“南澳”地望、中葡议和重点及年代新辨

在澳门历史及中葡早期关系中,汪柏是造成葡人得以入澳、居澳及澳门正式开放的关键人物。本文以此史实入手,通过解读大量已知史料和发掘一批新的葡文史料,对'南澳'的准确地理位置予以了新的考证,对中葡议和的重点及年代予以了详细的辨析。

“南澳Ⅰ号”出水青花瓷器主题纹饰特征初探

"南澳Ⅰ号"沉船是一艘沉没于南澳岛东南海上的明代贸易商船。沉船出水青花瓷主题纹饰题材可以分为四类:第一类是包括高官厚禄图、仕女等在内的人物纹;第二类是包括飞马、奔鹿、缠枝莲纹等在内的动植物纹样;第三类是包括龙纹、凤纹、法螺、八卦、祥云等在内的宗教祥瑞;第四类是包括文字款"义""禄""寿""福""善""贵""寿山福海""寿南山福东海"等在内的文字类。四类均以中国传统纹饰为主,未见晚期的克拉克瓷及外销文化因素。结合沉船年代属于嘉靖万历早中期,由此可以管窥"隆庆开海"早期外销瓷纹饰之一豹。

“南澳Ⅰ号”出水瓷器文物凝结物类型研究

"南澳Ⅰ号"明代沉船考古挖掘出水以瓷器为主,数量众多,其表面凝结物种类较多。本文以"南澳Ⅰ号"典型瓷器残片为研究对象,运用三维视频显微仪、X-射线荧光分析(XRF)、X-射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜/能谱仪(EDS-SEM)等方法分析表面凝结物的成分,发现其主要为钙质凝结物、硅质凝结物和铁质凝结物,从而为进一步激光清洗去除表面凝结物提供依据。

Neighborhood and Adaptation to Climate Change： A Case Study of Adelaide

Extreme weather is expected to be widespread by the year 2100 due to changes in precipitation and temperature, and rising sea levels. It is expected that there will be more heat waves, floods, bush fires, coastal erosion and drought. Unfortunately, Australia is vulnerable to climate change due its hot and dry climate and as the driest state; changes are already being felt in South Australia. There is an urgent need to start adapting to climate change to cope with present and predicted climate change in the future by changing or adjusting building regulations, land use plans, and land subdivision regulations. This paper aims to provide design guidelines for adaptation to climate change at the neighborhood level. A case study method was adopted to achieve the aim of this paper. The study was conducted in two stages. The first stage presents the current design of neighborhood and its adopted design parameters for climate change. The second part provides the design guidelines for adaptation to climate change at the neighborhood level. The case study has a well oriented grid iron layout that serves as the basis of orienting and sitting future buildings that can adapt to climate change. However, the orientation of roads is good, it will be necessary to reconfigure elements of landscaping and built environment in order to address climate change in built environment by modifying design elements.

Monitoring of reclamation-induced ground subsidence in Macao (China) using PSInSAR technique

The long-term reclamation-induced ground subsidence in Macao, a coastal city of southern China was investigated. Persistent scatterer interferometry (PSI) technique was applied to retrieve the deformation rate in Macao during the period from April 2003 to August 2010 with a total of 41 scenes of descending ASAR data sets. The PSI-retrieved results show a relatively stable pattern in Macao Peninsula, Taipa Island and Coloane Island, with an average subsidence velocity of -3 mm/a. In contrast, relatively large subsidence rates are highlighted in Cotai area, a new reclamation land in 1990s, in which an average subsidence velocity is about -10 mm/a. A consistent relationship between the PSI results and the leveling measurements indicate that this PSI technique is an effective tool to monitor the reclamation-induced ground subsidence with a high accuracy and adequate spatial details. Accordingly, the valuable ground subsidence results generated by PSI can be used not only for early detection and remedial activities of potential settlement of building, but also for helping the local government to formulate regional sustainable development planning and decision-making in disaster prevention and mitigation.

