Via the valuable opportunity of the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) 135-m filling in June 2003, the Yangtze discharge and suspended sediment concentration (SSC) entering the estuary during the period from 15 May to 15 Ju...Via the valuable opportunity of the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) 135-m filling in June 2003, the Yangtze discharge and suspended sediment concentration (SSC) entering the estuary during the period from 15 May to 15 July 2003 were analyzed to examine the instant effects of the filling on them. The Yangtze discharge and SSC entering the estuary in the periods before, during and after the filling clearly indicated three phases: 1) the pre-storage phase characterized by natural conditions, in which the SSC increased with increasing water discharge; 2) the storage phase, during which the SSC decreased dramatically with decreasing water discharge; and 3) the post-storage phase, during which both the SSC and water discharge remained at relatively low levels first until the end of June, then the SSC increased gradually with increasing water discharge. It seems that the times for the instant effects of the decreasing discharge downstream from the upper Yangtze on the Yangtze discharge and SSC entering the estuary due to the TGR 135-m filling to take place were about 5 d and 1 d respectively, while both were about 18 d for those of the increasing discharge. This probably reflects the buffering and resultantly hysteresis of the 1800-km stretch from the upper Yangtze to the estuary. The results are helpful for scientific and hydrological investigation of the Yangtze mainstream downstream from the TGR Dam and of the estuarine and adjacent coastal waters.展开更多
Currently,with the fast development of GPS technique,GPS RTK is rapidly being applied to the cadastral survey. GPS RTK technique not only improves efficiency and accelerates the rate of mapping,but also increases econ...Currently,with the fast development of GPS technique,GPS RTK is rapidly being applied to the cadastral survey. GPS RTK technique not only improves efficiency and accelerates the rate of mapping,but also increases economic efficiency. The authors introduced a method for GPS RTK rapid positioning,which uses continuous operational reference system (CORS) as a base station to change the method of previous map drawing by obtaining real-time three-dimensional coordinates of boundary points and statistically analyzing with the three-dimensional coordinates obtained by Total Station to get the accuracy of GPS RTK real-time coordinates. The application of GPS RTK in practical measurement was discussed when the data link had been lost especially. The results show that the three-dimensional coordinates measured by total station can be replaced by real-time three-dimensional coordinates measured by Engineering Star RTK in the CORS.展开更多
In order to actively respond to and earnestly implement the southsouth cooperation measuresannounced by President Xi Jinping at the South-South Cooperation Roundtable jointly held by the Chinese Government and the Uni...In order to actively respond to and earnestly implement the southsouth cooperation measuresannounced by President Xi Jinping at the South-South Cooperation Roundtable jointly held by the Chinese Government and the United Nations in December 2015,展开更多
The United Nations Environment Programme（UN Environment） launched at the end of 2016 a decade-long（2016–2025） flagship programme on Climate, Ecosystems and Livelihoods（CEL）, with the aim to assist developing co...The United Nations Environment Programme（UN Environment） launched at the end of 2016 a decade-long（2016–2025） flagship programme on Climate, Ecosystems and Livelihoods（CEL）, with the aim to assist developing countries in delivering the Sustainable Development Goals（SDGs） and climate targets while protecting their ecosystems and improving the livelihoods of their people. The CEL programme is a major initiative supported by China and other developing countries to promote long-term South-South cooperation, led by the United Nations Environment Programme International Ecosystem Management Partnership（UNEP-IEMP）. This article presents the conceptual framework and implementation strategy of the CEL programme, which were proposed through consultations between UN Environment, Chinese and international experts. Within the conceptual framework, the CEL programme will 1） focus its work on the nexus of climate change, ecosystem services and sustainable livelihoods as the primary priority; 2） encourage cross-sectoral and multi-stakeholder cooperation, enhance interdisciplinary research, and strive for breakthroughs that cross disciplinary boundaries; 3） provide four types of services and products—monitoring and assessment, capacity building, technology demonstration, and science for policy through mainly South-South cooperation; and 4） have far-reaching impacts on delivering SDGs and climate targets in vulnerable developing countries. The CEL programme is going to be implemented in a strategic way through a set of related projects and initiatives. More particularly, it will 1） focus on fragile ecosystems like drylands, mountains, river basins and coastal zones in Asia, Africa and other key regions along the Belt and Road, in the early stage and expand to include some other regions at a later stage; 2） take a three-phase approach, including Phase I, Kick-off（2016–2018）, Phase II, Development（2019–2021）, and Phase III, Scaling-up（2022–2025）; and 3） draw on the globally relevant knowledge, expertise and other resources of a substantial network of partners. So far, UNEP-IEMP has developed more than twenty projects and initiatives in the regions along the Belt and Road, especially in Africa and the Greater Mekong Subregion, which lay a solid foundation for the implementation of CEL programme in its first phase.展开更多
