数学中“极点”“区间”应用在化学中的判断

物质间的化学反应,由于用量的不同,所得物质成分或存在形式也就不同。如何判断物质反应后所得物质的成分或存在形式呢?

求不定积分的计算过程中不能忽视“区间Ⅰ”

通过讨论不定积分计算过程中的三种情况,说明不定积分计算过程中不能忽视“区间Ⅰ”。

关注生本“区间” 发展语言能力

语文教学关键在于实质对话,对话的关键在于抓住语言文字运用的"特区",即学生语言能力与文本语言表达之间的距离——"区间",为教学提供适当的语言运用平台,提高教学效率。

轨道车运行控制设备区间作业进入/返回模式的安全性分析

针对目前GYK设备现场运用中,以"区间作业进入"模式进入封锁区间后,往往直接选取"区间作业返回"模式返回始发车站时,GYK设备控制中所存在的安全隐患,举例进行了简要分析,得出使用GYK设备"区间作业进入/返回"模式的安全前提为先在正常监控模式下,人工输入相关参数,引导软件准确调用前方线路的基本数据。最后对今后"区间作业进入/返回"模式的进一步优化提出了几点建议。

关于“区间估计”应用型思维的培养

“格式化的菜单式”教学 ,改善了“区间估计”的理论推导式传统教学 ,使知识处理简单化、格式化、一体化、系统化 ,且极易操作 。

高速铁路大发展背景下铁路特色专业“区间信号自动控制”课程教学改革

文章首先分析了铁路特色专业"区间信号自动控制"课程教学现状,然后提出了高速铁路大发展背景下铁路特色专业"区间信号自动控制"课程教学改革的对策,包括强化实验环节,提高学生的工程实践能力;延伸课堂学时,引导学生学习新技术理论,拓宽学生知识面;优化教学过程,提高学生学习的主观能动性;完善教学过程考核方式。

Versatile fluidity test model for cast superalloys and comparison between IN718 and IN939

A spiral fluidity test model of superalloys with 10 mm in height and 3 mm in thickness was designed to evaluate the fluidity of two distinct Ni-based superalloys IN718 and IN939.The factors influencing fluidity are ascertained through comparative analysis utilizing methodologies such as JMat Pro,differential scanning calorimetry and high-temperature confocal laser scanning microscopy.The results show that under identical testing conditions,the fluidity of the IN939 superalloy surpasses that of the IN718 superalloy.When subjected to the same temperature,the melt viscosity and surface tension of IN939 superalloy are considerably reduced relative to those of IN718 superalloy,which is beneficial to improving the melt fluidity.Furthermore,the liquidus temperature and solidification range for the IN939 superalloy are both smaller compared with those of the IN718 superalloy.This condition proves advantageous in delaying dendrite coherency,thereby improving fluidity.

Parameter Interval Estimation for Yule-Simon Distribution

Yule-Simon distribution has a wide range of practical applications, such as in networkscience, biology and humanities. A lot of work focuses on the study of how well the empirical datafits Yule-Simon distribution or how to estimate the parameter. There are still some open problems,such as the error analysis of parameter estimation, the theoretical proof of the convergence of theiterative algorithm for maximum likelihood estimation of parameters. The Yule-Simon distributionis a heavy-tailed distribution and the parameter is usually less than 2, so the variance does notexist. This makes it difficult to give an interval estimation of the parameter. Using the compressiontransformation, this paper proposes a method of interval estimation based on the centrallimit theorem. This method can be applied to many heavy-tailed distributions. The other twoasymptotic confidence intervals of the parameter are obtained based on the maximum likelihoodand the mode method. These estimation methods are compared in simulations and applications toempirical data.