A Multilingual Approach to Languages and Literacy Education： What Can Synthesising Theories, Research, and Practice Achieve？

This paper reports on seven years of collaborative research with the Department for Education and Child Development. The longitudinal study examines the impact ofa multilingual literacy approach as it has been applied in the teaching of French, German, Indonesian, Italian, Japanese, and Spanish across 12 different schools in South Australia. The move to introduce the study of additional languages in Australian primary schools has yet to establish wide-ranging and on-going student engagement and often fails to progress students beyond simple pragmatic language use. It is argued that a new approach integrates languages in daily classroom literacy practices can redress this situation： a multilingual literacy approach. The theoretical framework that drives this approach draws from the notions of universality and transfer that are established in the literature. A critical realist paradigm provided a framework for integrating research methods： employing contingency theory and pragmatic methods of philosophy also ensured that values and hermeneutics were not sidelined in the explanation of the study＇s acts and outcomes. This longitudinal study demonstrates that when the aforementioned theoretical notions bridge the research-practice divide and are adopted into daily classroom teaching and learning activities, there is a qualitative and quantitative improvement in students＇ literacy learning

Design and Construction of GreenWAVE Energy Converter for Shallow Waters off South Australia

Compared with more well-known renewable energy sources, such as wind and solar, the wave energy industry is relatively new. This paper describes the structural design and construction of the oscillating water column ＂greenWAVE Energy Converter＂ which was constructed during 2013 and was planned to be deployed in shallow water off the South Australian coast in 2014. Rated initially at 1 MW, the greenWAVE unit will be dedicated to electricity production, although an option is available to produce desalinated seawater. The unit base is constructed from reinforced concrete designed to international maritime codes, and the unit will be founded in approximately 10-15 m of water. The upper portion of the device extends above sea level, housing the airwave turbine and electrical control systems.

A protocol for the reporting and methodological quality of robotic surgery case reports

Background:Robotic surgery is a complex innovation intervention.Recently,the number of robotic surgery case reports is increasing,but there is unclear on its reporting and methodological quality.Methods:The PubMed database will be searched with high-specificity search strategy from Jan 1,2012 to Aug 1,2018 to identify relevant records.Microsoft Excel 2016 will be used to generate random number and to select 100 robotic surgery case reports according our eligibility criteria.A data extraction form will be used to extract relevant information including first author,year of publication,journal,etc.The CARE guideline and JBI checklist will be used to separately assess the reporting and methodological quality of included studies.The data extraction and assessment of quality will be completed by independent two authors and any disagreement will be resolved through discussion or consulting the third author.Stratified analyses will be conducted based on extracted information.Review Manager 5.3 software will be used to present the results of stratified analyses with Inverse-Variance random-effect model.Results:The study is ongoing and will be submitted to a peerreviewed journal.Conclusion:The present study will summarize evidence on the reporting and methodological quality of robotic surgery case reports,and provide reference for future case reports but not limited to robotic surgery.Ethics and dissemination:Ethical approval is not required because this study will not include any confidential personal data and interventions on the patients.The results of this study will be published in a peerreviewed publication.

Supercooled water in austral summer in Prydz Bay,Antarctica

Supercooled water with temperatures below freezing point, was identified from hydrographic data obtained by Chinese and Australian expeditions to Prydz Bay, Antarctica, during the austral summer. The study shows that most supercooled waters occurred at depths of 63-271 m in the region north of the Amery Ice Shelf （AIS） front. The maximum supercooling was 0.16℃ below the in-situ freezing point. In temperature and salinity ranges of-2.14 - -1.96℃ and 34.39-34.46, respectively, the water was colder and fresher than peripheral shelf water. The supercooled water had less variability in the vertical profiles compared to shelf water. Based on analysis of their thermohaline features and spatial distribution, as well as the circulation pattern in Prydz Bay, we conclude that these supercooled waters originated from a cavity beneath the AIS and resulted from upwelling just outside of the AIS front. Water emerging from the ice shelf cools to an extremely low temperature （about -2.0℃） by additional cooling from the ice shelf, and becomes buoyant with the addition of melt water from the ice shelf base. When this water flows out of the ice shelf front, its upper boundary is removed, and thus it rises abruptly. Once the temperature of this water reaches below the freezing point, supercooling takes place. In summer, the seasonal pycnocline at -100 m water depth acts as a barrier to upwelling and supercooling. The upwelling of ice shelf outflow water illuminates a unique mid-depth convection of the polar ocean.

浅析“南海I号”等四处我国水下文化遗产的保护模式

近三十多年来我国水下文化遗产保护事业取得了丰硕成果,“南海I号”沉船的整体打捞、白鹤梁题刻水下博物馆的建立、“南澳I号”沉船遗址与“华光礁I号”沉船遗址的保护发掘更是其中四颗璀璨的明珠。本文通过对该四项水下文化遗产保护案例进行介绍和分析,找出其各自所采用的不同的保护模式及其原因。

Modelling Agronomically-Suitable Sowing Date in Relation to the Risk of Frost Damage and Heat Stress of Wheat in Southern New South Wales, Australia

