频率副词“动不动”的主观评价功能及其形成机制

现代汉语频率副词“动不动”具有表达说话人主观评价的功能,且倾向于表达负面评价,表示说话人认为某行为、动作、事件发生过于轻易。说话人使用“动不动”表达主观评价的原因实质上是因为说话人认为行为、动作、事件的发生具有不合理性或非常规性,从而产生意外情感,表现为语用否定、感叹、强化疑问三项语用功能。

评注性副词“动不动”的用法与来源

现代汉语的频度副词"动不动"具有较强的评注性。一般出现在小句或谓词性短语的前面,表达说话者对后面动作、行为、事件频繁出现的消极评价,主要适应于口语体或主观语体。这种用法最早出现于宋代文献,在元曲中发展、明清小说中成熟。

“动不动VP”的格式义及语用功能

在含有"动不动VP"的句式中,一般情况下句子表达较强烈的主观色彩,这一主观色彩主要源自于"动不动"本身含有的语义特征。我们分析"动不动"和"VP"语义上的关联,并指出在不同句类中,"动不动VP"出现的机率并不相同。

汉语中的“动不动_1”和“动不动_2”

汉语中有两个“动不动”。动词性联合结构“动不动1”出现于主语、谓语、宾语等核心位置,可后附总括性标举范围副词“都”。副词“动不动2”,出现于核心动词、数量性体词之前或作全句修饰语,可后附连词“就/也”。“动不动2”是表示中频意义的时频副词,但与“常常”等不同,“常常”强调“多次”,“动不动2”除表中频义外,强调“轻易”,含有预设信息,表达说话者的主观评价。

Microstructural evolution and dynamic recrystallization mechanisms of additively manufactured TiAl alloy with heterogeneous microstructure during hot compression

Microstructural evolution and dynamic recrystallization(DRX)mechanisms of a Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb(at.%)alloy prepared by selective electron beam melting(SEBM)during hot deformation at 1150℃and 0.1 s^(-1)were investigated by hot compression tests,optical microscope(OM),scanning electron microscope(SEM),electron back-scattered diffraction(EBSD)and transmission electron microscope(TEM).The results show that the initial microstructure of the as-SEBMed alloy exhibits layers of coarseγgrains and fineγ+α_(2)+(α_(2)/γ)lamellar mixture grains alternately along the building direction.During the early stage of hot deformation,deformation twins tend to form within the coarse grains,facilitating subsequent deformation,and a small number of DRX grains appear in the fine-grained regions.With the increase of strain,extensive DRX grains are formed through different DRX mechanisms in both coarse and fine-grained regions,involving discontinuous dynamic recrystallization mechanism(DDRX)in the fine-grained regions and a coexistence of DDRX and continuous dynamic recrystallization(CDRX)in the coarsegrained regions.

Characterization of discontinuous yielding phenomenon in isothermal compression of TC8 titanium alloy

The discontinuous yielding phenomenon （DYP） during high temperature deformation was investigated based on the isothermal compression of TC8 titanium alloy. The DYP of TC8 titanium alloy was characterized by quantifying the yield drop of the DYP （△σUL） and ending strain of flow oscillation （εOSC） based on the flow stress？strain curves, and then the effect of deformation parameters on the △σUL and εOSC values was analyzed. The results show that the △σUL and εOSC values increase with the increase of strain rate. The effect of deformation temperature on the ？σUL value depends on the strain rate. Finally, the transmission electron microscope （TEM） observation shows the evidence for the dynamic theory, which ascribes the DYP to the generation of mobile dislocation at the grain boundary. Meanwhile, the optical microscope （OM） observation shows that both the primary α grain and β grain become smaller with the increase of strain, which well interprets the effect of deformation parameters on the △σUL and εOSC values.

Simulated and experimental investigation on discontinuous dynamic recrystallization of a near-α TA15 titanium alloy during isothermal hot compression in βsingle-phase field

A cellular automaton（CA） modeling of discontinuous dynamic recrystallization（DDRX） of a near-α Ti-6Al-2Zr-1Mo-1V（TA15） isothermally compressed in the β single phase field was presented.In the CA model,nucleation of the β-DDRX and the growth of recrystallized grains（re-grains） were considered and visibly simulated by the CA model.The driving force of re-grain growth was provided by dislocation density accumulating around the grain boundaries.To verify the CA model,the predicted flow stress by the CA model was compared with the experimental data.The comparison showed that the average relative errors were10.2%,10.1%and 6%,respectively,at 1.0,0.1 and 0.01 s^-1 of 1020 ℃,and were 10.2%,11.35%and 7.5%,respectively,at 1.0,0.1and 0.01 s^-1 of 1050 ℃.The CA model was further applied to predicting the average growth rate,average re-grain size and recrystallization kinetics.The simulated results showed that the average growth rate increases with the increasing strain rate or temperature,while the re-grain size increases with the decreasing strain rate;the volume fraction of recrystallization decreases with the increasing strain rate or decreasing temperature.

