“可游、可居”命题中的三元关系

“可游、可居”命题所代表的既是一种山水画技法,又是一种审美标准的确立。该命题所描述的是一种时空连续体,其中所蕴含的行走与停留等动作本身便指示了一个时间性的维度,同时也指示了主体动态性的观照视角。这一命题范畴内的构图内化了观者的目光,使画面成为审美主体精神活动的载体。时间、空间与审美主体的精神活动由此构成了一种三元关系。同时,在山水世界以外,山水世界、外部世界与审美主体又构成了一个宏观层面的三元关系。这层三元关系中的审美主体不仅可以呈现自己的精神活动,还可以呈现现实中的肉身。当然,该命题也描述了一种审美标准,对应了一种理想化的人格。从这层意义上看,山水世界构成了对人类现实世界的参照与补足。

可游 可居——从生命美学到生活美学的转向

中国古代山水画家郭熙提出的“可游”“可居”观念贯穿于山水画的创作与欣赏中,为观赏者提供了独特的审美体验。这一理念不仅仅是欣赏艺术品的总结,更体现了对心灵的探索和对生命美学的沉思。通过“可游”,观赏者得以在山水画中体验到超越时空的心灵漫游,感受到生命的宏大和流动。“可居”的理念则呈现了人类与自然和谐相处的美好愿望,使观赏者在画面中找到了自己的精神栖息之地,也找到了面对现实生活的态度。在山水画的“可游”“可居”中,观赏者与画家共同构建了一方超越物质界限的精神乐园。“可游”“可居”超越了时空,成为观赏者与画家共同探寻的生命和生活之美。

唐宋诗学观照下的“野水”意象

“野水”意象展示了唐宋诗学的重要转向。中国古代诗学从唐代野字意象的逐渐增多,到宋代野水意象的异军突起,不仅意味着唐宋诗学从“大物山水”到小景山水的转向,而且从杜甫所开创的“野水”美学至中唐诗人“野水”写作传统的逐渐形成,幽远寻仙的峻险之趣,也伴随着“大物山水”的传统有所消歇,宋人萧散简淡静观自我的“野水”美学成为时代意趣。“野水”作为宋代小景山水传统写作中不可或缺的意象,其审美价值和意义不仅在于可游,更在于可居。“可游可居”作为野水此在性山水美学的具体展开,与“可行可望”的彼岸山水美学成为中国诗学的两大传统。它话语的多重生成背景和生命意蕴,不仅在于其自然平淡之趣、人格自由精神之适,也体现了诗人对精英中心集团的疏离,而荒寒无边之境与无始无终之我的未完成性遂成为野水之美的本质。

Sustainability of Touristic Potential of the Old Van City and Castle of Van in Terms of Cultural, Historical and Natural Values

Tourism has become the world＇s fastest growing sector due to acceleration of technology and information flow in the globalized world of today, development of the modem mass transport system and increase in people＇s disposable income. Upon tourism＇s being considered as a serious development strategy in the developments of the countries, all the countries of the world have begun to accelerate their investments in this area through utilizing the natural and cultural assets of their countries （heritage） with a view to provide revenue to their economy as well as creation of jobs. This situation, which has emerged as a result of the globalization of supply and demand in tourism, has created certain problems in terms of environmental balance and the living conditions of local people as a result of poor management of the utilization of natural and cultural resources. The objective of this paper is to examine the concepts and principles germane to sustainable tourism which has significant contribution to the development of the countries, made at the macro level both in the world and in Turkey. The aim of this paper, at the micro level, is to create awareness incident to the tourism resources of the Van Region and the Old Van province and ensure the utilization of these resources through protection thereof. At the end of the study, the importance of the protection of heritage resources as well as fair use thereof in terms of increasing the competitiveness of Turkey on a global scale in tourism is addressed in the light of the overall evaluations.

