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A new small baurioid therocephalian from the Lower Triassic Jiucaiyuan Formation, Xinjiang, China
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作者 LIU Jun Fernando ABDALA 《古脊椎动物学报(中英文)》 CSCD 北大核心 2024年第3期201-224,共24页
Several therocephalian species,mainly represented by cranial material from the late Permian,have been reported from China in recent years.Here we describe a tiny new baurioid therocephalian,Jiucaiyuangnathus confusus ... Several therocephalian species,mainly represented by cranial material from the late Permian,have been reported from China in recent years.Here we describe a tiny new baurioid therocephalian,Jiucaiyuangnathus confusus gen.et sp.nov.,from the Jiucaiyuan Formation,Xinjiang,China.The new taxon is represented by a partial snout with occluded partial lower jaw and two postcranial skeletons.Although juvenile in stage,the new species is diagnosed by the following features:round pit in middle of lateral surface of maxilla;lacrimal contact nasal;fossa for dentary tooth on the posterior end of the premaxilla,lateral to the anterior choana;two small vertical triangular ridges extending dorsally and ventrally on the vomerine anterior portion,and bordering a thin vomerine foramen laterally;anterior projection of the lateral part of the frontal on the nasal;symphyseal region of the dentary projected anteriorly;5 upper premaxillary teeth,upper and lower canines absent,diastema between the last premaxillary upper incisor and first maxillary tooth present,no diastema separating anterior from posterior dentition in the mandible,10 maxillary teeth and 12 dentary teeth,posterior postcanine expands mesiodistally,having a main large cusps and tiny anterior and posterior accessory cusps in line;neural arches of the atlas fused by the neural spine,neural spine of the axis projected posteriorly,procoracoid foramen lies between procoracoid and scapula.Features of the dentition resembles those of the small baurioid Ericiolacerta parva from South Africa and Silphedosuchus orenburgensis from Russia.The specimens provide the rare opportunity to know in detail the postcranial skeleton of baurioids. 展开更多
关键词 Jimsar Xinjiang Early Triassic Jiucaiyuan Formation Therocephalia Baurioidea
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荷兰实弹发射“吉尔”中程反坦克导弹
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作者 寰宇 《轻兵器》 2004年第10期33-33,共1页
关键词 反坦克导弹 “吉尔” 中程导弹 装甲车 最大射程 空中突击 均质靶板 荷兰 城市作战 武器系统
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极简主义在“吉尔·桑德”中的运用
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作者 黄楚怡 《化纤与纺织技术》 2022年第8期133-135,共3页
极简风由来已久,近年来成为时尚设计领域的热点,从各大品牌几乎每一季的新品中都能看到极简风的踪影。“少即是多”的理念,即“Less is more”,是极简主义的核心。极简主义以简约、简洁、实用为原则,是能让人感受到内心情感的艺术,服装... 极简风由来已久,近年来成为时尚设计领域的热点,从各大品牌几乎每一季的新品中都能看到极简风的踪影。“少即是多”的理念,即“Less is more”,是极简主义的核心。极简主义以简约、简洁、实用为原则,是能让人感受到内心情感的艺术,服装设计中极简形式和元素的运用,可以增强服装设计的创造性,更好地体现服装的风格。文章在对服装极简主义发展历史进行研究和总结的基础上,站在服装设计专业角度,分析其在当代服装品牌“吉尔·桑德”中的典型表现和应用。 展开更多
关键词 服装设计 极简主义 “吉尔·桑德”
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挂“军牌”的釉面砖
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作者 平升 《北京工商》 1994年第12期31-31,共1页
一天,平谷振兴建材门市部经理张明胜来到工商局,举报在今年8月初,一辆车号为庚19—2574的“吉尔”牌军用运输车载有784箱釉面砖上门推销。来人声称只许看样品,不许看货,由于价钱诱人,最后以0.26元/块成交,总价值一万零二百零五元。
