分布式CAD专家系统(HDES)结构。HDES由元级、任务级两个水平的分布式专家系统组成:任务级专家系统(T-ES)主要用于应用设计,它们在其自己的设计领域中执行;元级专家系统(M-ES)则处理合作。介绍了层次-框架-规则的专家系统组织表示方法。 展开更多
关键词 expert systems COORDINATION computer aided design aircraft manufacturing DISTRIBUTION
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Calculation model of military aircraft suryiyability to a missile 被引量:1
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作者 杨哲 Li Shulin +2 位作者 Li Shouan Zhou Li Zhang Jun 《High Technology Letters》 EI CAS 2014年第2期117-123,共7页
Since missiles are main threat against aircrafts in air war,a model is proposed for calculating the aircraft survivability to a missile.The hit characteristic of aircraft to a missile is analyzed,and then Monte Carlo ... Since missiles are main threat against aircrafts in air war,a model is proposed for calculating the aircraft survivability to a missile.The hit characteristic of aircraft to a missile is analyzed,and then Monte Carlo method is applied to generate missile detonation location according to its distribution rule.In addition,based on the analysis of fragment trajectory and critical components,the intersection point of these two is determined.Then the kill probability of critical component to a fragment can be calculated,and the aircraft survivability to a missile is obtained accordingly.Finally,the feasibility of the proposed method is demonstrated.Simulation results show that this method captures the basic effects of missile detonation locations on aircraft survivability,which may provide an effective reference to aircraft survivability research. 展开更多
关键词 SURVIVABILITY MISSILE miss distance Monte Carlo kill probability
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A Compact Low Energy Electron Microscope for Surface Analysis
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作者 张冠华 孙巨龙 +3 位作者 金艳玲 臧侃 郭方准 杨学明 《Chinese Journal of Chemical Physics》 SCIE CAS CSCD 2013年第4期369-373,J0001,共6页
The description and function characterization of a flange-on type low energy electron mi- croscope are given. In this microscope a magnetic beam separator with 10° deflection angle is used in order to facilitate ... The description and function characterization of a flange-on type low energy electron mi- croscope are given. In this microscope a magnetic beam separator with 10° deflection angle is used in order to facilitate compacting the instrument on a single 10 in. flange. Mean- while some correcting elements in the electron optical system are simplified to reduce the complexities of construction and operation. The sample is set close to ground potential, so that all the electrostatic lenses are easily to float at high voltages. The performance of the microscope in typical low energy electron microscopy, low energy electron diffraction and photoemission electron microscopy modes is demonstrated through several experiments. A lateral resolution of 51 nm is estimated for low energy electron microscopy imaging. With femtosecond laser as light source, the consequent nonlinear photoemission makes this micro-scope also suitable for the observation of optical near field phenomena and a lateral resolution of 110 nm is obtained. 展开更多
关键词 Low energy electron microscopy Flange-on Femtosecond laser Lateral reso-lution Small deflection angle
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