Reliability and sensitivity analyses of HPT blade-tip radial running clearance using multiply response surface model

To reasonably design the blade-tip radial running clearance(BTRRC) of high pressure turbine and improve the performance and reliability of gas turbine, the multi-object multi-discipline reliability sensitivity analysis of BTRRC was accomplished from a probabilistic prospective by considering nonlinear material attributes and dynamic loads. Firstly, multiply response surface model(MRSM) was proposed and the mathematical model of this method was established based on quadratic function. Secondly, the BTRRC was decomposed into three sub-components(turbine disk, blade and casing), and then the single response surface functions(SRSFs) of three structures were built in line with the basic idea of MRSM. Thirdly, the response surface function(MRSM) of BTRRC was reshaped by coordinating SRSFs. From the analysis, it is acquired to probabilistic distribution characteristics of input-output variables, failure probabilities of blade-tip clearance under different static blade-tip clearances δ and major factors impacting BTRRC. Considering the reliability and efficiency of gas turbine, δ=1.87 mm is an optimally acceptable option for rational BTRRC. Through the comparison of three analysis methods(Monte Carlo method, traditional response surface method and MRSM), the results show that MRSM has higher accuracy and higher efficiency in reliability sensitivity analysis of BTRRC. These strengths are likely to become more prominent with the increasing times of simulations. The present study offers an effective and promising approach for reliability sensitivity analysis and optimal design of complex dynamic assembly relationship.

Community Based Natural Resource Management, Tourism and Poverty Alleviation in Southern Africa： What Works and What Doesn＇t Work

Community based natural resource management （CBNRM） is perhaps the most important tool for driving community and rural development in southern Africa. The paper therefore analyses the CBNRM framework as a strategy for implementing sustainable tourism and poverty alleviation initiatives in Botswana, Namibia, and Zambia. The article specifically underscores the importance of local-level participatory management and utilisation of natural resources in the region. Paying special attention to the previous researches that have been conducted in Botswana, Namibia, and Zambia, the methodological approach employed in the paper centres on critical discourse analysis and review of literatures to highlight the interface existing between CBNRM and rural （tourism） development. The analytical framework of the paper is thus rooted in the Common Property Resource （CPR） theory Overall, the authors argue that tourism, poverty alleviation, rural development, and sustainable natural resource use are linked and interrelated in the process of enhancing community well-being. Findings indicate that CBNRM initiatives have had a significant and positive impact in achieving sustainable tourism, rural development, poverty alleviation, and natural resource management. Specifically, findings show that the CBNRM has contributed to the reduction in wildlife poaching. While other pertinent issues remain, national governments in the three southern African economies need to fully appropriate the benefits that CBNRM offers and improve on them for better implementation of developmental programs.

The prospect of wildlife tourism

The paper extends an overview of the worldwide development of wildlife tourism, introduced the conception of wild-life tourism and its components, and analyzed the development of international wildlife tourism and its international trends. The sustainability of wildlife tourism, the protection of wildlife habitat, as well as the possible impacts of wildlife tourism development in China were discussed.

Ecological Effects Measures and Regulation of Tourism Island

With the sustainable development of tourism in China, the phenomenon of ecological islanding in tourist attractions gradually becomes prominent, affecting the sustainable development of landscape and ecological environment in scenic spots. Tourist attractions are influenced by spatial location, resource characteristics and ecology, environmental protection and other factors. The appeals of government, tourism enterprises, developers and community villagers in the aspect of landscape and ecology are different in the development process of tourism, leading to different degrees, frequencies and scopes of tourism ecological islanding with prominent conflicts. This is a typical problem in the development stage of tourist attractions in China. Taking six scenic spots in Puzhehei as examples, the values of tourism ecological islanding were measured scientifically, and a anti-planning regulatory mechanism against tourism ecological islanding was established in this paper to achieve the sustainable development of the tourist attractions and ecological environment.