Sowing time of wheat in south eastern Australia varies from autumn to early winter, depending on the seasonal ＇break＇. Wheat yields are often reduced by frost damage at flowering time and by heat-and/or water-stress during grain filling. Selecting suitable varieties for specific sowing times is a complex decision farmers make because these varietal phenology and climate risks have to be assessed together. In order to help farmers make decisions, they need tools that simulate and analyse agronomically-suitable sowing dates （ASSD） for a given variety of wheat. The hypothesis underlining this study is the integration of a wheat phenology model with historical climate data is an effective approach to modelling the ASSD of current varieties used in the wheat growing areas of Southern NSW. The parameters of the wheat phenology model were based on data from five years of field experimentation across 15 sites. Data from four sites were used to examine varietal suitability in relation to sowing time and its associated risks of frost and heat damage. The optimum ASSD for any variety at 72 locations across Southern NSW was investigated. The results showed that there were substantial spatial variations in the ASSD across the target region. ASSD for a late maturing wheat genotype （EGA Gregory） can range from early March to late April, while the earliest acceptable sowing date for an early maturing spring wheat genotype （H46） can range from early to late May. The wide range of spatial variation in the earliest and latest sowing dates, as well as the varied length of sowing opportunities, highlighted the importance of being able to apply a modelling approach which can integrate information on crop phenology with climate risk for a given location. This approach would allow better decision-making on suitable varieties and sowing dates in order to minimise the risk of frost and heat damage affecting crop yield.

A review of the geomechanics aspects of a double fatality coal burst at Austar Colliery in NSW,Australia in April 2014

A coal burst occurred on 15 April, 2014 at the Austar Coal Mine, located west of Newcastle, NSW,Australia. The burst resulted in fatal injuries to two men working as part of the mining crew at the development face. At the time, a continuous miner was being used to mine a longwall development gate road through heavily structured coal, at a depth of approximately 550 m. A number of pre-cursor bumps had occurred on previous shifts, emanating from the coal ribs of the roadway, in proximity to the coal face.This paper reviews the geological, geotechnical and mining conditions and circumstances leading up to the coal burst event; and presents and discusses the available evidence and possible interpretations relating to the geomechanical behaviour mechanisms that may have been critical factors in this incident. The paper also discusses some key technical and operational considerations of ground support systems and mining practices and strategies needed for operating in such conditions in the future.

Impact of two types of La Nia on boreal autumn rainfall around Southeast Asia and Australia

The distinct influences of eastern Pacific （EP） and central Pacific （CP） La Nina on rainfall anomalies over Southeast Asia and Australia in boreal autumn （September to November） are explored in this study. Composite results reveal that CP La Nina gives rise to significant and severe flooding over Southeast Asia and Australia, whereas EP La Nina fails to exert any evident impacts on rainfall over this region. This difference can be attributed to the distinct features of cooling sea surface temperature anomalies （SSTAs） between EP and CP La Nina. With a more westward location and stronger intensity of the negative SSTAs during CP La Nina autumn, the highest and lowest SLP anomalies are substantially enhanced and shift westwards too, further causing intense easterly winds over the western Pacific and westerly anomalies over the Indian Ocean driven by this SLP gradient. Subsequently, robust low-level convergence and high-level divergence is observed over the Maritime Continent and Australia, resulting in significant above-normal rainfall anomalies in those regions. In contrast, weak and eastern Pacific-confined cooling SSTAs during EP La Nina produce correspondingly weak low-level convergence over the Maritime Continent conditions that make it hard for significant rainfall anomalies to arise.

New record of the genus Phycocaris Kemp,1916(Decapoda:Caridea:Hippolytidae)from Hainan Island,China

The monotypic genus Phycocaris Kemp, 1916, which was established based on material from the Indian Ocean and previously only known from the type localities, Australia and Japan, is now newly recorded from the South China Sea. A detailed description of Phycocaris simulans Kemp, 1916 based on the specimen collected from Hainan Island is presented. Specific features and the differences between the Indian Ocean and the present material are described.

How Demographic Structure Determines International Capital Flows

This paper investigated the relationship between demographic structure and international capital flows with panel data of 190 countries over the past 60 years＇ and projection data for the 21st century. As found, from a global perspective, the current account balance （CAB） is negatively related to the dependency ratio, and orresponding to continuous change, international eapital flows tend to move from ＂adult countries＂ to ＂aged or young countries.＂ Since the middle of the 20th century, the U.S., Europe, Japan, China, Southeast Asia, Central Asia, South Asia, West Asia and Africa took turns in exporting capital to other countries. In the 2lst century, Europe, the U.S., Australia and Singapore will keep importing capital, while China in the 2030s, and Southeast Asia in the 2050s will in turn become the main capital importers. Given the demographic structure of China and the world, the future pattern of the international capital flows requires more serious concern and responses.

