Breeding and Characterization of Yunchachunhao, a New Tea Variety with Full Aroma and High Quality

[Objective] The aim of this study was to select a tea variety with full aro- ma and high quality. [Method] The quality of Yunchachunhao was identified using Yunkang 10 and Fudingdabaicha as the controls in variety comparison test, using Yunkang 10 and Dangdidayezhong as the controls in reginal test. [Result] In variety comparison test, the yield of Yunchachunhao was 39.3% more than that of Yunkang 10, and 29.6% more than that of Fudingdabaicha. In reginal test, the yield of Yun- chachunhao was 2.5% （Baoshan） and 10.2% （Lancang） more than that of Yunkang 10. The roast-dried green tea of Yunchachunhao was characterized by flowery fla- vor, good taste and bright green infused leaves. It got the total scores of 91.13 in quality identification, which was higher than that of Fudingdabaicha （90.75） and Yunkang 10 （88.85）. The steam fixed green tea of Yunchachunhao contained 28.0% polyphenols and 2.7% amino acids; and the ratio of polyphenols to amino acids was 10.4, lower than that of Fudingdabaicha （10.6） and Yunkang 10 （17.3）. Yun- chachunhao had better resistance to drought and blister blight than Yunkang 10. [Conclusion] The survival rates of cuttings and transplanted seedlings of Yun- chachunhao are higher than that of control varieties, suggesting it has better adapt- ability and can be promoted in the large-leaf tea planting area of Yunnan Province.

Study on Rational Fertilization Scheme for Mulberry(Morus alba Linn) Used for Tea

[Objective] This study was conducted to investigate effects of application amounts of N, P and K and their ratio on tea quality components in mulberry leaves. [Method] Effects of sole application and combined application of N, P and K on the yield and tea quality components of spring mulberry leaves were studied by 3-factor 3-level experiment, based on previous experiments. [Result] Combined ap- plication of 3 of N, P and K was better than sole application and combined appli- cation of 2 from them. Insufficient or excessive fertilization both significantly reduced yield of mulberry leaves and contents of tea quality components, such as 1-de- oxynojimycin （DNJ）, flavonoids, tea polyphenols and amino acids. With the yield of spring mulberry leaves as a target, it is advised to apply N, P and K at rates of 240, 150 and 60 kg/hm^2 , respectively. [Conclusion] This study provides reference and theoretical basis for the establishment of raw material base of high-quality mul- berry tea.

Processing Technology and Quality of Low-fluoride Brick tea

In order to promote the quality of brick tea and reduce its fluoride content, the fluoride contents in leaves of 25 tea varieties at the .stage of one bud and five leaves were determined by the method of fluodde-ion selective electrode method. The results showed that the fluodde contents in the 25 varieties were in the range of 181.92-345.06 mg/kg, end the fluoride content in ＇Zhongcha 302＇ was the lowest. Based on traditional production process of brick tea, 3 new low-fluoride brick tea production processes with ＇Zhongcha 302＇ as the raw material at the stage of one bud and five leaves were constructed. The fluoride content, physicochemical in- dex, sensory end main chemical contents in the brick tea samples were determined. The best processing process of Iow-fluodde brick tea was process 3, which included aldng, fixing, rolling, second fixing, second roiling, sun-drying, pile-fermentation, steaming, pile-fermentation, drying and shaping into brick by vapor treating. The re- sults showed that the fluoride content and physicochemical index of the brick tea sample of the third low-fluoride brick tea production process accorded with National Standard GB/T 9833.4-2013. The sensory evaluation of the brick tea sample was better than that of brick tea manufacture by the traditional process. The water extract, tea polyphenols, amino acids, caffeine and water-soluble sugar in the brick tea sample increased by 9.41%, 36.39%, 26.94%, 27.23% and 15.29%, respectively. Low-fluodds bdck tea could be produced by selecting low fluoride tea varieties, controlling the tondemess of fresh leaves, and optimizing the processing technique.