The near infrared （NIR） spectroscopy technique has been applied in many fields because of its advantages of simple preparation, fast response, and non-destructiveness. We investigated the potential of NIR spectrosco...The near infrared （NIR） spectroscopy technique has been applied in many fields because of its advantages of simple preparation, fast response, and non-destructiveness. We investigated the potential of NIR spectroscopy in diffuse reflectance mode for determining the soluble solid content （SSC） and acidity （pH） of intact loquats. Two cultivars of loquats （Dahongpao and Jiajiaozhong） harvested from two orchards （Tangxi and Chun＇an, Zhejiang, China） were used for the measurement of NIR spectra between 800 and 2500 nm. A total of 400 loquats （100 samples of each cultivar from each orchard） were used in this study. Relationships between NIR spectra and SSC and acidity of loquats were evaluated using partial least square （PLS） method. Spectra preprocessing options included the first and second derivatives, multiple scatter correction （MSC）, and the standard normal variate （SNV）. Three separate spectral windows identified as full NIR （800-2500 nm）, short NIR （800-1100 rim）, and long NIR （1100-2500 nm） were studied in factorial combination with the preprocessing options. The models gave relatively good predictions of the SSC of loquats, with root mean square error of prediction （RMSEP） values of 1.21, 1.00, 0.965, and 1.16 °Brix for Tangxi-Dahongpao, Tangxi-Jiajiaozhong, Chun＇an-Dahongpao, and Chun＇an-Jiajiaozhong, respectively. The acidity prediction was not satisfactory, with the RMSEP of 0.382, 0.194, 0.388, and 0.361 for the above four loquats, respectively. The results indicate that NIR diffuse reflectance spectroscopy can be used to predict the SSC and acidity of loquat fruit.展开更多
If the demise of the Soviet system allowed some to think of a global triumph of Western democracy and capitalism, as well as of an unchallenged American hegemony over the world, it became clear over the last decade th...If the demise of the Soviet system allowed some to think of a global triumph of Western democracy and capitalism, as well as of an unchallenged American hegemony over the world, it became clear over the last decade that not only were other nations beginning to have their say in international affairs, such as the BRICs and the IBAS, but, and most importantly, that other political cultures were also emerging, especially some from the Southern hemisphere. This paper examines, first, the possible contribution Brazil and other Latin American societies could give to the world, helping to shape an ideal of democracy more open to what we will call democratic affectivity, which would replace a too rational view of politics; and, then, the importance of China and other nations that due to their cultural identities, wealth, population, and territory, but above all their political will, can negotiate the terms of their globalization, fundamentally changing the ways it has been conceived of in the years after 1989.展开更多
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (2002CB412400)the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province (Y2007E14)+1 种基金the Doctoral Fund of Ministry of Education of China (200804231011)the Key Lab of Submarine Geosciences and Prospecting Techniques of the Ministry of Education
文摘Via the valuable opportunity of the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) 135-m filling in June 2003, the Yangtze discharge and suspended sediment concentration (SSC) entering the estuary during the period from 15 May to 15 July 2003 were analyzed to examine the instant effects of the filling on them. The Yangtze discharge and SSC entering the estuary in the periods before, during and after the filling clearly indicated three phases: 1) the pre-storage phase characterized by natural conditions, in which the SSC increased with increasing water discharge; 2) the storage phase, during which the SSC decreased dramatically with decreasing water discharge; and 3) the post-storage phase, during which both the SSC and water discharge remained at relatively low levels first until the end of June, then the SSC increased gradually with increasing water discharge. It seems that the times for the instant effects of the decreasing discharge downstream from the upper Yangtze on the Yangtze discharge and SSC entering the estuary due to the TGR 135-m filling to take place were about 5 d and 1 d respectively, while both were about 18 d for those of the increasing discharge. This probably reflects the buffering and resultantly hysteresis of the 1800-km stretch from the upper Yangtze to the estuary. The results are helpful for scientific and hydrological investigation of the Yangtze mainstream downstream from the TGR Dam and of the estuarine and adjacent coastal waters.
文摘Currently,with the fast development of GPS technique,GPS RTK is rapidly being applied to the cadastral survey. GPS RTK technique not only improves efficiency and accelerates the rate of mapping,but also increases economic efficiency. The authors introduced a method for GPS RTK rapid positioning,which uses continuous operational reference system (CORS) as a base station to change the method of previous map drawing by obtaining real-time three-dimensional coordinates of boundary points and statistically analyzing with the three-dimensional coordinates obtained by Total Station to get the accuracy of GPS RTK real-time coordinates. The application of GPS RTK in practical measurement was discussed when the data link had been lost especially. The results show that the three-dimensional coordinates measured by total station can be replaced by real-time three-dimensional coordinates measured by Engineering Star RTK in the CORS.
