“变蒸”学说浅析

通过对"变蒸"学说的产生、发展和否定及与现代心理测定的比较,阐述了"变蒸"学说的优劣性,提示一个学科的产生和发展需要不懈努力,并经过实践检验,更偏纠错,才能日臻完善。

小儿“变蒸”诊治

“变蒸”不仅表现为小儿生长发育时出现的发热等病理现象,而且还是一个“变长百骸生脏腑,蒸增智慧发聪明”的生理过程。针对小儿变蒸出现的发热、微惊、烦躁、脉乱等病症,可针对性地采用解表退热、泻下清热、化痰止嗽、止泻降逆、镇惊开窍、温脏散寒等方法进行治疗。临证运用大苦、大寒、大辛、大热和有毒、攻伐之品时,应做到精准用药,中病即止;且应严禁灸刺。

Magnesium vapor nucleation in phase transitions and condensation under vacuum conditions

Recent findings related to coagulable magnesium vapor nucleation and growth in vacuum were assessed critically, with emphasis on understanding these processes at a fundamental molecular level. The effects of magnesium vapor pressure, condensation temperature, and condensation zone temperature gradient on magnesium vapor nucleation in phase transitions and condensation from atomic collision and coacervation with collision under vacuum conditions were discussed. Magnesium powder and magnesium lump condensates were produced under different conditions and characterized by scanning electron microscopy （SEM） and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy （EDS）. The right condensation zone temperature approach to the liquid transition primarily improved the magnesium vapor concentration rate. The gas-solid phase transition was primarily inhibited by setting a small condenser temperature gradient. Under the right condensation temperature and temperature gradients, increasing magnesium vapor partial pressure improved crystallization and reduced the oxidation rate.

Fabrication of flatten grooved-sintered wick heat pipe

With the rapid rising of heat flux and reduction of heat dissipating space of microelectronic devises, flattened sintered heat pipe has become an ideal conducting element of use in the electronic cooling field. A manufacturing technology named phase change flattening process is presented to fabricate the flattened grooved-sintered wick heat pipe （GSHP for short）. Deformation geometry of flattened GSHP and the elasto-plastic deformation of flattening process are analyzed theoretically and verified by experiments. The results show that the vapor pressure inside sintered heat pipe during flattening process is determined by the saturated vapor pressure equation; the width and vapor area of flattened heat pipe change greatly as the flattening proceeds; the maximum equivalent strain distributes at the interface between wick and vapor in the fiat section; the buckling phenomenon can be well eliminated when the flattening temperature reaches 480 K; phase change flattening punch load increases with flattening temperature and displacement.

Effects of Climatic Change on Evapotranspiration in Zhalong Wetland,Northeast China

Evapotranspiration （ET） process of plants is controlled by several factors. Besides the physiological factors of plants, height, density, LAI （leaf area index）, etc., the change of meteorological factors, such as radiation, temperature, wind and precipitation, can influence ET process evidently, thus remodeling the spatial and temporal distribution of ET. In order to illuminate the effects of meteorological factors on wetland ET, the ET of Zhalong Wetland was calculated from 1961 to 2000, the statistical relationships （models） between ET and maximum temperature （Tmax）, minimum temperature （Tmin）, precipitation （P） and wind speed at 2m height （U2） were established, and the sensitivity analysis of the variables in the model was performed. The results show that Tmax and Tmin are two dominating factors that influence ET markedly, and the difference of rising rate between Tmax and Tmin determines the change trend of ET. With the climatic scenarios of four General Circulation Models （GCMs）, the ET from 2001 to 2060 was predicted by the statistical model. Compared to the period of 1961-2000, the water consumption by ET will increase greatly in the future. According to the scenarios, the rise of Tmax （about 1.5℃ to 3.3℃） and Tmin （about 1.7℃ to 3.5℃） will cause an additional water consumotion of 14.0%- 17.8% for reed swami）. The ecological water demand in Zhalong Wetland will become more severe.