Widespread Hotel： An Innovative Made in Italy Model for Cultural Tourism and Local Sustainable Development The Umbria＇s Case

Widespread hotels represent a new Italian phenomenon still not much investigated, both on theoretical and empirical side, which cannot be ignored anymore. Indeed they meet the need to implement techniques and management tools which are able to improve the culture-tourism binomial. This would permit to transform into valid instruments of national economical development, the shared declaration of intents for which culture and tourism, especially in Italy and in this particular fragile period, represent even more the main strategic levers for the sustainable development. This article intends to describe the potentiality of these widespread hotels as innovations particularly suitable with trends recently emerged in tourism sector and outline the phenomenon pattern in ltaly with particular attention on Umbria region, in order to identify his main strength and weakness and some innovation to improve performance. To this end, it starts from the analysis of the national and international economic-managerial literature concerning in particular cultural and experienced trends shown in tourism. Then it introduces the main acquisitions about widespread hotels in Italy, updating and extending them through a desk survey based on indirect sources of various natures. Lastly, it describes the case of Umbria, analyzing more in depth making use of interviews with entrepreneurs/managers of hotels and based on a semi-structured questionnaire. The aspects of indeterminateness which were found, starting from the normative one, testify how the potentiality of the widespread hotels as far as regards the value creation for the enterprise itself and the territorial stakeholder, are still not properly understood and therefore used. It is clear that, therefore, new behaviors are needed for entrepreneurs and, most importantly, for local policy makers in order to create the conditions for the full success of these hospitality models.

Analysis of the French Tourist Proposals for People With Disabilities： From 1970s to Present

For two decades, in France, an increasing number of activities and tourist services have been increasingly designed and structured to meet the needs and expectations of people with disabilities. This is as a result of initiatives taken by many tourism and leisure operators, as well as actors from the medico-social worker＇s sector. There has also been the establishment of a national campaign, entrusted by the delegated Ministry of Tourism to the Tourism and Handicaps Association （ATH）. The campaign aims firstly, to make tourism accessible to customers with special needs, and secondly, to promote accessibility through the awarding of a certification label. Recently, a new label which defends accessibility in a specific area called ＂destination for all＂ has been created. This new label shows the evolution of accessibility from an ecological and systemic perspective which seems more practical and operational to respond to the daily needs and life of people with disabilities.

Dynamic OADM Using Tunable Sampled Bragg Gratings Based on Vernier Effect

A novel dynamic optical add-drop multiplexer(OADM) scheme using tunable sampled fiber Bragg gratings(SFBG) by Vernier effect is firstly proposed. In this scheme, broad wavelength tuning range is achieved by only slightly adjusting the SFBG, the wavelength tuning of OADM will be faster than traditional dynamic OADM.

Survey of cyanomyovirus abundance in Shantou coastal waters by g20

To understand the genetic diversity and population changes in cyanophages in the coastal waters of Shantou, northeast South China Sea, we used the capsid assembly protein gene g20 as a marker of the abundance and phylogeny of natural cyanomyovirus communities. The abundance of total viruses, heterotrophic bacteria, and picophytoplankton in the coastal waters was monitored with flow cytometry. Hydrological parameters （NO3^-, NO2^-, NH3, soluble reactive phosphorus, total dissolved nitrogen, total dissolved phosphorus, dissolved oxygen, chemical oxygen demand, temperature, salinity, and chlorophyll a concentration） and microbial abundance （total viruses, total bacteria, Prochlorococcus, Synechococcus, and eukaryotes） were measured in the upper and lower layers at four sampling sites in the research area. In the direct viral counts, cyanomyoviruses accounted for 1.92% to 〉10% of the total viral community. A phylogenetic analysis showed that the g20 sequences in the Shantou coastal waters were very diverse, distributed in eight distinct operational taxonomic units, including the newly formed Cluster W. The g20 gene copies inferred from real time PCR assay indicated that cyanomyovimses were correlated significantly with the heterotrophic bacteria numbers and the nitrate and chlorophyll a concentrations. These results suggest that cyanomyoviruses are ubiquitous and are an abundant component of the virioplankton in Shantou coastal waters.

