“则”字用法探微二则

文章分析了连词“则”未引起注意的几种用法 ,并且对一般论著所讲的两个“则”字在平行的句法结构中相呼应的用法 ,提出了补充意见。

Experimental Study of Fluorine Transport Rules in Unsaturated Stratified Soil

With the aid of soil column test models,the transport rules of fluorine contaminants in unsaturated stratified soils are discussed. Curves of F-concentrations at different times and sites in the unsaturated stratified soil were ob-tained under conditions of continuous injection of fluoride contaminants and water. Based on the analysis of the actual observation data,the values between computed results and observed data were compared. It is shown that the chemical properties of fluorine ions are active. The migration process of fluorine ions in soils is complex. Because of the effect of adsorption and desorption,the curve of the fluorine ion breakthrough curve is not symmetric. Its concentration peak value at each measuring point gradually decays. The tail of the breakthrough curve is long and the process of leaching and purifying using water requires considerable time. Along with the release of OHˉ in the process of fluorine absorp-tion,the pH value of the soil solution changed from neutral to alkalinity during the test process. The first part of the breakthrough curve fitted better than the second part. The main reason is that fluorine does not always exist in the form of fluorinions in groundwater. Given the long test time,fluorinions possibly react with other ions in the soil solution to form complex water-soluble fluorine compounds. Only the retardation factor and source-sink term have been considered in our numerical model,which may leads to errors of computed values. But as a whole the migration rules of fluorine ions are basically correct,which indicates that the established numerical model can be used to simulate the transport rules of fluorine contaminants in unsaturated stratified soils.

Theory on Chinese Character Derivation

Character derivation means that if a graph represents several meanings, a new graph based on the original one will be created to bear one or two of the meanings, which is a natural law in Chinese writing system. The old graph is called original character, and the new generated one is called derived character. Two kinds of phenomena-derivation of cognate words （同詞孳乳） and differentiation of unidentical words （異詞別異）-promote the derivation of Chinese characters. In return, derived characters not only bear meaning of the original one, but also serve as a symbol of an independent word and consolidate the graph-meaning relationship. It deserves much attention to the law of the process of character derivation.

Visual Design and Instructional Effectiveness

The paradigms of old media are replaced by new forms of creativity and delivery of content by those who strive to enhance innovative ways of communication and learning based on universally accepted guidelines. These ubiquitous rules of design are what scholars in the field of call as the principles of design. Particularly when instructional effectiveness of a new message is under close lens, instructional designers unanimously accept and implement these design principles in the process of planning and designing products for consumers and/or learners With today＇s digital revolution and technological break-throughs, instructional designers need to keep seeking new forms of design, communication, and learning with various forms of instructional media and innovative, technology-rich design techniques. Given this educational milieu in an ever-growing digital world of learning and instruction, this paper will focus on eliciting some of these most innovative and outstanding instructional design （ID） products and evaluate their effectiveness in learning and teaching environments based on an army of ID principles generally accepted by the scholars of the field.

The Application of Wavelet Transform in Analysis of Digital Precursory Observational Data

Digital data of precursors is noted for its high accuracy. Therefore, it is important to extract the high frequency information from the low ones in the digital data of precursors and to discriminate between the trend anomalies and the short-term anomalies. This paper presents a method to separate the high frequency information from the low ones by using the wavelet transform to analyze the digital data of precursors, and illustrates with examples the train of thoughts of discriminating the short-term anomalies from trend anomalies by using the wavelet transform, thus provide a new effective approach for extracting the short-term and trend anomalies from the digital data of precursors.

Single-trial EEG-based emotion recognition using temporally regularized common spatial pattern

This study addresses the problem of classifying emotional words based on recorded electroencephalogram （EEG） signals by the single-trial EEG classification technique. Emotional two-character Chinese words are used as experimental materials. Positive words versus neutral words and negative words versus neutral words are classified, respectively, using the induced EEG signals. The method of temporally regularized common spatial patterns （TRCSP） is chosen to extract features from the EEG trials, and then single-trial EEG classification is achieved by linear discriminant analysis. Classification accuracies are between 55% and 65%. The statistical significance of the classification accuracies is confirmed by permutation tests, which shows the successful identification of emotional words and neutral ones, and also the ability to identify emotional words. In addition, 10 out of 15 subjects obtain significant classification accuracy for negative words versus neutral words while only 4 are significant for positive words versus neutral words, which demonstrate that negative emotions are more easily identified.

Numerical approach for a system of second kind Volterra integral equations in magneto-electro-elastic dynamic problems

The elastodynamic problems of magneto-electro-elastic hollow cylinders in the state of axisymmetric plane strain case can be transformed into two Volterra integral equations of the second kind about two functions with respect to time. Interpolation functions were introduced to approximate two unknown functions in each time subinterval and two new recursive formulae are derived. By using the recursive formulae, numerical results were obtained step by step. Under the same time step, the accuracy of the numerical results by the present method is much higher than that by the traditional quadrature method.

Method and Application of Comprehensive Knowledge Discovery

This paper proposes the principle of comprehensive knowledge discovery. Unlike most of the current knowledge discovery methods, the comprehensive knowledge discovery considers both the spatial relations and attributes of spatial entities or objects. We introduce the theory of spatial knowledge expression system and some concepts including comprehensive knowledge discovery and spatial union information table (SUIT). In theory, SUIT records all information contained in the studied objects, but in reality, because of the complexity and varieties of spatial relations, only those factors of interest to us are selected. In order to find out the comprehensive knowledge from spatial databases, an efficient comprehensive knowledge discovery algorithm called recycled algorithm (RAR) is suggested.