关键词 釉面 工商局 “吉尔” 建材经营 运输车 上门推销 包装箱 送货人 中国制造 总价值
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车轮上的故事
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作者 周幼马 《今日中国》 1999年第2期69-70,共7页
关键词 汽车喇叭 小汽车 手摇鼓风机 白手套 北京吉普 小公共汽车 三年困难时期 解放卡车 隔音玻璃 “吉尔”
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Mountain Pastures and Grasslands in the SW Tien Shan,Kyrgyzstan-Floristic Patterns,Environmental Gradients,Phytogeography,and Grazing Impact 被引量:4
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作者 BORCHARDT Peter SCHICKHOFF Udo +1 位作者 SCHEITWEILER Sabrina KULIKOV Maksim 《Journal of Mountain Science》 SCIE CSCD 2011年第3期363-373,共11页
Vast grasslands are found in the walnut-fruit forest region of southern Kyrgyzstan,Middle Asia.Located above the worldwide unique walnutfruit forests and used for grazing,they play a pivotal role in the mixed mountain... Vast grasslands are found in the walnut-fruit forest region of southern Kyrgyzstan,Middle Asia.Located above the worldwide unique walnutfruit forests and used for grazing,they play a pivotal role in the mixed mountain agriculture of local farmers.Accordingly,these pastures are subject to an increasing utilization pressure reflecting the changing political and social conditions in the transformation process from a Soviet republic to an independent state.A first detailed analysis of mountain pasture vegetation in the Ferghana Range answers the following questions:What are the main plant community types among Kyrgyzstan's mountain pastures? What are the main environmental gradients that shape their species composition? Which phytogeographical distribution types are predominant? How does grazing affect community composition and species richness in these grasslands? Species composition was classified by cluster analysis;underlying environmental gradients were explored using DCA.A dataset of 395 relevés was used for classification,and a subset of 79 relevés was used in a DCA to analyze the correlation between vegetation,environment,and grazing impact.The investigated pastures were classified into four distinctive plant communities.The site factors altitude,heat load,inclination and grazing impact were found to be the major determinants of the vegetation pattern.A significant overlap between floristic composition and structural and spatial properties was shown.The majority of the species pool consisted of Middle Asian endemics and Eurosiberian species.However,disturbance-tolerant species played a significant role with respect to species composition and coverage of the herbaceous layer in vast areas of southern Kyrgyzstan's mountain pastures.In general,an intense grazing impact is clearly reflected by both species composition and structural variables of plant communities.The highly diverse and unique ecosystem is modified by an increasing utilization pressure.In order to maintain vital processes and functioning of this valuable ecosystem-in both economical and ecological terms-,it is indispensable to adopt appropriate pasture management strategies. 展开更多
关键词 Central Asia Classification ENDEMICS Gradient Analysis Grazing impact Middle Asia Pasture Management Ruderals Transformation Process Walnut-fruit forest.