文摘In order to actively respond to and earnestly implement the southsouth cooperation measuresannounced by President Xi Jinping at the South-South Cooperation Roundtable jointly held by the Chinese Government and the United Nations in December 2015,
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(31361140360)
文摘The United Nations Environment Programme（UN Environment） launched at the end of 2016 a decade-long（2016–2025） flagship programme on Climate, Ecosystems and Livelihoods（CEL）, with the aim to assist developing countries in delivering the Sustainable Development Goals（SDGs） and climate targets while protecting their ecosystems and improving the livelihoods of their people. The CEL programme is a major initiative supported by China and other developing countries to promote long-term South-South cooperation, led by the United Nations Environment Programme International Ecosystem Management Partnership（UNEP-IEMP）. This article presents the conceptual framework and implementation strategy of the CEL programme, which were proposed through consultations between UN Environment, Chinese and international experts. Within the conceptual framework, the CEL programme will 1） focus its work on the nexus of climate change, ecosystem services and sustainable livelihoods as the primary priority; 2） encourage cross-sectoral and multi-stakeholder cooperation, enhance interdisciplinary research, and strive for breakthroughs that cross disciplinary boundaries; 3） provide four types of services and products—monitoring and assessment, capacity building, technology demonstration, and science for policy through mainly South-South cooperation; and 4） have far-reaching impacts on delivering SDGs and climate targets in vulnerable developing countries. The CEL programme is going to be implemented in a strategic way through a set of related projects and initiatives. More particularly, it will 1） focus on fragile ecosystems like drylands, mountains, river basins and coastal zones in Asia, Africa and other key regions along the Belt and Road, in the early stage and expand to include some other regions at a later stage; 2） take a three-phase approach, including Phase I, Kick-off（2016–2018）, Phase II, Development（2019–2021）, and Phase III, Scaling-up（2022–2025）; and 3） draw on the globally relevant knowledge, expertise and other resources of a substantial network of partners. So far, UNEP-IEMP has developed more than twenty projects and initiatives in the regions along the Belt and Road, especially in Africa and the Greater Mekong Subregion, which lay a solid foundation for the implementation of CEL programme in its first phase.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.30825027)the National Key Technology R&D Program of China(No.2006BAD11A12)
文摘The near infrared （NIR） spectroscopy technique has been applied in many fields because of its advantages of simple preparation, fast response, and non-destructiveness. We investigated the potential of NIR spectroscopy in diffuse reflectance mode for determining the soluble solid content （SSC） and acidity （pH） of intact loquats. Two cultivars of loquats （Dahongpao and Jiajiaozhong） harvested from two orchards （Tangxi and Chun＇an, Zhejiang, China） were used for the measurement of NIR spectra between 800 and 2500 nm. A total of 400 loquats （100 samples of each cultivar from each orchard） were used in this study. Relationships between NIR spectra and SSC and acidity of loquats were evaluated using partial least square （PLS） method. Spectra preprocessing options included the first and second derivatives, multiple scatter correction （MSC）, and the standard normal variate （SNV）. Three separate spectral windows identified as full NIR （800-2500 nm）, short NIR （800-1100 rim）, and long NIR （1100-2500 nm） were studied in factorial combination with the preprocessing options. The models gave relatively good predictions of the SSC of loquats, with root mean square error of prediction （RMSEP） values of 1.21, 1.00, 0.965, and 1.16 °Brix for Tangxi-Dahongpao, Tangxi-Jiajiaozhong, Chun＇an-Dahongpao, and Chun＇an-Jiajiaozhong, respectively. The acidity prediction was not satisfactory, with the RMSEP of 0.382, 0.194, 0.388, and 0.361 for the above four loquats, respectively. The results indicate that NIR diffuse reflectance spectroscopy can be used to predict the SSC and acidity of loquat fruit.
文摘If the demise of the Soviet system allowed some to think of a global triumph of Western democracy and capitalism, as well as of an unchallenged American hegemony over the world, it became clear over the last decade that not only were other nations beginning to have their say in international affairs, such as the BRICs and the IBAS, but, and most importantly, that other political cultures were also emerging, especially some from the Southern hemisphere. This paper examines, first, the possible contribution Brazil and other Latin American societies could give to the world, helping to shape an ideal of democracy more open to what we will call democratic affectivity, which would replace a too rational view of politics; and, then, the importance of China and other nations that due to their cultural identities, wealth, population, and territory, but above all their political will, can negotiate the terms of their globalization, fundamentally changing the ways it has been conceived of in the years after 1989.
