略论书法的“古”意与“生”气

本文从前人对书法中古意的一些论述中入手 ,联系到传世的与近现代出土的一些饱含古意的书法遗迹 ,初步总结出书法中古意的三个特质 :质朴自然 ,旺盛的生命力 ,多样化的风格。

论汉魏五言的“古意”

所谓汉魏五言的"古意",主要以汉诗的特征为标准。就内涵而言,"古意"指汉诗所表现的人心之至情,世态之常理,即抒情言志具有普世性和公理性的特质。就艺术而言,汉诗的"古意"指其意象浑融、深厚温婉,而这种魅力又源自汉诗的三种基本表现方式:即场景片断的单一性和叙述的连贯性;比兴和场景的互补性和互相转化;以及对面倾诉的抒情方式。魏诗中有相当多的作品继承了汉诗内涵的特质和基本表现方式,因而使汉诗的古意在魏诗中得到延续。这是汉魏并称的基本原因。

Grain-size Characteristics of Sediments Formed Since 8600 yr B.P. in Middle Reaches of Yarlung Zangbo River in Tibet and Their Paleoenvironmental Significance

Widespread aeolian sediments have been found in the middle reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River, China, The grain-size characteristics of sediments from Cha＇er Section in the area were analyzed. The results show that the section include one stratum of paleo-mobile dunes, four strata of paleo-semi-fixed dunes, two strata of paleo-fixed dunes, one stratum of sandy immature soils. The paleo-mobile and paleo-semi-fixed dune sand in this section are similar to modem aeolian sand in either grain-size composition or Mz and c distribution. Compared the above types of dunes each other, the content of sand substance decreases, while the content of silt and clay increases for paleo-fixed dunes and sandy immature soils. Combined with age data for each stratum, the analysis shows that these strata are the products of climate changes and the evolution of aeolian landforms. The evolutionary sequence of the paleoclimate and of aeolian activities in the valley since 8600 yr B.P. reveals four stages： 8600-5700 yr B.P., when the paleoclimate was cold and dry, with strong winds, thereby activating dunes; 5700-3600 yr B.P., when it was warm and wet, with weak winds, causing dunes to undergo soil-forming processes; 3600-1900 yr B.P., when climate shifted from cold-dry with strong winds to warm-wet with weak winds, and activated dunes were fixed again; and 1900 yr B.P. -present, when the climate became fine, with weak winds, fixing dunes again.

Archaeoacoustics Analysis and Ceremonial Customs in an Ancient Hypogeum

The archeaoacoustic properties and the historical rituals of two ancient unaergrounu ~Ly~,u~ ~,~ v Malta is more widely known and researched; the second in Italy has been studied by SB Research Group （SBRG] and presents some similarities to the Maltese hypogeum. The results show that archaeoacoustics is an interesting new method for reanalyzing ancient sites, and it uses different study parameters to re-discover forgotten technology which operates on the human emotional sphere. The effect on the psyche of ancient people through the acoustic proprieties suggests that the builders of these sites had knowledge of this process and probably used it to enhance their rituals.

Aesthetics-based Beauty of Artistic Conception of Chinese Ancient Floral Arrangement

Having a long history, Chinese floral arrangement has its unique floral arrangement patterns in different dynasties from the floral decoration on Buddhist altar in the Wei-Jin Period to the flower arranging by literatus, presenting the distinct lasting appeal of oriental floral arrangement. In terms of aesthetics features, Chinese ancient floral arrangement presented the features of natural inspiration and harmony between nature and man, attached thoughts to flowers and expressed emotions through flowers, and showed the aesthetic characteristics of poetic illusion and harmonious unification. Both the selection of flowers and overall layout of flower arrangement in ancient China show the beauty of artistic conception in aesthetics.