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Thinning effects on walnut stem and crown diameter growth and fruiting in the walnut-fruit forests of Kyrgyzstan 被引量:2
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作者 Jean-Pierre SORG Zora Lea URECH +1 位作者 Davlet MAMADZHAN0V Maik REHNUS 《Journal of Mountain Science》 SCIE CSCD 2016年第9期1558-1566,共9页
The walnut-fruit forests (Juglans regia L.) in southern Kyrgyzstan are considered to be biodiversity hotspots and of considerable economic and ecological importance to local populations. The fruiting ability and sta... The walnut-fruit forests (Juglans regia L.) in southern Kyrgyzstan are considered to be biodiversity hotspots and of considerable economic and ecological importance to local populations. The fruiting ability and stability of these forests are, however, decreasing because of infrequent silvicultural interventions and non-existent natural regeneration. Continuous inventories and walnut harvest measurements were carded out on 18 trial and control plots over the course of i3 year. Results showed that i) thinning had a positive influence on diameter at breast height (dbh) increase, ii) dbh growth and crown area increases are strongly and positively correlated, iii) large crowns enhanced the production of fruits, and iv) temperature conditions had a major influence on the production of fruits. The above-mentioned points are particularly relevant for young plantations but are also valid for relatively old plantations (〉 50 years). We conclude that regular thinning substantially improves diameter growth, fruit production and ability of trees to withstand wind and snow damage in both young stands and in older walnut-fruit forests. 展开更多
关键词 Juglans regia SILVICULTURE Orchardmanagement Fruit harvest Nut production
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Embryonic and larval development in barfin flounder Verasper moseri (Jordan and Gilbert) 被引量:1
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作者 杜荣斌 王勇强 +4 位作者 姜海滨 刘立明 王茂剑 李天保 张树宝 《Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology》 SCIE CAS CSCD 2010年第1期18-25,共8页
Broodstock of Verasper moseri (Jordan and Gilbert) aged 3-4 years old were selected, and reinforced cultivation was conducted to promote maturation under controlled water temperature and photoperiod conditions. Fert... Broodstock of Verasper moseri (Jordan and Gilbert) aged 3-4 years old were selected, and reinforced cultivation was conducted to promote maturation under controlled water temperature and photoperiod conditions. Fertilized eggs were obtained by artificial fertilization, and the development of embryos, larvae and juveniles was observed continuously. The results showed that the fertilized eggs of V. moseri were spherical, with transparent yolk and homogeneous bioplasm, and had no oil globule inside. The average diameter of the eggs was 1.77+0.02 mm. The eggs of V. moseri were buoyant in water with salinity above 35. The cleavage type was typical discoidal. Young pigment cells appeared when olfactory plates began to form. Hatching occurred at 187 h after fertilization at a water temperature of 8.5℃. The newly hatched larvae, floating on the water surface, were transparent with an average total length of 4.69±0.15 mm. During the cultivation period, when the water temperature was raised from 9 to 14.5℃, 4-day old larvae showed more melanophores on the body surface, making the larvae gray in color. The pectoral fins began to develop, which enabled the larvae to swim horizontally and in a lively manner. On days 7-8, the digestive duct formed. The yolk sac was small and black. The yolk sac was absorbed on day 11. Larvae took food actively, and body length and body height clearly increased. The rudiments of dorsal and anal fin pterygiophores were discernible and caudal fin ray elements formed on day 19. On day 24, the larval notochord flexed upwards, and the rays of unpaired fins began to differentiate. Pigment cells converged on the dorsal and anal fin rays, and the mastoid teeth on the mandible appeared. On day 29, the left eyes of juveniles began to move upwards. Depigmentation began in some juveniles and they became sandy brown in color on day 37. Most juveniles began to settle on the bottom of the tank. The left eyes of juveniles migrated completely to the right side on day 50, when the average body length attained 2.5±0.18 cm, and juveniles accomplished metamorphosis to young. The embryonic and larval characters of several flounder species are compared. 展开更多
关键词 Verasper moseri (Jordan and Gilbert) embryonic development morphological characteristicsof larvae and juveniles