Differences of Polyphenols Content in Anxi TieGuanYin Tea among Different Seasons and Relationship between Polyphenols and Tea Quality

[Objective] We aimed to investigate the differences of polyphenols content in Anxi Tieguanyin tea among different seasons and relationship between polyphenols and tea quality.[Method] The content of total polyphenols and main phenolic compounds was analyzed by spectrophotometry and HPLC and the sensory quality assessment was carried out.[Result] There were significant differences in the content of polyphenols in Anxi Tieguanyin tea among different seasons.The summer tea had a higher content of polyphenols and ester type catechins and a heavier undesirable taste with more bitterness and astringency than spring tea and autumn tea with lower quality in general.The flavonol content of spring and autumn tea was significantly higher and the color of tea soup was better.[Conclusion] This study provided a basis for the quality improvement of summer tea by regulating the content of total polyphenols and provided a basic data for chemical analysis of Oolong tea.

Effect of Varieties on Tea Pigment and Chromatic Aberration of Black Tea Infusion

Effects of varieties on the content of tea pigment, L＊, a＊ and b＊ value of chromatic aberration of black tea infusion was studied. The correlation relationship between content of TF, TR, TB and L＊, a＊, b＊ value was extremely significant at P＆lt;0.05. Fresh tea leaves with plucking standard of 1 bud and 2 leaves could man-ufacture black tea with higher content of tea pigment, higher a＊ and b＊ value but lower L＊ value, than those of plucking standard of 1 bud and 3 leaves. But the discrepancy of certain parameter of the two plucking standards changed with vari-eties. Varieties’ quality potential could be concealed by improper plucking standards. Six varieties were divided into four groups on the basis of gross tea polyphenols in fresh tea leaves （GTP）, consumption of tea polyphenols to gross tea polyphenols ratio （CTP/GTP） and gross tea pigment to consumption of tea polyphenols ratio （GP/CTP）. Hybrid performed the very suitability of black tea manufacturing. To en-sure high quality of made black tea, suitable variety should be chosen and reason-able plucking standard also should be taken into consideration.

Mineral Elements in Different Varieties of Camellia sinensis

To understand the mineral elements in different varieties of tea （ Camellia sinensis）, 17 mineral elements in eight tea varieties including Yunnan Dayezhong, No. 43 Longjing and No. 6 Zaobaijian, were measured. The results showed that nine elements, such as P, K, Ba, Mn, Cu, were significantly different among varieties, others did not. Black tea varieties usually contain high contents of Cu and K. As a conclusion, mineral elements should be extensively considered in breeding tea varieties.

Survey on Early-bearing High-yielding Model Plantation of Camellia oleifera

[Objective] This study was conducted to screen the best variety and optimum planting density for constructing early-bearing high-yielding model plantation of Camellia oleifera. [Methed] This survey was carried out in two demonstration bases, one for investigating the relationship between different cultivated varieties with growth and production, the other for investigating the relationship between different planting densities with growth and production. [Result] For different cultivated varieties, Cenruan 2 showed tree height, ground diameter and crown product significantly higher than other two varieties, besides, the per unit area fruit yield of Cenruan 2 was also significantly higher than other two varieties. From flower bud differentiation,the best variety was Changlin 4, which showed number of differentiated flower buds significantly higher than Changlin 27, but there were no significant differences between Cenruan 2 with Changlin 4 and Changlin 27. For different planting densities, plant height and crown product at planting density of 1.5 m×2 m were significantly higher than those of other two planting densities, but from ground diam- eter, the best planting density was 1.5 m×1.0 m, with a ground diameter significantly higher than other two planting densities. From per unit area fruit yield, the best planting density was 1.5 m×2.0 m, under which early plant growth and fruit production were better. Therefore, the best planting density is 2.0 m ×3.0 m when constructing early-bearing high-yielding model plantations. For variety Cenruan 3, it＇s fruit production is high in the early pedod, and the best planting density is 1.5 m× 2.0 m or 1.0 m×1.5 m when constructing early-bearing high-yielding model plantations, and after 4-6 years when it put into production, the plants could be transplanted.

New Process for Extracting Oil and Starch from Tea Seeds

A new process for extracting oil and starch from tea seed was introduced. The new process included one special link compared with all of the processes used now for tea seed oil and starch production. The link was static fermentation by which oil bodies and starch were separated naturally from tea seeds. By the process, tea seed oil and starch which were in conformity with government standards about edible oil and starch were successfully produced with 16% and 8% of production rate, respectively. The new process has many advantages, such as more simple equipments, lower production cost and whole natural products, etc..