Camillo Camilli＇s Imprese for the Academies

This study examines the humanistic influence of ancient and Renaissance art in Camillo Camilli＇s Imprese of 1586. Camillo Camilli （ca. 1560-1615--his exact birth date is unknown） was an Italian poet of the sixteenth-century. His family came from Monte San Savino, Siena, and records mention that he died on July 13, 1615, in Ragusa. While personal documentation on Camilli＇s life is scarce there are substantial sources about his literary career as a translator, compiler and poet. Camilli wrote extensively. There are the five canti on Erminia e Tancredi which were collated with Tarquo Tasso＇s （1544-1595） unfinished poems, and his commentaries for Ludovico Ariosto＇s Orlando Furioso in 1584 and for Tasso＇s Gerusalemme Liberata in 1585. Under the influence of Tasso＇s writings and his involvement in the commentary of Gerusalemme Liberata （1585）, Camilli started formulating his concetto （conceit） of what an impresa is （badge, device or insignia）. The focus of this essay is on Camilli＇s Imprese for the Academies. The whole collection of the lmprese consists of three volumes. The frontispiece to each volume depicts three different stage settings filled with classical ornamentation and bearing in the center of the lintel the impresa or insignia of Francesco Ziletti＇s printing company--a starfish surrounded by stars and bound by a ribbon. Camilli selected this image to announce through the imprese the significance of these famous men （uominifamosi） of the academy, granting them immortality and honor for their cultural and intellectual accomplishments.

First report of subgenus Phoenicopsis(Czekanowskiales)from Middle Jurassic of Ordos,China and its paleoclimatic implications

Subgenus Phoenicopsis （Phoenicopsis） assigned to Czekanowskiales is recognized and a new species, Phoenicopsis （Ph.） ordosensis sp. nov. is first reported fi＇om the Middle Jurassic Yan＇an Formation of the Ordos Basin, alternate based upon the leaf gross morphology and epidermal structures. The new species has linear leavs in bundles of five to six attached on a short shoot, more than 100 mm long by 5-6 mm wide, containing 10-12 parallel veins at upper portion. The leaf is hypostomatic. Epidermal cells are longitudinally arranged with smooth periclinal wall on the upper cuticle. The narrow non-stomatal zones and wide stomatal zones alternate in the lower cuticle. Stomata in four to five irregular spaced rows are longitudinally oriented in each stomatal zone. Guard cells for each are surrounded by four to five subsidiary cells with undeveloped papillae. Anticlinal wails of ordinal3, epidermal cells are nearly straight and periclinal walls slightly papillate. The new species shallow stomatal pits kept open and surrounded by unevenly undeveloped bulges. These characters are consistent with those of growth in a humid, rather than an arid climate. The presence of subgenus Phoenicopsis and other taxa of Czekanowskiales in the coal-bearing Yan＇an Formation supports the view that the climate in the Ordos Basin was humid and warm with seasonal changes during the Middle Jurassic.

The Functions of Componential Analysis to the Translation of Cultural Animal Images in The Classic of Mountains and Seas

The thesis aims to explain the functions of componential analysis to animal images in The Classic of Mountains and Seas. It serves as a treasure to the tremendous Chinese classics. However, as most of the animal images in the classic book are rarely seen in daily life, translation of animal images in the ancient Chinese book remains a hard nut to crack. In this case, explicit and accurate interpretation of these culture-loaded items is crucial to make readers understand. However, few previous studies touched upon this area. In this case, componential analysis serves as a solution. As an effective approach for analyzing semantic components, componential analysis is an effective way to break down semantic components of words and make them easily understood. In the previous studies, papers relating translation to componential analysis were not the majority. Among them, few papers are concerning application of componential analysis to the translation of literary works. In this essay, the analysis of animal images could be interpreted in lexical and textual level respectively. In this case, componential analysis bridges the gap for culture differences and enables readers of target language to savor the beauty. Therefore, readers of the target language can enjoy alien cultures of ancient China by reading this translated version.

The Archaeologic Map and GIS in Ancient Topography Researches： The ＂Carta Archeologica d＇ltalia--Forma Italiae＂ Project

This paper presents the research method applied to the ＂Archaeological Map of Italy--Forma Italiae＂ project, comprising to date the Ager Venusinus project （completed） and the Ager Lucerinus project （ongoing）. The idea of an Archaeological Map of Italy dates back to 1889 when by Royal degree the ＂Bureau for an Archeological Map of Italy＂ was created. Many decades later, with the advent of information technology and satellite observing systems （GPS） a ＂new era＂ of archaeological mapping began and the ＂Forma ltaliae＂, thanks to these technological developments, began to develop the first Territorial Information System of archaeological matter in Italy. Between 1989 and 1992, studies and experiments were carried out on automatic systems for the acquisition, calculation and management of archaeological data relating to the Carta Archeologica d＇Italia （Forma Italiae）. Our project sought to put together many experiences, including some from the past, as part of a ministerial initiative resulting in the establishment of a committee; furthermore, it sought to extend the discussion that for many years concerned primarily academic institutions to the sectors dealing with protection and archeological prevention. Though it has been designed for prevention and protection, it simultaneously serves as the basic instrument for understanding and enhancement of the cultural resources of the territory. In discussions about preventive archaeology and about the so-called ＂archaeological risk＂, it is very useful to create a databank of the known archaeological heritage. For this purpose, a computerized system for data management was used, composed of a GIS platform associated with an alphanumeric archive and designed soon to become a web GIS.