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Rangeland degradation assessment in Kyrgyzstan:vegetation and soils as indicators of grazing pressure in Naryn Oblast
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作者 HOPPE Franziska ZHUSUI KYZY Taalaigul +1 位作者 USUPBAEV Adilet SCHICKHOFF Udo 《Journal of Mountain Science》 SCIE CSCD 2016年第9期1567-1583,共17页
Rangelands occupy more than 80% of the agricultural land in Kyrgyzstan. At least 30% of Kyrgyz pasture areas are considered to be subject to vegetation and soil degradation. Since animal husbandry is the economic basi... Rangelands occupy more than 80% of the agricultural land in Kyrgyzstan. At least 30% of Kyrgyz pasture areas are considered to be subject to vegetation and soil degradation. Since animal husbandry is the economic basis to sustain people's livelihoods, rangeland degradation presents a threat for the majority of the population. We present for the first time an ecological assessment of different pasture types in a remote area of the Naryn Oblast, using vegetation and softs as indicators of rangeland conditions. We analysed the current degree of utilization (grazing pressure), the amount of biomass, soil samples, and vegetation data, using cluster analysis as well as ordination techniques. Winter pastures (kyshtoo) are characterized by higher pH values (average of 7.27) and lower organic matter contents (average of 12.83%) compared to summer pastures (dzailoo) with average pH values of 6.03 and average organic matter contents of 21.05%. Additionally, summer pastures show higher above- ground biomass, and higher species richness and diversity. Our results support the hypothesis that winter pastures, which are located near settlements, suffer from over-utilisation, while the more distant summer pastures are subjected to much lower grazing pressure, 展开更多
关键词 Alpine meadows Alpine steppes Animalhusbandry Classification Grazing management Montane pastures ORDINATION Plant communities
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Spatial and seasonal dynamics of soil loss ratio in mountain rangelands of south-western Kyrgyzstan
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作者 Maksim KULIKOV Udo SCHICKI-IOFF Peter BORCHARDT 《Journal of Mountain Science》 SCIE CSCD 2016年第2期316-329,共14页
Vegetation cover is the main factor of soil loss prevention.The C-factor of the RUSLE(Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation) was predicted with NDVI,ground data and exponential regression equation for mountain rangelan... Vegetation cover is the main factor of soil loss prevention.The C-factor of the RUSLE(Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation) was predicted with NDVI,ground data and exponential regression equation for mountain rangelands of Kyrgyzstan.Time series of C-factor,precipitation and temperature were decomposed into seasonal and trend components with STL(seasonal decomposition by loess) to assess their interrelations.C-factor,precipitation and temperature trend components indicated significant lagged correlation,whereas seasonal components indicated more complex relations with climate factors which can be promoting as well as limiting factors for vegetation development,depending on the season.Rainy springs and hot summers may increase soil loss dramatically,whereas warm and dry springs with rainy summers can decrease it.Steep slopes indicated higher soil loss ratio,whereas flat areas were better protected by vegetation. 展开更多
关键词 Soil loss ratio C-FACTOR RUSLE NDVI Time series Remote sensing
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The Prosperity of Using Domestic Triticale Varieties in Kyrgyzstan
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作者 Karabaev Aibek Nurudinovich 《Journal of Life Sciences》 2014年第3期290-293,共4页
The present researches mentioned questions of economic use of domestic triticale and their influences on a phytosanitory condition and fertility of an irrigated arable land in the Chuy Valley of Kyrgyzstan. The result... The present researches mentioned questions of economic use of domestic triticale and their influences on a phytosanitory condition and fertility of an irrigated arable land in the Chuy Valley of Kyrgyzstan. The result of the work consists of four tables, purpose of the work was to discover roots systems, nutrion value and the main laboratory testing of samples were conducted at the Humboldt University in Berlin, which was completed under the high and compliant standards of the world. The present research conducted on triticale varieties was firstly studied in Kyrgyzstan. 展开更多
关键词 TRITICALE soil CLIMATE procedure parameters.