Analysis of Reference Evapotranspiration Change and Its Impact Factors in Australia

[ Objective] To discuss regional response of reference evapotranspiration （ ETo ） to global climate change and its influencing factors. [Method] Penman-Monteith equation was adopted to calculate ET0 in Australia from 1998 to 2007. Spatiotemporal change characteristics were analyzed by using GIS spatial analysis tools and relationships between ETo and main climate factors were also analyzed. [ Resultsl The results showed that multi-year average ET0 increased from the east and south part to the northwest part and inland, and its distribution was consistent with climate zones. Multi-year average ETo of the whole region was 1 750 mm, obtaining minimum and maximum values in 2000 and 2002 respectively. Regional ETo decreased in the order of summer, spring, autumn and winter; January and December got the highest monthly ET0, while June got the lowest value 79.55 mm. ETo positively correlated with mean temperature and solar radiation, R2 for each were 0.83 and 0.94, while the relationship between ETo and average relative humidity was negative, and precipitation had no significant relationship with ET0. [ Conclusion] This research could provide important reference for crop water requirement study and making irrigation method for Australia.

Climate Changes in Northeastern China During Last Four Decades

The northeastern China is a sensitive region of climate change, whose detailed trend of climate changes is highly interesting. In this study, this kind of variation trend was analyzed. Potential evapotranspiration (PE) and moisture index (MI) were modeled by using Thornthwaite scheme based on the observation data of 1961-2004 from 94 meteorological stations. To describe the climate fluctuation in the northeastern China in 1961-2004, the linear regression method was used to analyze the variation trends of mean annual temperature, mean annual precipitation, PE and MI. Mann-Kendall method was used to test the significant difference. The results show a general increasing tendency in mean annual temperature, mean annual precipitation, PE and MI. However increasing tendency was more significant in mean annual temperature and PE than in mean annual precipitation and MI. Analysis of seasonal climate variation indicates that there showed positive trends in winter and in spring, while the positive trend was more significant in winter than in spring. Furthermore, the relations between climate changes and geographical factors were analyzed, the results show that both climate factors and their interannual variability were correlated to latitude, longitude and altitude, suggesting that latitude is the most climate factor affecting climate changes, followed by altitude and longitude.

Separation Efficiency of Thin-film Evaporators

The recovery of contaminants and useful substances from liquid wastes, thepurification of production effluents and the separation of thermally instable mixtures are some ofthe multivarious applications of thin-film distillers in many processes of the chemical and alliedindustries and of the food industries. In a study carried out in pilot plants with distillation testsystems there was found a good agreement between the experimental separation results and thoseobtained by computing with a theorectical model; the latter is based on the assumption of phaseequilibrium between the vapour formed on an infinitely small element of area in a liquid film of anygiven concentric periphery of the vertically arranged evaporator. These tests were perfomed undervarious phase loads.

Changes of Gas Exchanges in Leaves of Different Cultivars of Winter Wheat Released in Different Years

Three winter wheat cultivars ( Triticum aestivum L.), representatives of those widely cultivated in Beijing over the past six decades, were grown in the same environmental condition, and their physiological features were investigated. Daily changes of net photosynthetic rate (P-n), transpiration (T-r) in different growth stages were measured in order to find the relationship between leaf photosynthesis and yield. Instantaneous water use efficiency (WUE) of leaf was calculated from P-n/T-r. It is suggested that relationship between photosynthetic rate and yield changed with the developing stages of wheat. High yield wheat cultivar Jingdong 8 (released in the 1990s) had a higher photosynthetic rate ( the maximal P-n increased by 77%) and transpiration rate (the maximal T-r increased by 69%), but a lower WUE than the low yield cultivar Yanda 1817 (released in the 1940s) during the day time at stem elongation stage. However; difference of P-n among the three cultivars changed with wheat growth process. Before 10 o'clock P-n in leaves of Jingdong 8 usually was the highest of the three cultivars, but P-n of Yanda 1817 was the highest after 10 o'clock. At dough ripe stage, P-n in leaves of Yanda. 1817 was the highest among the three cultivars during the whole day. The difference of changing trend of transpiration in three wheat cultivars was similar to P,, but WUE of Yanda 1817 was the highest in those three cultivars, indicating that the higher yield of Jingdong 8 was achieved via a greater consumption of water. Contrary to the cultivars released in the later period, midday depression of photosynthesis was small in Yanda 1817, which might suggest that Yanda 1817 was resistant to photoinhibition. It is possible that photosynthetic potential in leaves of wheat increased as wheat cultivars was improved over the past six decades. However, it became less resistant to photoinhibition.