Oscillation in a Class of Neutral Differential Equations with Positive and Negative Coefficients

The oscillatory behavior of neutral differential equation with positive and negative coefficients is investigated by mathematics analysis technique and the fixed point principle. Some sufficient conditions for oscillation of neutral differential equation with positive and negative coefficients are obtained.

Study on online elimination of sudden unbalance-induced vibration using active balancing technology

An active balancing technology has been applied to solve the severe vibration caused by sudden unbalance in rotating machineries during their working process. First, based on the generation principle of sudden unbalance, a simulation test stand with a sudden unbalance generation device was set up. Then, the balancing planes were optimized by using the finite element method （FEM） to determine the position for balancing device installation. Finally, the active balancing experiments were carried out on the test stand. The experimental results indicate that the vibration response caused by sudden unbalance can be decreased from 77μm to 8μm by using the active balancing device, and the vibration amplitude reduction was up to 89.6%. From this example, it can be concluded that the active balancing device, which is installed on a proper position of the rotor, can effectively control the random transient synchronous vibration, demonstrating its high value in engineering practice.

Performance on the Functional Movement Screen in older active adults

Background:The Functional Movement Screen(FMS^(TM)) has become increasingly popular for identifying functional limitations in basic functional movements.This exploratory and descriptive study was undertaken to confirm feasibility of performing the FMS^(TM) in older active adults,assess prevalence of asymmetries and to evaluate the relationship between functional movement ability,age,physical activity levels and body mass index(BMI).Methods:This is an observational study;97 men(n = 53) and women(n = 44) between the ages of 52 and 83 participated.BMI was computed and self-reported physical activity levels were obtained.Subjects were grouped by age(5-year intervals),BMI(normal,over-weight,and obese)and sex.Each participant's performance on the FMS^(TM) was digitally recorded for later analysis.Results:The youngest age group(50–54 years) scored highest in all seven tests and the oldest age group(75+) scored lowest in most of the tests compared to all other age groups.The subjects in the 'normal weight' group performed no different than those who were in the 'overweight' group;both groups performed better than the 'obese' group.Of the 97 participants 54 had at least one asymmetry.The pairwise correlations between the total FMS^(TM) score and age(r =-0.531),BMI(r =-0.270),and the measure of activity level(r = 0.287) were significant(p < 0.01 for all).Conclusion:FMS^(TM) scores decline with increased BMI,increased age,and decreased activity level.The screen identifies range of motion-and strength-related asymmetries.The FMS^(TM) can be used to assess functional limitations and asymmetries.Future research should evaluate if a higher total FMS^(TM) score is related to fewer falls or injuries in the older population.

消极评价句式“NP动不动就VP”及其教学问题

"NP动不动就VP"是现代汉语里一个常用的句式,具有消极评价的语用功能。根据调查,留学生并不能很好地把握这一句式的消极意义评价的主观色彩,对这一句式的使用常常采用回避的态度。本文从对外汉语教学的角度,将"NP动不动就VP"看作是一种句式,对这一句式的结构特点及语用功能进行描写,并根据功能教学法对该句式提出相应的教学建议。

Nonlinear dynamic analysis of interaction between vehicle and road surfaces for 5-axle heavy truck

Based on the analysis of nonlinear geometric characteristics of the suspension systems and tires, a 3D nonlinear dynamic model of a typical heavy truck is established. The impact factors of dynamic tire loads, including the dynamic load stress factors, and the maximal and the minimal vertical dynamic load factors, are used to evaluate the dynamic interaction between heavy vehicles and roads under the condition of random road surface roughness. Matlab/Simulink is used to simulate the nonlinear dynamic system and calculate the impact factors. The effects of different road surface conditions on the safety of vehicle movement and the durability of parts of a vehicle are analyzed, as well as the effects of different structural parameters and different vehicle speeds on road surfaces. The study results provide both the warning limits of road surface roughness and the limits of corresponding dynamic parameters for the 5-axle heavy truck.

A discontinuous dynamic recrystallization model incorporating characteristics of initial microstructure

In order to describe and predict the kinetic process of discontinuous dynamic recrystallization （DDRX） during hot workingfor metals with low to medium stacking fault energies quantitatively, a new physically-based model was proposed by considering thecharacteristics of grain size distribution, capillary effect of initial grain boundaries （GBs） and continuous consumption of GBs. UsingIncoloy 028 alloy as a model system, experiments aiming to provide kinetic data （e.g., the size and volume fraction of recrystallizedgrain） and the associated microstructure were performed. Good agreement is obtained between model predictions and experimentalresults, regarding flow stress, recrystallized fraction and grain size evolution. On this basis, a thermo-kinetic relationship upon thegrowth of recrystallized grain was elucidated, i.e., with increasing thermodynamic driving force, the activation energy barrierdecreases.