Investigations into the corrosive environments contributing to premature failure of Australian coal mine rock bolts

University of New South Wales(UNSW Australia) had been involved in the study of premature failure of rock bolts in Australia coal mines from the initial identification of the problem in 1999. Rock bolt steel changes over the last decade appear to have not reduced the incidence of failures. A broadened UNSW research project funded by the Australian Research Council(ARC) and Industry has targeted finding the environmental causes through extensive field and laboratory experiments. This paper describes the field studies conducted in underground coal mines,in particular attempts to measure the contribution to corrosion from groundwater,mineralogy and microbial activity. Various underground survey techniques were used to determine the extent of broken bolts,with the presence of both stress corrosion cracking(SCC) and localized deep pitting making no single technique suitable on their own.Groundwater found dripping from bolts across various coalfields in Australia were found to be not aggressive and known groundwater corrosivity classification systems did not correlate to where broken bolts were found. In-hole coupon bolts placed in roof strata containing claystone bands confirmed the clay as being a major contributor to corrosion. Microbes capable of contributing to steel corrosion were found to be present in groundwater,and culturing of the microbes taken from in-situ coupon bolts proved that the bacteria was present on the bolt surface. An ‘in-hole bolt corrosion coupon' development by the project may have multiple benefits of (1) helping quantify newly developed corrosivity classification systems,(2) providing an in-situ ground support corrosion monitoring tool,and (3) for testing possible corrosion protection solutions.

Spanish Last Names in the Naples Periphery

The purpose of this study is to shed light on the southern part of Italy where Catalonians ruled. Great numbers of Spaniards, principally the Catalonians, headed to that country. This affected the language, and, in turn, the history of people＇s last names. At first, some of the Spanish last names were used as nicknames for Italians. The method 1 used to get the data from primary sources was from spending time in Italy for four consecutive summers and visiting towns in the Naples area while I collected surnames found on houses. The Catalonians came to rule Sardinia, and their language and subsequently Spanish were official on the island. The linguistic influence of Spanish does not stop with surnames. A list of Spanish and Basque surnames which is redolent of the history of southern Italy and Sicily is appended. The geolinguistics interest lies in the way that the study of language, both ordinary words and proper nouns, offers important clues to the lives and movements of people of ages past, reflects political and economic aspects and also explains the ethnic origin of people who live in Sicily and Italy today or are descendants of Italians who have been important immigrants in the Americas, in Australia, and indeed around the world.

Research on Adult Education development towards Hong Kong, Macao and the Overseas under the background of ＂The Belt and Road＂

This document reviews the development of adult education towards Hong Kong, Macao and the Overseas over the past 30 years in Jinan University, and puts forward ideas for the development under the background of＂The Belt and Road＂. Such as： Increase policy support and enhance the level of management services; Based on big data analytics, optimize the mode of talent training; Develop short-term training projects and promote online education; Establish brand awareness and improve teaching quality monitoring mechanisms.

广东“南澳Ⅰ号”明代沉船出水铜器表面凝结物分析与去除

海洋出水铜器及其合金表面常常会覆盖一层凝结物,掩盖器物原始表面。本文以"南澳I号"明代沉船出水的22件铜器残片为研究对象,运用X-射线荧光分析(XRF)、X-射线衍射(XRD)和扫描电镜/能谱仪(SEM-EDS)等方法分析表面凝结物成分,发现其主要是钙质凝结物,并在此基础上采用机械法去除表面凝结物,为脱盐保护准备条件。本研究成果可为中国南海海域出水铜器的保护提供参考和借鉴。

广东省博物馆藏“南澳Ⅰ号”出水景德镇窑青花瓷图像研究

瓷器绘画是瓷器研究的重要组成部分,其对于瓷器的断代、瓷画文化内涵的识读和瓷画画风的流变等研究都十分重要。本文挑选具有代表性的"南澳Ⅰ号"出水景德镇窑青花瓷器,就各件器物上的图像与版画、画谱和绘画进行比较研究,探讨该批景德镇窑青花瓷器图像的绘制技法及其与版画、画谱和绘画之间的关系。通过详细对比,我们认为"南澳Ⅰ号"出水景德镇窑青花瓷器的年代应为嘉靖时期。在此基础之上,本文还对"南澳Ⅰ号"出水青花瓷器的图像与版画、画谱和绘画的分疏异同做了进一步探究。