The Impacts of the Interannual Variability of Vegetation on the Interannual Variability of Global Evapotranspiration: A Modeling Study

The impact of the interannual variability (IAV) of vegetation on the IAV of evapotranspiration is investigated with the Community Land Model (CLM3.0) and modified Dynamic Global Vegetation Model (DGVM). Two sets of 50-year off-line simulations are used in this study. The simulations begin with the same initial surface-water and heat states and are driven by the same atmospheric forcing data. The vegetation exhibits interannual variability in one simulation but not in the other simulation. However, the climatological means for the vegetation are the same. The IAV of the 50-year annual total evapotranspiration and its three partitions (ground evaporation, canopy evaporation, and transpiration) are analyzed. The global distribution of the evapotranspiration IAV and the statistics of evapotranspiration and its components in different ecosystems show that the IAV of ground evaporation is generally large in areas dominated by grass and deciduous trees, whereas the IAV of canopy evaporation and transpiration is large in areas dominated by bare soil and shrubs. For ground evaporation, canopy evaporation, and transpiration, the changes in IAV are larger than the mean state over most grasslands and shrublands. The study of two sites with the same IAV in the leaf area index (LAI) shows that the component with the smaller contribution to the total evapotranspiration is more sensitive to the IAV of vegetation. The IAV of the three components of evapotranspiration increases with the IAV of the fractional coverage (FC) and the LAI. The ground evaporation IAV shows the greatest increase, whereas the canopy evaporation shows the smallest increase.

Global Water Vapor Content Decreases from 2003 to 2012： An Analysis Based on MODIS Data

Water vapor in the earth′s upper atmosphere plays a crucial role in the radiative balance, hydrological process, and climate change. Based on the latest moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer(MODIS) data, this study probes the spatio-temporal variations of global water vapor content in the past decade. It is found that overall the global water vapor content declined from 2003 to 2012(slope b = –0.0149, R = 0.893, P = 0.0005). The decreasing trend over the ocean surface(b = –0.0170, R = 0.908, P = 0.0003) is more explicit than that over terrestrial surface(b = –0.0100, R = 0.782, P = 0.0070), more significant over the Northern Hemisphere(b = –0.0175, R = 0.923, P = 0.0001) than that over the Southern Hemisphere(b = –0.0123, R = 0.826, P = 0.0030). In addition, the analytical results indicate that water vapor content are decreasing obviously between latitude of 36°N and 36°S(b = 0.0224, R = 0.892, P = 0.0005), especially between latitude of 0°N and 36°N(b = 0.0263, R = 0.931, P = 0.0001), while the water vapor concentrations are increasing slightly in the Arctic regions(b = 0.0028, R = 0.612, P = 0.0590). The decreasing and spatial variation of water vapor content regulates the effects of carbon dioxide which is the main reason of the trend in global surface temperatures becoming nearly flat since the late 1990 s. The spatio-temporal variations of water vapor content also affect the growth and spatial distribution of global vegetation which also regulates the global surface temperature change, and the climate change is mainly caused by the earth's orbit position in the solar and galaxy system. A big data model based on gravitational-magmatic change with the solar or the galactic system is proposed to be built for analyzing how the earth's orbit position in the solar and galaxy system affects spatio-temporal variations of global water vapor content, vegetation and temperature at large spatio-temporal scale. This comprehensive examination of water vapor changes promises a holistic understanding of the global climate change and potential underlying mechanisms.

Investigation on Steam Gasification of High-metamorphous Anthracite Using Mixed Black Liquor and Calcium Catalyst

The catalytic effects of single and mixed catalysts, i.e. single 3%Ca and 5%Na-BL（black liquor） catalysts and mixed 3%Ca＋5%Na-BL catalyst, on carbon conversion, gasification reaction rate constant and activation energy, relative amount of harmful pollutant like sulphur containing gases have been investigated by thermogravimetry in steam gasification under temperature 750℃ to 950℃ at ambient pressure for three high-metarnorphous anthracites （Longyan, Fenghai and Youxia coals in Fujian Province）. The mixed catalyst of 3%Ca＋5%Na-BL increases greatly the carbon conversion and gasification rate constant by accelerating the gasification reaction C＋H2O→CO＋H2 due to presence of alkali surfacecompounds [COM], [CO2M] and exchanged calcium phenolate and calcium carboxylate （-COO）2. By adding CaCO3 into BL catalyst in gasification, in addition to improving the catalyst function and enhancing the carbon conversion, the effective desulphurization is also achieved, but the better operating temperature should be below 900℃. The homogenous and shrinking core models can be successfully employed to correlate the relations between the conversion and the gasification .time .and to estimate the reaction rate constant, The reaction acUvaUon energy and pre-exponential factor are estimated and the activation energy for mixed catalyst is in a range of 98.72-166.92 kJ·mol^-1, much less than 177.50-196.46 kJ·mol^-1 for non-catalytic steam gasification for three experimental coals.