Dynamic performance of six-axle locomotive subjected to asymmetric brake shoe forces

To research the influence of asymmetric brake shoe forces(ABSF)induced by braking failure on the dynamic performance of six-axle locomotive,the static equilibrium model of three-axle bogie and dynamic model for locomotive are established.The coupling vibration equations of axle hung motor and wheelset are derived.For the air braking,the influence mechanism of ABSF on the wheel-rail asymmetric motion and force characteristics are discussed.It can be found that if the ABSF is applied in the front wheelset,all the wheelsets move laterally in the same direction.Once the ABSF occurs in the middle or rear one,other wheelsets may move laterally towards the opposite direction.The motion amplitude and direction of all wheelsets strictly depend on the resultant moment of suspension yawing moment and brake shoe asymmetric moment.For the asymmetric braking,the free lateral gap of axle-box could increase the wheelset motion amplitude,but could not change the moving direction.In both the straight line and curve,the ABSF may lead to wheelset misaligning motion,intensify the wheel-rail lateral dynamic interaction and deteriorate wheel-rail contact state.Especially for the steering wheelsets,the asymmetric braking increases the wheelset attack angle significantly,which forms the worst braking condition.

The Stepping Motion of Brownian Particle Derived by Nonequilibrium Fluctuation

The direct motion of Brownian particle is considered as a result of system derived by external nonequilibriumfluctuating. The cooperative effects caused by asymmetric ratchet potential, external rocking force and additive colorednoise drive a Brownian particle in the directed stepping motion. This provides this kind of motion of kinesin along amicrotubule observed in experiments with a reasonable explanation.

Average Cycle Period in Asymmetrical Flashing Ratchet

The directed motion of a Brownian particle in a Bashing potential with various transition probabilities and waiting times in one of two states is studied. An expression for the average cycle period is proposed and the steady current J of the particle is calculated via Langevin simulation. The results show that the optimal cycle period (Tm), which takes the maximum of J, is shifted to a small value when the transition probability A from the potential on to the potential off decreases, the maximal current appears in the case of the average waiting time in the potential on being longer than in the potential off, and the direction of current depends on the ratio of the average times waiting in two states.

Perturbation to Lie-Mei Symmetry and Adiabatic Invariants for Birkhoffian Systems

Based on the concept of adiabatic invariant,the perturbation to Lie-Mei symmetry and adiabatic invariantsfor Birkhoffian systems are studied.The definition of the perturbation to Lie-Mei symmetry for the system is presented,and the criterion of the perturbation to Lie-Mei symmetry is given.Meanwhile,the Hojman adiabatic invariants andthe Mei adiabatic invariants for the perturbed system are obtained.

Numerical Investigation of an Active Jet Control Method for Hypersonic Inlet Restart

A flow control method based on an active jet is developed to restart hypersonic inlets. The dynamic restarting process is numerically reproduced by unsteady Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes(RANS) modeling to verify the effectiveness and reveal the influence of jet conditions. The active jet improves the inlet unstart status by drawing the high-pressure separation bubble from the internal compression duct and performing a full expansion to alleviate the adverse pressure gradient. Moreover, the favorable pressure gradient in the inlet caused by jet expansion allows for a successful restart after turning off the jet. The influence of the jet momentum ratio is then analyzed to guide the design of the active jet control method and choose the proper momentum ratios. A low jet momentum does not eliminate the high-pressure separation bubble, whereas an excessive jet momentum causes severe momentum loss due to the induced shock. The general rule in restarting the inlet using an active jet is to allow a full jet expansion downstream of the jet slot while avoiding excessive momentum loss upstream and preventing the thick low-speed layer.

CASE REPORT OF A 6-WEEK-OLD BOY WITH BLAND-WHITE-GARLAND SYNDROME

Bland-White-Garland syndrome is a rare syndrome with anomalous origin of the left coronary artery (LCA) arising from the pulmonary artery, resulting in left ventricular failure. It could occur shortly after birth. We here reported the case of a 6-week-old boy with aortostenosis. Coronary angiography revealed an anomalous LCA arising from the pulmonary artery. Representation of a prominent right coronary artery (RCA) delivered numerous collateral vessels to the LCA area.The patient underwent a correction operation with translocation of the LCA and re-implantation into the ascending aorta. One month after operation, clear decrease in the expanded ventricle was noted with an increase in the contractibility.

Asymmetric vibration characteristics of two-cylinder four-stroke single-piston hydraulic free piston engine

The structure and working principle of a two-cylinder four-stroke single-piston hydraulic free piston engine(HFPE) were introduced. The basic vibration equation of free piston assembly(FPA) was established based upon the energy conversion between the injected fuel and the friction together with the load. Both the theoretical and numerical results show that the vibration system of FPA is a nonlinear conservative autonomous system in one cycle. The FPA vibration is symmetric with constant amplitude when FPA is only driven by the compression pressure in the compression accumulator and that in the combustion chamber. When considering the friction and load, FPA could still achieve a stable vibration after a few cycles' adjustment whether the input energy is equal to the consumed energy or not. The vibration characteristics are different when FPA vibrates in the compression stroke and the expansion stroke, which is the unique feature of the single-piston HFPE.