Influence of Location of Production, Season and Genotype on Caffeine and Flavan-3-ols in Young Green Tea （Camellia sinensis） Leaves in Kenya

Although tea is grown in agro-ecological regions widely varying in environmental factors affecting yield and quality, planters usually import genetic materials across the different growing regions assuming genotypes with good quality attributes in one location maintain their status in all regions. However, tea quality has not been replicated in new production regions. Black tea quality is influenced by the green leaf quality precursors including caffeine, total polyphenols and individual flavan-3-ols which are precursors of theaflavins and thearubigins, key plain black tea quality parameters. Factors influencing levels of the precursors compounds have not been quantified for popular Kenyan tea cultivars. The influence of geographical production location and seasons on levels and ratios of the quality precursors for 10 black tea popular clones grown in three locations in Kenya under uniform agronomic inputs were monitored. Caffeine varied significantly （P _〈 0.05） with clones and location but not with season. The flavan-3-ols and their ratios all varied （P 〈 0.05） with clones and site but not with season, with significant interactions （P 〈 0.05） between locations and clones, and locations and seasons. These results explain the observed variations in plain black tea quality due to clones and location of production. Thus, farmers in different locations are unlikely to produce black tea of same quality. It is therefore necessary to evaluate new tea genotypes in intended growing areas to establish cultivars suitable for producing high quality plain black teas in the locations. Seasonal variations in plain black tea in Kenya are unlikely to vary significantly due to flavan-3-ols.

Yield and quality responses of citrus (Citrus reticulate) and tea (Podocarpus fleuryi Hickel.) to compound fertilizers

Experiments were carried out with citrus (Citrus reticulate) and tea (Podocarpus fleuryi Hickel.) to study the effects of compound fertilizers on their yields and quality. In the citrus experiment, application of compound fertilizers increased available P, K and Mg contents in soil but decreased alkali-hydrolyzable N contents in soil and N, P and K contents in leaves. In the tea ex- periment, application of compound fertilizers increased available P, K and Mg contents in soil and N, P, K and Mg contents in leaves but decreased alkali-hydrolyzable N in soil compared with the urea treatment. Application of compound fertilizers could improve the quality of citrus and tea, increase their yields and enhance their economical profits significantly. Compared with the control, application of compound fertilizers increased citrus yields by 6.31, 12.94 and 17.69 t/ha, and those of tea by 0.51, 0.86 and 1.30 t/ha, respectively. Correspondingly, profits were increased by 21.4% to 61.1% for citrus and by 10.0% to 15.7% for tea. Optimal rates of compound fertilizers were recommended for both crops.

Screening Germplasm Resources of Tea Plant with Less Bitterness and Astringency Index

The aim of this study was to identify tea varieties with less bitterness and astringency index that could be used as important sources for breeding and in the production of high quality tea. We studied 36 cultivars or lines which had been preserved in Tea Germplasm Garden of Fujian. The contents of catechins in spring tea shoots, summer tea shoots and autumn tea shoots in 36 varieties and lines were analyzed by HPLC. Analysis of these tea varieties and lines revealed that the catechins contained in the tea shoots in different seasons are highly variable. The content of ester-catechins in spring and summer tea shoots was higher than that of autumn, while non-ester-catechins did not showed the same characteristic. The content of EGCG showed an extremely significant positive correlation with T1 （T1 = EGC ＋ EGCG ＋ GCG ＋ EGC）, an extremely significant negative correlation with DL-C, the content of EGC showed the same characteristic. Among them, 10 cultivars with less bitterness and astringency index （the annual average bitterness and astringency index 〈 8.0） were considered good candidates as important breeding materials tbr tea infusion quality improvement.

A Review on the Identification Indicators of Tea Germplasm

Tea plant is cross pollinated plant, it forms a variety of the tea Germplasm constantly in the long-term breeding process. Tea Germplasm resources are the material foundation for improving varieties and also the basic research which is good for developing and expanding tea well-bred varieties in tea field, especially in quality selection and biotechnology research. Furthermore, excellent tea germplasm is primary condition for tea breeding and quality. Therefore, identification and screening excellent tea germplasm become particularly important. We need accelerate develop high-quality tea varieties, and it need to base on exploring and studying tea germplasm. This paper reviews the research progress of tea germplasm on identification from morphological characteristic, biological characteristic, quality characteristic, resistance and heredity. However, there are still some problems on identification and screening of tea germplasm, no effective methods have been found so far which apply on early identification and genetic engineering, so we should make intensive and long lasting study tea germplasm and analyze systematically various identification, which are benefit for breeding high-quality seeds, shortening the breeding period and summing the new way of breeding. We expect them to play the key roles and provide the theory basis for genetic improvement, classification and breeding in tea plant.