Supported metal catalysts at the single-atom limit – A viewpoint

An account of recent work on supported single‐atom catalyst design is given here for reactions as diverse as the low‐temperature water‐gas shift,methanol steam reforming,selective ethanol dehydrogenation,and selective hydrogenation of alkynes and dienes.It is of fundamental interest to investigate the intrinsic activity and selectivity of the active metal atom site and compare them to the properties of the corresponding metal nanoparticles and sub‐nm clusters.It is also important to understand what constitutes a stable active metal atom site in the various reaction environments,and maximize their loadings to allow us to design robust catalysts for industrial applications.Combined activity and stability studies,ideally following the evolution of the active site as a function of catalyst treatment in real time are recommended.Advanced characterization methods with atomic resolution will play a key role here and will be used to guide the design of new catalysts.

Interannual and Interdecadal Variability of Atmospheric Water Vapor Transport in the Haihe River Basin

The seasonal mean atmospheric precipitable water and water vapor transport over the Haihe River Basin （HRB） in North China with a focus on their interannual to interdecadal variability, and then the relationships of the interannual and interdecadal variability of the water cycle over the HRB to the Pacific Decadal Oscillation （PDO） and E1 Nino-Southern Oscillation （ENSO） phenomena were investigated using the observational and National Centers for Environmental Prediction （NCEP） reanalysis data. There was a strong interdecadal variability for the water cycle （such as precipitation and water vapor transport） over the region, with an abrupt change occurring mostly in the mid 1970s. The intensity of the East Asian summer monsoon largely affected the atmospheric water vapor transport. Generally, the net meridional convergence of the water vapor flux over the region was relatively large before 1965, and it declined gradually from then on with a further notable decrease since mid 1970s. Zonal water vapor transport was similar to meridional, but with a much smaller magnitude and no noteworthy turning in the mid 1970s. Results also suggested that the wind field played an important role in the water vapor transport over the HRB before the mid 1960s, and the interdecadal variability of the water cycle （precipitation, water vapor transport, etc.） in the summer was related to the PDO; however, interannual variation of the water vapor transport could also be related to the ENSO phenomena.

Structure,mechanical and thermal properties of Y-doped CrAlN coatings

CrAlYN coatings with different Y contents(0,5 and 12 at.%)were deposited by cathodic arc evaporation to investigate the influence of Y-addition on the structure,mechanical and thermal properties of CrAlN coatings by using X-ray diffraction,scanning electron microscopy,differential scanning calorimetry,thermal gravimetric analysis and nanoindentation.The structural transformation of single phase cubic Cr_(0.42)Al_(0.58)N and Cr_(0.39)Al_(0.56)Y_(0.05)N coatings to cubic−wurtzite mixed Cr_(0.32)Al_(0.56)Y_(0.12)N coating leads to a drop in hardness from(30.2±0.7)GPa of Cr_(0.42)Al_(0.58)N and(32.0±1.0)GPa of Cr_(0.39)Al_(0.56)Y_(0.05)N to(25.2±0.7)GPa of Cr_(0.32)Al_(0.56)Y_(0.12)N.The incorporation of 5 at.%Y retards the thermal decomposition of CrAlN,verified by the postponed precipitation of w-AlN and N-loss upon annealing.Correspondingly,Cr_(0.39)Al_(0.56)Y_(0.05)N coating consistently exhibits the highest hardness value during thermal annealing.Nevertheless,alloying with Y exerts an adverse effect on the oxidation resistance of CrAlN.

Examination of Archival Data for Inhomogeneities and Determination of Climate Change in North America

Numerous articles have examined archival weather observations and attributed climate changes on time scales ranging from centuries to decades and in one case even days to human activity. This article gives examples showing how climate variability and sudden changes in instruments affect trend determination. In particular, surface temperature and water vapor pressure trends in North America during 1948-2010 are discussed. Over 1/4 billion hourly observations taken at 309 stations, were first carefully examined for inhomogeneities. Positive and negative steps, for both temperature and water vapor pressure were found to not be evenly distributed in time. Inclusion of such data in a trend analysis would overstate decadal changes in temperature and water vapor. Time series free of such discontinuities show a statistically significant warming has primarily affected the western Arctic, Canadian prairies and the Midwestern U.S. during winter. Increases in water vapor pressure are most pronounced in summer in the eastern U.S. The decadal water vapor pressure trends are somewhat smaller than found in other studies that examined data for far shorter time periods. The claim of a change in the DTR （diurnal temperature range） during the 3 day flight ban following Sept. 11, 2011, is not substantiated. The observed change in the DTR was likely caused by a reduction in cloudiness during the flight ban.