QTL Analysis of Agronomic Traits in Soybean

[Objective]The aim was to analyze QTL of agronomic traits in soybean and provide reference for a discussion on soybean genetic mechanism and genetic breeding. [Method]The composite interval mapping method was used for QTL location and genetic effects analysis on 5 quantitative traits including protein content,fat content,yield,100-grain weight and growth period. [Result]The control of these traits 4,4,1,2,5,a total of 16 QTL loci was detected. The genetic contribution rate was in 7.4%-33.7%,among which,a large main-effect QTL of the genetic contribution rate were located in linkage group I Satt562-Sat_219,Sat_219-Satt496,Sat_219-Satt496 interval of the three control protein content QTL sites,their genetic contribution rates were 29.15%,33.7 % and 31.67% respectively,all from the female parent Hefeng 25 plus minor gene; still in O linkage group Satt477-Satt331,Satt331-Satt153 interval of two control growing period QTL loci,their genetic contribution rates were up to 24.69% and 24.96%,also from the female parent Hefeng 25 plus minor gene. In addition,six QTL sites from M linkage group Satt175 （protein）,A1 linkage group Satt684 （oil）,F linkage group Satt348 （oil）,J linkage group Sat_412 （oil）,C1 linkage group Sat_416 （100-grain weight） and C1 linkage group Sat_416 （growth period） marks only 0.01 cm were detected. [Conclusion]QTL sites which had effects on the 5 important agronomic traits in soybean were located.

Application of uncertain type of AHP to condition assessment of cable-stayed bridges

In order to guarantee the safety service and life-span of long-span cable-stayed bridges, the uncertain type of analytic hierarchy process （AHP） method is adopted to access the bridge condition. The correlative theory and applied objects of uncertain type of AHP are introduced, and then the optimal transitive matrix method is chosen to calculate the interval number judgment matrix, which makes the weights of indices more reliable and accurate. Finally, with Harbin Songhua River Cable-Stayed Bridge as an example, an index system and an assessment model are proposed for the condition assessment of this bridge, and by using uncertain type of AHP, the weights of assessment indices are fixed and the final assessment results of the bridge are calculated, which proves the feasibility and practicability of this method. The application of this assessment method can provide the scientific basis for maintenance and management of long-span cable-stayed bridges.

NOVEL GREY DECISION MAKING MODEL AND ITS NUMERICAL SIMULATION

A grey multi-stage decision making method is proposed for a type of grey multi-index decision problems with weighted values completely unknown and attributes as interval grey numbers. Firstly, a method for compar- ing two grey numbers based on probability is developed to calculate weighted values of the attributes. Secondly, the experts＇ evaluation scores for attribute values are presented in terms of internal grey numbers. Finally, a weight solving method for multiple-stages evaluation is proposed. An example analysis verifies the availability of the proposed method. The method provides a new way of thinking for solving grey decision problem.

Population Dynamics and Breeding Space Niche of Four Heron Species in Tanghai Wetlands

The population dynamics and breeding behaviors of Black-crowned Night Herons （ Nycticorax nycticorax ）, Egrets （Egtetta garzetta）, Chinese Pond Herons （Ardeola bacchus） and Great Egrets （Casmerodius albus） were observed in Tanghai Wetlands, Hebei Province from August 2004 to July 2005. Further, we studied the relationship of nest space distribution and directly calculated the nest density of vertical and horizontal levels, the niche overlapping index and the niche breadth. The results showed that there were two breeding areas, named Area Ⅰ and Area Ⅱ . The maximum population occurred in the period from April to September and was approximately 5800 individuals. Area Ⅰ was occupied earlier than Area Ⅱ by approximately half a month. In the breeding period, Black-crowned Night Herons were dominant in numbers and most occupied the upper nests of the core areas. Great Egrets also took the upper nests but they have the smallest population. Most Egrets took the middle nests of the edges of the area. Chinese Pond Herons, with a smaller population than the Egret, mostly nested in the edges, but some of them also took the lower nests of the core area. On the whole, the vertical niche of Egrets is the widest, the horizontal niche of Black-crowned Night Herons is the widest and the niche breadth of Chinese Pond Herons is the largest. The nest distribution pattern is the most similar between Chinese Pond Herons and Black-crowned Night Herons, and the niche overlapping index of Chinese Pond Herons and Egrets is the largest. Black-crowned Night Herons and Great Egrets control Egrets and Chinese Pond Herons in competition. Rich food and the optimal ecological environments lead to plenty of herons in the wetlands. In addition, it is a distinguishing feature of the four species that nests are built in poplar trees over 22 m tall.

Synthesis Scheme for Low Power Designs Under Timing Constraints

To minimize the power consumption with resources operating at multiple voltages a time-constrained algorithm is presented.The input to the scheme is an unscheduled data flow graph (DFG),and timing or resource constraints.Partitioning is considered with scheduling in the proposed algorithm as multiple voltage design can lead to an increase in interconnection complexity at layout level.That is,in the proposed algorithm power consumption is first reduced by the scheduling step,and then the partitioning step takes over to decrease the interconnection complexity.The time-constrained algorithm has time complexity of O(n 2),where n is the number of nodes in the DFG.Experiments with a number of DSP benchmarks show that the proposed algorithm achieves the power reduction under timing constraints by an average of 46 5%.