Study on Effective Measures of Environmental Protection for Sustainable Development of Tourism Industry in the World Natural Heritage Wulingyuan

In the course of exploiting its tourist resources and developing tourism industry in the early days in Wulingyuan, the government did not pay enough attention and no forceful measures were taken to control the environment. As a result, a series of problems are produced. By analyzing the relationship between the tourism development in Wulingyuan scenic area and its environmental evolution, the paper exposes the basic reason why these environmental problems are produced, and according to the requirement of developing tourism, the paper puts forward some effective measures to reasonably control the distribution of the tourists flow and to protect tourist resources as well as the environment, so as to achieve the sustainable development of the area.

Recreational potential as an indicator of accessibility control in protected mountain forest areas

The article presents research findings related to recreational use of forests located in protected mountainous areas with forestage of over 80%. The study was designed to identify recreational potential of the Carpathian national parks （Bieszczady National Park, Bahia G6ra National Park, Goree National Park and Magura National Park; southern Poland） and to compare these findings with the actual number of visitors. The information received on the recreational potential of parks is important from the point of view of protection of natural resources and the financial situation of the parks. The calculated ratio may be an effective tool of management for park administration, that allows to reconcile statutory social and protective functions of national parks. The study determined the recreational potential of the forests with the use of recreational valorisation method designed for areas with varied terrain, and the evaluated factors included the stands of trees with their habitat and land relief. The permissible number of national park visitors, expressed as man- hour/ha/year ranges from 19.31 in Bieszczady National Park （BG： 19~ 35＇ E, 49~ 35＇ N） to 32.06 in in Bieszczady National Park （B： 22~ 40＇ E, 49~ lo＇ N）. In 3 out of 4 investigated parks, Magura National Park （M： 21025＇ E, 49~ 30＇ N）, Gorce National Park （G： 20~ lo＇ E, 49~ 35＇ N）, B） recreation carrying capacity was not exceeded, whether or not the strictly protected area is taken into account. Only in BG was the recreation carrying capacity exceeded by nearly 24%, or by 85% if the strictly protected area isexcluded from tourism-related exploitation. The presented procedure for monitoring access to mountain forests in national parks, from the viewpoint of natural resources conservation, can be applied in other mountainous areas covered with forests and exposed to tourist and recreational traffic, and in forests facing particular risk of recreational damage, e.g. in urban and suburban forests growing in areas with varied orography.

Measuring Visitors＇ Preferences for Establishing Sustainable Tourism Products： An Empirical Research

The management of coastal zones in terms of tourism exploitation remains a crucial issue in achieving sustainable development and customer satisfaction. The interrelation between the coastal zone and the preference structure of visitors form a desired tourism setting and a hospitable destination in which environmentally friendly practices dominate the tourism aspects. Conjoint analysis was used with a purpose of eliciting respondents＇ preferences and answering questions concerning the features that compose a sustainable tourism product. In the survey, 16 proposed combinations of tourism characteristics were rated by 1,433 respondents. The three most preferred factors of the proposed tourism product were the accommodation factor, the sea activities factor and the fishery tourism factor with averaged importance scores 27,351,22,900 and 2 1, 13 1, respectively.

Model-based testing with UML applied to a roaming algorithm for Bluetooth devices

In late 2001, the Object Management Group issued a Request for Proposal to develop a testing profile for UML 2.0. In June 2003, the work on the UML 2.0 Testing Profile was finally adopted by the OMG. Since March 2004, it has become an official standard of the OMG. The UML 2.0 Testing Profile provides support for UML based model-driven testing. This paper introduces a methodology on how to use the testing profile in order to modify and extend an existing UML design model for test issues. The application of the methodology will be explained by applying it to an existing UML Model for a Bluetooth device.

