创新城市:提升城市国际竞争力的必由之路

从20世纪七八十年代开始,全球化日益成为一种发展趋势,整个世界因此经历了一场深刻转型,而联系世界的一个个节点——城市,首当其冲,遭受了这种转型带来的巨大影响。

Urban Hierarchy of Innovation Capability and Inter-city Linkages of Knowledge in Post-reform China

The 2000s has witnessed increasing interests in cities′role of innovation in the era of knowledge-based economy.Compared with substantial empirical analysis on the world city hierarchy of innovation,this paper attempts to examine the national urban hierarchy of innovation capability in China,in terms of ranking systems,spatial pattern and inter-city linkages of knowledge during the post-reform period since the late 1970s.Based on quantitative analysis such as principal component factor analysis and clustering analysis,this paper identifies the five-tier hierarchy of in-novation,which is headed by Beijing and Shanghai,followed by the capital cities of each province and regional centre cities.The development of China′s urban hierarchy of innovation capability has been driven by such factors as the scale of innovation,scientific scale,innovation potential and innovation environment.The paper further investigates the inter-city linkages of knowledge measured by the number of co-authored papers among the cities.Beijing is positioned in the central position of the knowledge diffusion and knowledge cooperation innovation.More knowledge diffusion among high level cities has occurred than that among the low level cities as well as between the low level cities and high level cities,and provincial capital cities and the regional central cities.

Integration and Innovation of the Urban Water Cycle： The Waternet Experience

Waternet is the first water cycle company in the Netherlands, responsible for drinking water treatment and distribution, wastewater collection and treatment, and water system management and control in and around Amsterdam. Waternet started on 1 January 2006 to overcome the disadvantages of the rather fragmented organisation of the Dutch public water sector. The water cycle concept offers better opportunities to meet the future challenges in the water sector. The first four years of operation of Waternet show very promising results with respect to efficiency, customer orientation and quality improvement. To further develop the water cycle concept and to find sustainable solutions for the challenges the water sector is confronted with, Waternet focuses on six strategic innovation areas the coming years： water resources and water system; closing the water cycle; sustainability; new sanitation concepts; new products and services; management innovations.

An Innovative City： Impact of Innovations on City Development

The process of innovative development is stimulated by cities as centers of accumulated （regional） growth and innovative enterprises as elements of urban space. Cities stimulate innovations by creating a specific demand for innovations and innovative products as well as specific incentives such as preferable conditions for creation, accumulation, usage, and exchange of knowledge and information. Diffusion of ideas has an impact on changes in environment resulting in increase in dynamics of innovation, which means possibilities of innovative development for local firms. The paper highlights the idea of an innovative city with respect to the impact of innovations on city development. The concept of an innovative city is not clearly defined because the interpretation of innovation is differentiated and ambiguous except for common denominator of the novelty. The paper underlines the role of city＇s environment for innovations＇ creation acting as an incubator for clusters of firms, particularly those engaged in the process of high-tech involvement （technology parks）. The option of an innovative city approach presented here is the author＇s view on an innovative city＇s growth and it is based on the role of synergic interaction between innovative firms as elements of a city space and an innovative city itself.

Development and Innovation of Tourism Planning and Tourism Management

Preparation of tourism development planning should be based on economic and social development plan, and adapt to economic growth and the development of related industries. Tourism development planning should use land planning, regional planning and territorial planning to be related to the overall urban planning coordination, it shall comply with the relevant provisions of the national infrastructure plan. Tourism development planning should be coordinated with scenic spots, nature reserves, cultural and religious sites, cultural relic＇ s protection units and other professional planning. National Tourism Bureau is responsible for organizing the preparation of the national tourism development plan, the development of regional tourism planning across provincial development planning and national priorities identified tourist routes, and tourist areas; local tourism bureau is responsible for organizing the preparation of the administrative region tourism development plan. According to the relevant provisions of the National Tourism Administration Tourism Planning and Design Qualification management, tourism development plan is announced for the preparation of qualification units. Tourism Development Plan prepares for the economic and social development which should be market prospects, resources, environmental factors to conduct a thorough investigation to obtain accurate basic data, it starts from the market demand attention ecological environment and cultural heritage protection and continuation of the positive use of advanced planning methods and techniques.