An Optimal Model for Carbon Sinks of CDM Project to Build a New Countryside Based on Cyclic Economy under Uncertainty

Based on the status and characteristics of Clean Development Mechanism （CDM） renewable energy project and the mode of cyclic economy, aimed at achieving the maximum capacity of carbon sinks in the system, Lvjin Jiayuan—New Countryside Distripark CDM project in Wuchuan County was taken as an example for developing an interval linear programming （ILP） model to optimize the crops planting scheme and cows breeding scheme by using interval optimal method. The case showed that the optimized crops planting scheme and cows breeding scheme obtained from the optimal model was reasonable with relatively preferable overall performance. In the context of meeting economic benefits and fertilizer, electricity demand, [231 287.8, 273 312.7] t of CO2 could be absorbed and fixed, which had increased by [12.94, 33.46]% compared with the feasibility scheme of case project and provided technical support for making the decision in CDM project.

NOVEL GENERALIZED GREY INCIDENCE MODEL BASED ON INTERVAL GREY NUMBERS

To extend the traditional generalized grey incidence model, a novel grey incidence model based on inter- val grey numbers is constructed. Considering the numerical information of indexes cannot be accurately obtained and can be defined as interval grey numbers, the interval grey numbers are defined as standard interval grey num- bers which are split in white part and grey part. The absolute degree of incidence and relative degree of incidence based on the interval grey numbers are constructed and their arithmetic are given. Finally, an example about commercial aircraft index selection illuminates the effectiveness of the model. The results show that the model can sort indexes better and can extend the grey incidence models significantly.

On similarity measures of interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy sets and their application to pattern recognitions

The concept of the degree of similarity between interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy sets （IVIFSs） is introduced, and some distance measures between IVIFSs are defined based on the Hamming distance, the normalized Hamming distance, the weighted Hamming distance, the Euclidean distance, the normalized Euclidean distance, and the weighted Euclidean distance, etc. Then, by combining the Hausdorff metric with the Hamming distance, the Euclidean distance and their weighted versions, two other similarity measures between IVIFSs, i. e., the weighted Hamming distance based on the Hausdorff metric and the weighted Euclidean distance based on the Hausdorff metric, are defined, and then some of their properties are studied. Finally, based on these distance measures, some similarity measures between IVIFSs are defined, and the similarity measures are applied to pattern recognitions with interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy information.

THEOREMS OF INTERVAL FUZZY SET AND ITS OPERATION RULES

Although the concept of interval fuzzy set and its properties have been defined, its three theorems and their effectiveness are not proved. Therefore, the knowledge presentation and its operation rules of interval fuzzy set are studied firstly, and then the cut set of interval fuzzy set is proposed. Moreover, the decomposition theo- rem, the representation theorem and the extension theorem of interval fuzzy set are presented. Finally, examples are given to demonstrate that the classical fuzzy set is a special case of interval fuzzy set and interval fuzzy set is an effective expansion of the classical fuzzy set.

Spatial Distribution of Soil Salinization Based on GIS in Tianjin Binhai New Area

The distribution of soil salinization was investigated based on GIS and field sampling in Tianjin Binhai New Area. The results showed that the average soil total salt content was 0.818%, with an average pH of 8.43, and the average CI and Na＋ contents were 0.27% and 0.22%, respectively. Presenting zonal distribution feature, the soil total salt content increased gradually from west to east of Binhai New Area. Statistics on the distribution areas of different salinization degrees showed that the area of non-salinzed soils only accounted for 3.18% of the total area; with an area of 107.43 km2, mild saline soil accounted for 6.34% of the total area; the area of moderate saline soil was 173.51 km2, accounting for 10.24%; and the area of sal- inzed soils was 217.36 km2, accounting for 12.82% of the total soil area. The area of saline soils （total salt content 〉0.6%） was 1 142.8 km2, accounting 67.42% of the total land area in Binhai New Area. And the areas for the soils with total salt content of 0.6%-1.0%, 1.0%-1.5%, 〉1.5% were respectively 388.47, 411.82, 342.51 km2, accounting for 22.92%, 24.3%, 20.21% of the total area.