Urban Utopia and Building Experimentations： The Rural Villages of the Sicilian Latifundium

The colonization of Sicilian latifundium was an attempt of regeneration of the rural areas. It was carried out by Benito Mussolini, called II Duce, who governed Italy by a regime with an absolute and conservative approach for 20 years since 1922. According to this plan, there were some rural villages （with a school, a church, a police station and a doctor＇s surgery） and a number of rural homes, spread in the landscape, that formed one of the most important achievements of the agrarian reform in Italy. The author has been conducting scientific research on this topic for several years. He started with the archive ＂Ente per la Colonizzazione del Latifondo Siciliano＂ （now called Ente Sviluppo Agricolo） to review the original designs and contracts with companies, ledgers and other administrative documents. Lately, he has been reviewing the personal archives of designers involved in the building program, where he has found original drawings, letters, sketches, etc.. He has also conducted some architectonic and technical surveys of the sites. We have to consider that nowadays the mentioned rural villages are a strategic resource for the development of the neighboring areas, as it may become a network for the sustainable tourism and the promotion of the local agro food specialties. On this purpose, the local authority is going to promote some plans for the requalification of these sites. The particular achievement of this article is to show a number of possibilities for the reuse of these places.

Study on the Foreign Eco-tourism Environment Protection Act and Its Enlightenment

China, as a power in ecotourism resources, is luxuriant in eco-tourism resources. With the continuous expansion of the ecological tourism market, however, the ecological tourism environment protection problems are becoming acute. Then, the ecological tourism will be in a fatal blow in China if the ecological tourism environment is not being protected. Therefore, improving China＇ s ecological tourism environmental protection legal system is of important practical significance to the sustainable development of tourism on the basis of introducing the experience of developed countries in ecotourism environmental protection act.

Reflections on the Connotations of Ecotourism

As the most desirable option for sustainable development of tourism industry, ecotourism still suffers from lack of a clear-cut and widely accepted definition, posing many risks and threats in its practices. Based on collection and collation of various concepts and explanations of ecotourism both at home and abroad, this paper reflects on the current connotations of ecotourism in terms of four aspects, namely, objects of ecotourism, ecotourists, nature of ecotourism as well as the relationship between ecotourism and communities. In-depth analysis was performed in an effort to revise the misinterpretation of ecotourism and provide implications for ecotourism initiatives. The main conclusions and fruits of this article include： 1） The objects of eeotourism should go beyond natural, pristine, or even only primitive natural areas to including cultural resources together with their natural context which also deserve preservation. 2） Tourism operators, compared to tourists, have more leverage and hence should shoulder more responsibilities for conservation. 3） Ecotourism should serve as a principle to guide tourism initiatives towards sustainability, rather than merely a special tour package. 4） The theoretic foundation was laid for community participation in ecotourism.

Study on Development Process and Mechanism of Ecological Compensation in Beijing and Hebei Province

The problem of water resources has become a bottleneck for the sustainable development of Beijing and Hebei Province (the two regions together are called "Jingji Region" for short).It is imperative to establish an effective and equitable water resources ecological compensation (eco-compensation) mechanism.The three stages of water resources eco-compensation are expatiated here namely the eco-compensation missing stage,ecocompensation start stage and the eco-compensation development stage.Through the establishment of eco-compensation game model based on the game theory,the reasons of the formation for the three stages were analyzed,as well as the conversion conditions from non-cooperative game to cooperative game among the related stakeholders including the central government,the water recipient government and the water source government.Furthermore,this study pointed out that the water resources eco-compensation in Jingji Region was not established based on the institution,but formed and developed in coping with the challenges of water crisis.However,institution construction is quite essential in game process for the water recipient government and the water source government.Finally recommendations in four areas including legalization of eco-compensation mechanism,setting up compensation standards,leading industrial upgrading and developing related incentives and constraints were concluded.