Are There Tea Parties on Mars？ Business and Politics in Science Fiction Films

This paper will apply a politically oriented description-critique paradigm developed from the works of Whitehall and Grewell that offers a way to examine works of popular culture, particularly Mars-based science fiction films. Because of the unique nature of these films, primarily which they are set in a future and distant world, they allow us to explore the socio-political landscape in which they were created from a remove that does not exist in ＂real-world＂ based works. Specifically we will be examining the governing power （in any particular Mars-based science fiction film） that might be either wielded by business interests or governmental interests. Although it is possible to have both a strong government and a strong business in a society, in many Mars-based science fiction films, government and business seem to represent two sides of a continuum. The stronger the business power structure in the film, the weaker the governmental power structure, and vice-versa.

Effects of Mango Skin or Mango Skin Combined with Paprika Extracts on Production Performance, Egg Quality and Egg Yolk Polyphenols

The phenc, lic compounds found in mango fruit are antioxidants, and contribute to a reduction in the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Mango carotenoids are synthesized in mango fruit during ripening. A major by-product of mango fruit is the skin, which is available after the fruits is consumed or used, particularly in the preparation of jams and fruit juices by the fruit canning industry. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary mango skin （MS） or mango skin combined with paprika extracts （PE） on production performance, egg quality, and egg yolk polyphenols. Total of 60 44-week-old Boris Brown hens was assigned, based on egg production rate and body weight, to 6 groups （10 birds in each group）. The laying hens were fed a basal diet （control group, 18 CP, 2,800 kcal/kg ME）, a basal diet supplemented with 0.1% PE, 1% or 5% MS, or with a mixture of 0.1% PE with 1% or 5% MS respectively. During the three-week experimental feeding period, the birds had free access to feed and water. Feed consumption was measured weekly and egg production was recorded daily. The results for initial body weight, feed consumption, hen-day production, egg mass, mortality, and final body weight did not indicate any effects of the different treatments （P 〉 0.05）. There were no significant differences （P 〉 0.05） in shell-breaking strength, shell thickness, shell ratio, yolk ratio or Haugh units, except in the case of egg yolk color. Roche yolk color fan scores were better in all experimental groups than in the control （P 〈 0.0001）. The yolk color, yellow index, and ratio of redness to yellowness were greater （P 〈 0.0001） in the 0.1% PE, the 0.1% PE ＋ 1% MS, and the 0.1% PE ＋ 5% MS group than in the 1%, 5% MS, and control groups. Compared with the control, lightness was decreased significantly in the 0.1% PE, the 0.1% PE ＋ 1% MS, and the 0.1% PE ＋ 5% MS groups （P 〈 0.05）, whereas redness was increased significantly in the 0.1% PE, 0.1% PE ＋ 1% MS, and 0.1% PE ＋ 5% MS groups （P 〈 0.0001）. No significant differences among the treatments were observed in either yellowness or egg yolk polyphenols. The results of the present experiment indicate that dietary mango skin or mango skin combined with paprika extracts did not show adverse effects on production performance, egg quality or egg yolk polyphenols. Moreover, supplementation with only mango skin did not enhance egg yolk color.

Local multifractal detrended fluctuation analysis for tea breeds identification

In recent years, the popular multifractal detrended fluctuation analysis （MF-DFA） is extended to two-dimensional （2D） version, which has been applied in some field of image processing. In this paper, based on the 2D MF-DFA, a novel multifractal estimation method for images, which we called the local multifractal detrended fluctuation analysis （LMF-DFA）, is proposed to recognize and distinguish 20 types of tea breeds. A set of new multifractal descriptors, namely the local multifractal fluctuation exponents is defined to portray the local scaling properties of a surface. After collecting 10 tea leaves for each breed and photographing them to standard images, the LMF-DFA method is used to extract characteristic parameters for the images. Our analysis finds that there are significant differences among the different tea breeds＇ characteristic parameters by analysis of variance. Both the proposed LMF-DFA exponents and another classic parameter, namely the exponent based on capacity measure method have been used as features to distinguish the 20 tea breeds. The comparison results illustrate that the LMF-DFA estimation can differentiate the tea breeds more effectively and provide more satisfactory accuracy.