Processes of Adaptation and Creation of a Territorial Governance： The Experience of the Cities of Benevento and Salerno （Campania Region, Italy）~

This paper presents some considerations about the definition and role of ＂medium-sized cities＂ in the processes of urban governance of the Italian regional systems, in line with the objectives of European programming 2007-2013. Beginning from some theoretical considerations, the research objective is to delineate the features of the ＂new urban geography＂ of Campania region as it has been formed on the base of the social and economic processes that in the last 30 years have modified the regional urban system in the widest context of Mezzogiorno. To such aim, the paper is articulated in two parts： the first one in which the fundamental passages are re-called in the processes of development of Italian urban areas that have carried to new paradigms object of theoretical approaches still in course of definition, and the second one in which such processes are considered regarding the model of urban development of Campania, on which the research is concentrated. Specifically, the paper presents the case of two ＂middle cities＂ in the Campania region： Benevento and Salerno, which play a particularly important role in the design and development of a ＂regional network of medium-sized cities＂.

Innovation of Practice Education in Applied Universities： A Study on the ＂Base＂-driven Practice Education System in Zhejiang University City College

Practice education is an important part of application-oriented higher education. Yet it poses many challenges when the design of practice education is questioned concerning whether it actually fulfills the education purpose for high quality future professionals. This paper thus introduces an innovated ＂base＂-driven model of practice education in Zhejiang University City College in China, with a purpose to provide empirical experiences that may be valuable for the decision-making of practice education design in higher education institutions. The paper progresses by examining the philosophy of its innovated model, discussing the framework, and further highlights a strategic consideration when designing practice education activities in higher education institutions.

Innovative Thinking on the Renovation Design of Old Industrial Building Space

The current study investigated the value and significance of the existence of the old industrial buildings, as well as the necessity and difficulty to renovate the design. Combined with successful cases, this study analyzed and showed that one should not only deal with the relationship between the original architectural style and construction of modem cities in the process of renovation design of the old industrial building space. More attention should also be paid to create new space to meet the functional requirements of the modem features, and then complete substantial renovation of old industrial building space through the innovative design. In the use of aesthetic innovative design for the renovation of the old industrial building space, people must respect the space of old industrial buildings as the prerequisite of the renovation design. It is needed to expound the local space reconstruction methods and design principles respectively on the basis of respect. And then one should grasp the whole space and make the structured design and reasonable use according to the new space functional requirements of different functional areas. This paper attempted to learn from environmental art study on the renovation of old industrial buildings space and in terms of innovative design. The authors explored the innovative thinking on the renovation design of old industrial building space through the analysis of the reality.

Spatio-temporal evolution of urban innovation structure based on zip code geodatabase: An empirical study from Shanghai and Beijing

In today's world, the innovation of science and technology has become the key support for improving comprehensive national strength and changing the mode of social production and lifestyle. The country that possesses world-class scientific and technological innovation cities maximizes the attraction of global innovation factors and wins a strategic initiative in international competition. Based on the urban zip code geodatabase, an evaluation system of urban innovation with the perspective of innovation outputs, and the spatial evolutionary mode, concerning the structure of innovation space of Shanghai and Beijing from 1991 to 2014, was developed. The results of the research indicated that the zip code geodatabase provided a new perspective for studying the evolving spatial structure of urban innovation. The resulting evaluation of the spatial structure of urban innovation using the urban zip code geodatabase established by connecting random edge points, was relatively effective. The study illustrates the value of this methodology. During the study period, the spatial structure of innovation of Shanghai and Beijing demonstrated many common features: with the increase in urban space units participating in innovation year by year, the overall gap of regional innovation outputs has narrowed, and the trend towards spatial agglomeration has strengthened. The evolving spatial structure of innovation of Shanghai and Beijing demonstrated differences between the common features during the 25 years as well: in the trend towards the suburbanization of innovation resources, the spatial structure of innovation of Shanghai evolved from a single-core to a multi-core structure. A radiation effect related to traffic arteries as spatial diffusion corridors was prominent. Accordingly, a spatial correlation effect of its innovation outputs also indicated a hollowness in the city center; the spatial structure of innovation of Beijing had a single-core oriented structure all the way. Together with the tendency for innovation resources to be agglomerated in the city center, the spatial correlation effect of innovation outputs reflected the characteristics of the evolutionary feature where "rural area encircles cities". The innovation spatial structure of Shanghai and Beijing have intrinsic consistency with the spatial structure of their respective regions(Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration and Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei metropolitan region), which suggested that the principle of proportional and disproportional distribution of a city-scale pattern of technological and innovational activities is closely related to its regional innovation pattern.