Alternative Error Bounds for Some Numerical Quadrature Rules

Similar to having done for the mid-point and trapezoid quadrature rules,we obtain alternative estimations of error bounds for the Simpson＇s quadrature rule involving n-time（1 ≤ n ≤ 4） differentiable mappings and then to the estimations of error bounds for the adaptive Simpson＇s quadrature rule.

听风楼金石题跋

此秦二世铜诏版，旧无著录，殆是新出者，今为长安马氏所得。始皇帝廿六年诏文日：“法度量则不壹，歉疑者，皆明壹之。”义县李文石先生跋訇斋藏大铜权拓本，谓“法度量”下“则”字属上读，近世考古者多从其说，以“则”为衡石之权。案《说文》：“则，等画物也。”段注：“等画物者，定其差等而各为介画电。”“则不一”即谓裁制不壹之器，使壹之，故当属下读。二世诏文“法度量”三字成句亦可证之，非必舍近而求远证也。

坐看缘起缘落

世界万法的生灭是因缘而起，这是佛陀证悟到的真理!缘起论作为佛教的理论基石，贯穿于佛教学说发展的始终。“缘”就是条件。《阿含经》云：“此有则彼有，此生则彼生；此无则彼无，此灭则彼灭。”说缘起，其实说的也是因果。“此”，就是“因”，因缘聚合，就产生“彼”，即是“果”。一个“则”字，说明了因与果之间的关系。

新媒体太乱了——在则尔庄听读者吐槽

写下“则尔庄”三个字时，小编的额头在暗暗流汗，不知道内行们会不会笑话俺没文化啊l事实上，“则尔庄”的“则”字是没有“贝”右侧那一小竖滴。可是小编对输入法不灵光，怎么也倒腾不出正确的那个字来，真是急死个人啊。则尔庄（社区）位于山东潍坊奎文区。说起这个庄名，那是大有来历：明朝洪武年间，有支氏俩兄弟来到潍坊，二弟定居此地，所以取名支二庄，意思就是支氏老二在这里居住。

艾尔多斯——莫迪尔定理证明及应用

此题是竞赛班同学课后的一道作业题，尽管有答案，但是诸多同学在课后提出对原解的第一句话不甚理解，纷纷提出“则”字理由为何？于是笔者转而先抛出另外一个问题（艾尔多斯——莫迪尔定理），请同学们思考．

Laplacian sparse dictionary learning for image classification based on sparse representation

Sparse representation is a mathematical model for data representation that has proved to be a powerful tool for solving problems in various fields such as pattern recognition, machine learning, and computer vision. As one of the building blocks of the sparse representation method, dictionary learning plays an important role in the minimization of the reconstruction error between the original signal and its sparse representation in the space of the learned dictionary. Although using training samples directly as dictionary bases can achieve good performance, the main drawback of this method is that it may result in a very large and inef- ficient dictionary due to noisy training instances. To obtain a smaller and more representative dictionary, in this paper, we propose an approach called Laplacian sparse dictionary （LSD） learning. Our method is based on manifold learning and double sparsity. We incorporate the Laplacian weighted graph in the sparse representation model and impose the 11-norm sparsity on the dictionary. An LSD is a sparse overcomplete dictionary that can preserve the intrinsic structure of the data and learn a smaller dictionary for each class. The learned LSD can be easily integrated into a classification framework based on sparse representation. We compare the proposed method with other methods using three benchmark-controlled face image databases, Extended Yale B, ORL, and AR, and one uncontrolled person image dataset, i-LIDS-MA. Results show the advantages of the proposed LSD algorithm over state-of-the-art sparse representation based classification methods.

Sparse approximate solution of fitting surface to scattered points by MLASSO model

The goal of this paper is to achieve a computational model and corresponding efficient algorithm for obtaining a sparse representation of the fitting surface to the given scattered data. The basic idea of the model is to utilize the principal shift invariant(PSI) space and the l_1 norm minimization. In order to obtain different sparsity of the approximation solution, the problem is represented as a multilevel LASSO(MLASSO)model with different regularization parameters. The MLASSO model can be solved efficiently by the alternating direction method of multipliers. Numerical experiments indicate that compared to the AGLASSO model and the basic MBA algorithm, the MLASSO model can provide an acceptable compromise between the minimization of the data mismatch term and the sparsity of the solution. Moreover, the solution by the MLASSO model can reflect the regions of the underlying surface where high gradients occur.

Technique Based on Image Pyramid and Bayes Rule for Noise Reduction in Unsupervised Change Detection

In this paper,a technique based on image pyramid and Bayes rule for reducing noise effects in unsupervised change detection is proposed.By using Gaussian pyramid to process two multitemporal images respectively,two image pyramids are constructed.The difference pyramid images are obtained by point-by-point subtraction between the same level images of the two image pyramids.By resizing all difference pyramid images to the size of the original multitemporal image and then making product operator among them,a map being similar to the difference image is obtained.The difference image is generated by point-by-point subtraction between the two multitemporal images directly.At last,the Bayes rule is used to distinguish the changed pixels.Both synthetic and real data sets are used to evaluate the performance of the proposed technique.Experimental results show that the map from the proposed technique is more robust to noise than the difference image.

On some examples of obstructed irregular surfaces

We determine the base space of the Kuranishi family of some complete intersections in the product of an abelian variety and a projective space.As a consequence,we obtain new examples of obstructed irregular surfaces with ample canonical bundle and maximal Albanese dimension.