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Field Investigation of the M_S6.8 Wuqia,Xinjiang Earthquake on October 5,2008
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作者 Chen Jianbo Tan Ming +8 位作者 Kou Dabing Gao Guoying Hu Weihua Du Chunqing Hou Jiansheng Li Zhiqiang Zhao Baozong Zhang Tiangang Ning Baokun 《Earthquake Research in China》 2010年第4期515-523,共9页
A Ms6. 8 earthquake occurred on October 5, 2008 in the Wuqia region in Xinjiang. The macroseismic epicenter is situated in the Nula village of the Kyrghyz Republic, 7km southwest of the Wuqia Yierkeshitan Port in Xinj... A Ms6. 8 earthquake occurred on October 5, 2008 in the Wuqia region in Xinjiang. The macroseismic epicenter is situated in the Nula village of the Kyrghyz Republic, 7km southwest of the Wuqia Yierkeshitan Port in Xinjiang. The epicenter intensity is VIII degrees (outside borders). The areas of intensity VII and VI are 7354km^2 and 1031km^2, respectively. This seismic event is related with movement of the NE-trending Kzikeaerkate fault belt. Buildings in the earthquake-stricken area were damaged or affected to a certain extent by this earthquake, accompanied with some phenomena of geological disaster. 展开更多
关键词 Earthquake site investigation Wuqia earthquake with Ms6. 8 Seismic intensity Seismogenic fault
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Analysis and Countermeasures on Jilin Physical graduates' Internal Education Causes of employment difficulties
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作者 Nannan Zhang 《International Journal of Technology Management》 2013年第9期110-112,共3页
The main contents of this paper is a new trend of employment status and employment difficulties of professional sports graduates in Jilin, and analysis on Jilin Physical graduates' Internal Education Causes of employ... The main contents of this paper is a new trend of employment status and employment difficulties of professional sports graduates in Jilin, and analysis on Jilin Physical graduates' Internal Education Causes of employment difficulties ,and how to effectively promote employment of Jilin education and sports undergraduate and graduate and implement measures. In this paper, we use literature, interview survey method, to analyze five professional employment situations of the graduates (physical education major, professional sports training, human movement science, and social sports professional, traditional sports professional). From this perspective of the internal education, employment difficulties of professional sports graduates are these : the concept of employment is a direct factor behind their employment difficulties ; university entrepreneurship education are indirect factors behind Kyrgyzstan employment difficulties ; training model obsolete is the root cause of their difficulties in finding jobs; college enrollment in recent years is its employment difficulties catalyst. This article analyzes the employment situation relating to education, and proposed employment countenueasures which professional sports graduates adapt to, namely: to meet market demand, improve professional structural adjustment; establish the concept of occupation after the first job; establish their own businesses and Multiple Employment Awareness; create a "multi-skilltype" physical training model. 展开更多
关键词 GRADUATES employment difficulties internal education cause analysis COUNTERMEASURES
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Inter-textual analysis of Virginia Woolf's Mrs. Dalioway
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作者 SONG Shen-li 《Sino-US English Teaching》 2008年第10期60-64,共5页
The contemplation over existence has always been a major motif in Virginia Woolfs literary creation, in which she struggled with the need to find significance and beauty in the transient living experience. With an int... The contemplation over existence has always been a major motif in Virginia Woolfs literary creation, in which she struggled with the need to find significance and beauty in the transient living experience. With an inter-textual analysis of her renowned novel Mrs. Dalloway, this thesis makes a tentative exploration into the writer's consciousness of existence and its influence on the characters' personalities and their spirit of life and death, as well as the ultimate understanding of the transparency, fragility and ecstasy of human existence. 展开更多