Geochemistry of Neoproterozoic mixosedimentite in northern Anhui and its geological significance

Major oxides,as well as trace elements (including rare earth elements) compositions have been analyzed for the mixosedimentites from Neoproterozoic Jiayuan Formation in northern Anhui,China. The results show that the concentrations of elements are closely related to the relative proportions of carbonates and terrigenous detritus (varying from 2/3 to 1/9 based on petrographic study). The ratios between some immobile elements (e.g. La,Th,Zr and Sc) are constant and then can be used as tracers for the discrimination of provenance and tectonic setting of terrigenous detritus. The results indicate that the terrigenous detritus mainly came from the felsic volcanics related to continental arc,with minor contribution from the old basement. Combined with recent research progresses,these mixosedimentites imply that the Neoproterozoic sedimentation in northern Anhui was probably taken place in a back arc basin during the convergence of Rodinia super continent between 1.0 and 0.8 Ga.

On the Riddle of ＂The Russian Sphinx＂

The aim of this article is to analyze one of the most recognized in the Russian intellectual-cultural tradition and Russians＇ social self-consciousness ways of identification of the nature of Russianness and Russia--and comprehend it in the category of the ＂Russian Sphinx＂. The Russian thinkers and writers discussing the nature of Russia often return to the motif of Sphinx. Opposed to its ancient Greek archetype-counterpart, ＂the Russian Sphinx＂ does not have to resort to intricate questions--he is a riddle himself. As I show and explain, the livelihood and dissemination of the Russia-Sphinx motif in the homeland of Dostoyevski are not incidental. This motif is a synthetic medium of many archetypal contents, which accurately articulate a set of traditional intuitions and imaginations held by the Russians and concerning the alleged essence, nature, or depth of ＂Russianness＂. To conclude, I demonstrate the need to make the people comprehending Russia in a similar way aware that the accompanying, the particular--in its basic framework a priori assumed by them--image of the Russian reality is de facto a correlate of their subjective cognitive intention.

An Ecocritical Reading ofljala Chant： An Example of Ogundare Foyanmu＇s Selected Ijala Chant

African artists demonstrate social commitment and sensibility in various ways as they create works that both sensitise and conscientise people in their milieu. Although ecocriticism itself is a relatively new theory, African artists have been preoccupied with issues bothering around environment in order to protect and preserve it. ljala genre has been studied by different scholars such as Babalola S. A. （1966）, Olukoju E. O. （1978） and Alagbe ＇Sayo （2007） from diverse perspectives; however, its ecocritical relevance has not been investigated. It is in view of the foregoing that this paper carries out an ecocritical reading of ljala chant： an example of Ogundare Foyanmu＇s selected ljala chant. The paper aims at establishing environmental consciousness in the work of this oral artist. It is observed that though ecocritical theory itself is new in African literature, African artists have shown commitment towards environmental protection in their works from time immemorial. Foyanmu conscientises the people to desist from sneeringly underrating the effect of water hazard. The paper, therefore, has no doubt, established that the subject ofljala genre is not in any way limited to hunting or hunters＇ life. It is also used to address other relevant socio-political and economic issues

On ＂Poetic Spontaneity＂ and Aesthetics

This paper tries to explore Wordsworth＇s poetics through a discussion of his important poetic conception of＂poetic spontaneity＂ or ＂All good poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings＂. Wordsworth＇s poetic point ＂All good poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings＂ is stated in his important work The Preface to Lyrical Ballads （1801）, and this theoretical point is actually validated by many good poems of his own. This paper demonstrates the significance of the theoretical point by a close examination of The Preface and its textual meanings. And then it presents an understanding of the theory through a detailed analysis of his masterpiece Tintern Abbey （1798） and I Wandered lonely as a cloud （1804）. It also demonstrates the importance and influence of his ＂poetic spontaneity＂ by comparing it with the Neo-classicalism in the 18th century and the Modernism in the 20th century.