Changes in spatial variations of sap flow in Korean pine trees due to environmental factors and their effects on estimates of stand transpiration

It is difficult to scale up measurements of the sap flux density(J_S) for the characterization of tree or stand transpiration(E) due to spatial variations in J_S and their temporal changes.To assess spatial variations in the sap flux density of Korean pine(Pinus koraiensis) and their effects on E estimates,we measured the J_S using Granier-type sensors.Within trees,the J_S decreased exponentially with the radial depth,and the J_S of the east aspects were higher than those of the west aspects.Among trees,there was a positive relationship between J_S and the tree diameter at breast height,and this positive relationship became stronger as the transpiration demand increased.The spatial variations that caused large errors in E estimates(i.e.,up to 110.8 % when radial variation was ignored) had varied systematically with environmental factors systematic characteristics in relation to environmental factors.However,changes in these variations did not generate substantial errors in the E estimates.For our study periods,the differences in the daily E(E_D) calculated by ignoring radial,azimuthal and tree-to-tree variations and the measured E_D were fairly constant,especially when the daily vapor pressure deficit(D_D)was higher than 0.6 k Pa.These results imply that the effect of spatial variations changes on sap flow can be a minor source of error compared with spatial variations(radial,azimuthal and tree-to-tree variations) when considering E estimates.

THE TEMPORAL AND SPATIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MOISTURE BUDGETS OVER ASIAN AND AUSTRALIAN MONSOON REGIONS

Apparent moisture sink and water vapor transport flux are calculated by using NCAR/NCEP reanalyzed daily data for water vapor and wind fields at various levels from 1980 to 1989.With the aid of EOF analysis method,temporal and spatial characteristics of moisture budgets over Asian and Australian monsoon regions are studied.The results show that there is apparent seasonal transition of moistrue sink and water vapor transport between Asian monsoon region and Australian monsoon region.In winter,the Asian monsoon region is a moisture source,in which three cross-equatorial water vapor transport channels in the 'continent bridge',at 80°E and 40°E～50° transport water vapor to the Australian monsoon region and southern Indian Ocean which are moistrue sinks.In summer,Australian Monsoon region anmd southern Indian Ocean are moistrue sources and by the three cross-equatorial transport channels water vapor is transport to the Asian monsoon region which is a moisture sink.In spring and autumn,ITCZ is the main moisture sink and there is no apparent water vapor transport between Asian monsoon region and Australian monsoon region.

Comparison of the Influence of Interannual Vegetation Variability between Offline and Online Simulations

This study investigates the influence of interannual vegetation variability. Two sets of offline and online simulations were performed using the Community Earth System Model. The interannual Global LAnd Surface Satellite(GLASS) leaf area index(LAI) dataset from 1985 to 2000 and its associated climatological LAI were used to replace the default climatological LAI data in version 4 of the Community Land Model(CLM4). The results showed that on a global scale, canopy transpiration and evaporation, as well as total evapotranspiration in offline simulations were significantly positively correlated with LAI, whereas ground evaporation and ground temperature showed significant negative correlation with LAI. However, the correlations in online simulations were reduced markedly because of interactive feedbacks between albedo, changed climatic factors and atmospheric variability. In the offline simulations, the fluctuations of differences in interannual variability of evapotranspiration and ground temperature focused on vegetation growing regions and the magnitudes were smaller. Those in online simulations spread over more regions and the magnitudes were larger. These results highlight the influence of interannual vegetation variability, particularly in online simulations, an effect that deserves consideration and attention when investigating the uncertainty of climate change.

Quantitative Analysis of Lignocellulosic Components of Non-Treated and Steam Exploded Barley, Canola, Oat and Wheat Straw Using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy

Rapid and cost effective quantification of lignocellulosic components （cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin） of agricultural biomass （barley, canola, oat and wheat） is essential to determine the effect of various pre-treatments （such as steam explosion） on biomass used as feedstock for the biofuel industry. Fourier Transformed Infrared （FTIR） spectroscopy was considered as an option to achieve this objective. Regression equations having R2 values of 0.89, 0.99 and 0.98 were developed to predict the cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin compounds of biomass, respectively. The average absolute difference in predicted and measured cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin in agricultural biomass was 7.5%, 2.5%, and 3.8%, respectively.