关键词 EXISTENCE LIFE DEATH stream of consciousness CONSOLATION
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Review of Tongyu Year Painting Value
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作者 Zou Yimeng 《International Journal of Technology Management》 2014年第3期125-126,共2页
Tongyu year painting has an important influence on national folk painting field, and the works have stronger culture and art research value, In 60s of 20th Century, Tongyu year painting has entered its prosperous peri... Tongyu year painting has an important influence on national folk painting field, and the works have stronger culture and art research value, In 60s of 20th Century, Tongyu year painting has entered its prosperous period, with many authors, lots of creation amount, large circulation and high winning level has become the major influence reason. Thus, in 1991, Tongyu County was awarded as "Chinese modem folk painting village" by the Ministry of Culture. Tongyu year painting is to reflect the meaning and connotation of year culture background, which is an important organization part of Jilin western Horqin grassland year culture, which shows the thick black soil land, Kanto feeling hot, the northeast wind rough, forming its own unique artistic style. 展开更多
关键词 Tongyu year painting CULTURE ART HISTORY VALUE
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彝族人的死亡观念 被引量:4
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作者 米正国 《贵州民族研究》 CSSCI 北大核心 1996年第1期125-130,共6页
关键词 云南彝族 死亡观念 彝族先民 凉山彝族 “毕摩” 肉体生命 “吉尔” 思维发展水平 直觉思维 死者
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西方史学如何完成其近代转型?——四个方面的考察 被引量:7
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作者 王晴佳 《北京大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》 CSSCI 北大核心 2016年第4期116-132,共17页
自文艺复兴之后,历史写作在西方经历一个显著的转变,其影响逐渐扩展到世界各地,渐渐成为当今世界范围历史写作的一个普遍的范式。西方史学的这一转型,是在特定的时空背景下,多种因素综合作用的结果,其中有些因素在其他文明中也曾出现。... 自文艺复兴之后,历史写作在西方经历一个显著的转变,其影响逐渐扩展到世界各地,渐渐成为当今世界范围历史写作的一个普遍的范式。西方史学的这一转型,是在特定的时空背景下,多种因素综合作用的结果,其中有些因素在其他文明中也曾出现。大致而言,促成西方史学完成其近代转型的因素主要包括以下四个方面:第一,文艺复兴催生的博古学研究,让史家不但重视实物史料,更助长了研究的风气;第二,17世纪以来研究方法的改进,特别对历史文献学的重视,滋生了对传统史学的不满和批判;第三,科学技术的长足进展,让不少哲人希求总结历史演进的规律,由此诞生了历史哲学;第四,上述史学方法和历史观念的变更,特别是脚注方法的运用,让历史写作不但能叙述史实,而且展现研究成果和历史解释,自吉本开始,逐步演变为现代史学的基本写作模式。 展开更多
关键词 史学的近代化 博古学 史学方法 历史哲学 伏尔泰 历史注释 吉本
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三吨多林彪座机残骸被一中国公民收藏
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作者 纪从周 《神州学人》 1996年第3期39-39,共1页
一年前,《北京晚报》首家披露了林彪出逃时座机残骸被港商买走的消息。 无独有偶,多家媒体转载传播后,一个偶然的机会,其中一家转载的报纸传到我国东北边陲呼伦贝尔盟一家进出口公司某分公司邬经理那儿。 他获悉消息后,通过航空博物馆... 一年前,《北京晚报》首家披露了林彪出逃时座机残骸被港商买走的消息。 无独有偶,多家媒体转载传播后,一个偶然的机会,其中一家转载的报纸传到我国东北边陲呼伦贝尔盟一家进出口公司某分公司邬经理那儿。 他获悉消息后,通过航空博物馆首任馆长薛培森,辗转与记者联系。 展开更多
关键词 中国公民 林彪 飞机发动机 座机 《北京晚报》 呼伦贝尔盟 我国东北 进出口公司 “吉尔” 出高价买
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Palaeozoic tectonic evolution of the Tianshan belt,NW China 被引量:78
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作者 Jacques CHARVET SHU LiangShu +5 位作者 Sebastien LAURENT-CHARVET WANG Bo Michel FAURE Dominique CLUZEL CHEN Yan Koen De JONG 《Science China Earth Sciences》 SCIE EI CAS 2011年第2期166-184,共19页
The Chinese Tianshan belt is a major part of the southern Central Asian Orogenic Belt, extending westward to Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan. Its Paleozoic tectonic evolution, crucial for understanding the amalgamation of C... The Chinese Tianshan belt is a major part of the southern Central Asian Orogenic Belt, extending westward to Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan. Its Paleozoic tectonic evolution, crucial for understanding the amalgamation of Central Asia, comprises two stages of subduction-collision. The first collisional stage built the Eo-Tianshan Mountains, before a Visean unconformity, in which all structures are verging north. It implied a southward subduction of the Central Tianshan Ocean beneath the Tarim active margin, that induced the Ordovician-Early Devonian Central Tianshan arc, to the south of which the South Tianshan back-arc basin opened. During the Late Devonian, the closure