The Effect of Art Music on Pompeo Coppini： Greatest Sculptor of Texas Monuments

Art music has the ability to communicate, entertain, and inspire other artists. Opera is a dramatic multimedia genre which fuses solo and choral singing with instrumental accompaniment, dance, staging, costumes, scenery, and libretto. This multimedia approach can inspire painters, sculptors, poets, writers, and other musicians in their works. Italian opera greatly inspired Pompeo Coppini--the Italian sculptor. In particular, scenes and arias by Verdi and Puccini correlate with specific tasks involved in the creation of a monument. In creating the Alamo cenotaph, Coppini often played Gioacchino Rossini＇s opera, ＂William Tell＂ （1829） correlating the sacrifices made by Texans for their independence at the Alamo （1836） with the sacrifices made by Swiss patriots in their independence from Austrian tyranny. This case study suggests that art music can enhance creativity and visual attention among artists of all genres.

Who is the ＂Rightful＂ Inheritor of Ancient Culture？ Ancient Greece, Modern Greece, and Richard Wagner

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the reception of Wagner＇s approaches to Greek antiquity by Greek musicologists and composers which took place at the first half of the 20th century. Wagner＇s such readings were parts of wider narrations of archeology and how Greeks perceived their past.This research is largely based on primary sources of that time; its arguments construct two levels of critique： （1） Admiration （the ＇proper＇ aesthetic examples are German models, as exemplified in Wagner＇s work）; and （2） ＂Hellenism＂ as a means to distancing from Wagner （The past of ancient Greece is still believed to be better understood by the Greeks）. The principal conclusions are： （1） Wagner＇s views were admired because Wagner＇s example （ancient culture） should also be an example for Greek composers; and （2） Wagner＇s views were judged on the grounds of： Ideology： the expression of the ＂soul＂; the theory of ＂historic continuity＂; the balance between music, poetry, and dance; Wagner gave superiority to music, modem Greeks （should） give a predominant role to language as a means of expression in an ancient drama, or achieve a balance among the three arts of music, poetry, and dance.

The Dilemma Between the Heterodox-the Orthodox Economics and Its Ideology

Economic movements have close relation with historical transformations. Historical and social transformations have seriously determined economic views, so, economic movements have been the indicators of economic wars of social classes. But no concept can describe sharp contrast in economics better than the two opponent concepts in economics： ＂orthodox＂ and ＂heterodox＂ economics. In this article, the reason why neo-classic economics, also called as orthodox economics, has a serious place in economic literature while the opponent＇s economic movements, named heterodox economics, do not defend only one ＂truth＂ and are not as important as orthodox economics will be examined. While doing this examination, Louis Althusser＇s ＂ideology＂ and Antonio Gramsci＇s ＂hegemony＂ will help us as these two concepts are quite instructive in understanding the irreplaceable significance of orthodox economics. As a result, by discussing alternative point of views about economics, positive emphasis of multivocality in economics literature will be revealed. On the other hand, every heterodox economics cannot criticize orthodox economics in the same way. In this study, institutional economics, which is accepted to be part of heterodox economics, will be discussed thoroughly. Institutional economics had a serious attitude against orthodox economics. In this study, generally the points in orthodox economics that institutional economics opposes will be emphasized, and although both economics approaches＇ ideological attitude will be attempted to be discussed generally, it will become easy to discuss the reason why heterodox economics developed an opposing ideology against the ideology of orthodox economics.

The Effects of Eco-Compensation in the Farming-Pastoral Transitional Zone of Inner Mongolia,China

Ecological compensation or eco-compensation has been implemented mainly through institutional arrangement in China. In the farming-pastoral transitional zone of Inner Mongolia, eco-compensation has been implemented in two modes, one for land use abandonment and the other for productionstructure adjustment. Based on a detailed field survey, this study performs a comparative analysis of the willingness of households to accept economic compensation and consequently evaluates the effects of the two eco-compensation modes. The mode of eco-compensation for land use abandonment lacks a mechanism for generating employment opportunities and so is unsustainable. In contrast, ecocompensation for production-structure adjustment makes the pastoral and farming scales of households decrease significantly and most importantly helps to generate more job opportunities. Although this mode faces households with more market risk, it provides an effective means for resolving conflicts between ecosystems restoration and regional socio-economic development.