of this ocean led to a collision between Central Tianshan arc and the Kazakhstan-Yili-North Tianshan Block, and subsequently closure of the South Tianhan back-arc basin, producing two suture zones, namely the Central Tianshan and South Tianshan suture zones where ophiolitic melanges and HP metamorphic rocks were emplaced northward. The second stage included the Late Devonian-Carboniferous southward subduction of North Tianshan Ocean beneath the Eo-Tianshan active margin, underlined by the Yili-North Tianshan arc, leading to the collision between the Kazakhstan-Yili-NTS plate and an inferred Junggar Block at Late Carboniferous-Early Permian time. The North Tianshan Suture Zone underlines likely the last oceanic closure of Central Asia Orogenic Belt; all the oceanic domains were consumed before the Middle Permian. The amalgamated units were affected by a Permian major wrenching, dextral in the Tianshan. The correlation with the Kazakh and Kyrgyz Tianshan is clarified. The Kyrgyz South Tianshan is equivalent to the whole part of Chinese Tianshan (CTS and STS) located to the south of Narat Fault and Main Tianshan Shear Zone; the so-called Middle Tianshan thins out toward the east. The South Tianshan Suture of Kyrgyzstan correlates with the Central Tianshan Suture of Chinese Tianshan. The evolution of this southern domain remains similar from east (Gangou area) to west until the Talas-Ferghana Fault, which reflects the convergence history between the Kazakhstan and Tarim blocks. 展开更多
关键词 TIANSHAN NW China TECTONICS Paleozoic accretion
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Spatiotemporal precipitation variations in the arid Central Asia in the context of global warming 被引量:69
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作者 CHEN FaHu HUANG Wei +2 位作者 JIN LiYa CHEN JianHui WANG JinSong 《Science China Earth Sciences》 SCIE EI CAS 2011年第12期1812-1821,共10页
This study analyzed the temporal precipitation variations in the arid Central Asia (ACA) and their regional differences during 1930-2009 using monthly gridded precipitation from the Climatic Research Unit (CRU). O... This study analyzed the temporal precipitation variations in the arid Central Asia (ACA) and their regional differences during 1930-2009 using monthly gridded precipitation from the Climatic Research Unit (CRU). Our results showed that the annual precipitation in this westerly circulation dominated arid region is generally increasing during the past 80 years, with an apparent increasing trend (0.7 mm/10 a) in winter. The precipitation variations in ACA also differ regionally, which can be divided into five distinct subregions (Ⅰ West Kazakhstan region, Ⅱ East Kazakhstan region, ⅢCentral Asia Plains region, Ⅳ Kyrgyzstan region, and V Iran Plateau region). The annual precipitation falls fairly even on all seasons in the two northern subregions (regions Ⅰ and Ⅱ, approximately north of 45°N), whereas the annual precipitation is falling mainly on winter and spring (accounting for up to 80% of the annual total precipitation) in the three southern subregions. The annual precipitation is increasing on all subregions except the southwestern ACA (subregion Ⅴ) during the past 80 years. A significant increase in precipitation appeared in subregions Ⅰ and Ⅲ. The long-term trends in annual precipitation in all subregions are determined mainly by trends in winter precipitation. Additionally, the precipitation in ACA has significant interannual variations. The 2-3-year cycle is identified in all subregions, while the 5-6-year cycle is also found in the three southern subregions. Besides the inter-annual variations, there were 3-4 episodic precipitation variations in all subregions, with the latest episodic change that started in the mid- to late 1970s. The precipitations in most of the study regions are fast increasing since the late 1970s. Overall, the responses of ACA precipitation to global warming are complicated. The variations of westerly circulation are likely the major factors that influence the precipitation variations in the study region. 展开更多
关键词 arid Central Asia annual and seasonal precipitation changing tendency regional difference
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