A survey on pollen dispersal in the western Pacific Ocean and its paleoclimatological significance as a proxy for variation of the Asian winter monsoon

Pollen grains deposited in marine sediments are transported from land to sea by wind or surface water flows.We analyzed pollen collected from the air and seawater from the coast of the Yellow Sea near China and into the western Pacific Ocean between December 2008 and January 2009 during the cruise "KX08-973".Results showed that abundant pollen grains of Artemisia and Chenopodiaceae were probably transported to the continental shelf of the East China Sea,the East Philippine Sea and the equatorial regions of the Pacific Ocean by the winter monsoon.Some pollen may have even traveled over 2000 km from the East Asia continent to the tropical Pacific Ocean.However,a gradual decline of temperate components and an increase in tropical components was observed towards the tropical regions.Fern spores were rare in the air samples,but much more abundant in seawater samples,even though they were collected in nearly the same areas,which indicates that most fern spores were carried to the ocean by flowing water.These results suggest that the winter monsoon may be the major pollen carrier and transporter in the study area during winter.

Geochronology, geochemistry, and its geological significance of the Permian Mandula mafic rocks in Damaoqi, Inner Mongolia

The Hujierte-Chaganhadamiao volcanic-plutonic sequence is located in the Mandula area of northen Damaoqi, Inner Mongo- lia. It contains mainly mafic volcanics, with several ultramafic blocks in its central part and mafic- ntermediate intrusions in the east. The zircon U-Pb ages of the gabbro and basalt samples are 278.5±3.0 Ma （MSWD=）.66） and 273.7±1.0 Ma （MSWD=0.36）, respectively. These ages constrain the magmatism occurred in the Early Permian. The Mandula Permian mafic rocks are characterized by low abundances of REE and slightly LREE-enriched chondrite-normal zed N-MORB-type REE patterns. And these mafic samples have high （143Nd/144Nd）i （0.51262-0.51270）, relatively high pos tive εNd（t） （3.4-8.0）, and high Mg# （49-54）, suggesting derivation from the depleted asthenosphere mantle source. But they al, show the enrichment in large ion lithophile elements （LILE, e.g. Rb, Ba and Sr）, depletion in high field strength elements （I-FSE）; distinctly negative Nb, Ta anomalies and slightly negative P, Ti anomalies; high （875r/86Sr）i （0.70490-0.70537）, low （206pb/204pb）i （17.39-17.93）. All of these resemble the characteristics of the enriched mantle source or involvement of arc materials in the magma genesis. Furthermore, as shown in the correlation plots of eNd（t） VS （87Sr/86Sr）i, （206pb/204Pb）ivs （207pb/204Pb）i and （208pb/204pb）i, La/Ba La/Nb vs La/Nb, and La/Nb ratio, the magma source could have been experienced the contamination and metasomation from the previous subduction process. And the positive correlation between the selected major oxides and trace elements could be explained by the contamination from continental crust and arc materials during the magmatic emplacement. Combined with the distinct geochemistry features of Mandula mafic samples and many previous researches in the study area, the Early Permian magmatism in Mandula occurred under an extensional rift setting, and a juvenile ocean basin probably had already been formed after further development.

New records of Jurassic petrified wood in Jianchang of western Liaoning,China and their palaeoclimate implications

Diverse and rich fossil wood records have been documented from the Mesozoic of Liaoning Province, NE China. The Tiaojishan Formation(mainly distributed in Beipiao, Chaoyang, Fuxin and Jianchang regions) is one of the most significant horizons for the Jurassic petrified wood in Liaoning Province. Previously, wood fossils of this formation were mainly reported in Beipiao and Chaoyang regions, whereas fossil wood record was merely known in Jianchang region. Here we describe new fossil wood specimens from the Tiaojishan Formation in Jianchang County, western Liaoning. Two fossil wood taxa, i.e., Protaxodioxylon jianchangense Tian et Wang sp. nov. and Xenoxylon peidense Zheng et Zhang were recognized on the basis of anatomical features. These fossil wood records add new data for understanding the fossil wood diversity, floral composition and palaeoclimate of the Tiaojishan Formation. The occurrence of Xenoxylon and Protaxodioxylon implies a cool temperate, wet and seasonal climate condition with interannual variations during the Middle to Late Jurassic transition in western Liaoning region.